By Vicky Hogge & Dorian Mirchandani Tech 646 Analysis of Research in Industry & Technology September 26, 2011 Plug in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) Curb emission and reduce cost of transportation Integrate onboard energy storage units with power grid Improve efficiency and increase reliability of grid Currently new and under development Concern: impact on grid when plugged in, charging to a loaded grid 2 1
HEVs HEVs a good start, but range (distance that can be travelled with one charging cycle) is not adequate. HEVs impact on grid is not a matter of concern HEVs are charged from their internal combustion engine by regenerative braking, whenever driver applies brake. HEVs maintain a certain amount charge (70-80%) 3 PHEVs batteries can be charged at any point where charging outlet is available batteries are used steadily while driving in order to maximize fuel efficiency needs to be connected to power grid to charge batteries when not in use - charging time doubles average household load 4 2
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9/27/2011 The PHEV uses the electric motor more than a conventional hybrid, powered by the auxiliary battery pack. This reduces the vehicle's gasoline consumption. The table shows the estimated gas mileage of a fully-charged PHEV Prius with a 10-mile, 15-mile, or 20-mile Electric mode range Miles 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 75 100 Estimated MPG 10 Mile 15 Mile 20 Mile EV Range EV Range EV Range 150 100 200 83 125 250 75 100 150 88 117 70 67 80 100 63 71 83 63 68 58 56 59 63 7 8 4
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Valley Filling Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Concept Distributed Generation Renewable Energy Resources Advanced Metering Infrastructure 11 US electric infrastructure system reaches its maximum capacity only 5% of the time in the year If utilized optimally can provide enough power if 73% of the nation s vehicles are PHEVs Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) concept of Valley Filling 12 6
Stylized Load Shape for 1 Day During Peak Season, Generation Dispatch, and Installed Capacity 13 Uses its excess rechargeable battery capacity to provide power to electric grid in response to peak load demands Energy Storage Units (ESUs) connected to power grid helps stabilize power generation rate to a more cost effective value Parked PHEVs when plugged in can either be charged or can provide power to the grid. - vehicle can provide power to Grid by charging the battery whenever the brake is applied and later providing this power to the Grid during the peak times. 14 7
V2G services reduce generator emissions of CO 2 and SO 2 and can also reduce No x through load-shifting PHEVs play a role in decreasing transportation-related emissions by using electricity as a source of energy Generates electricity from many small energy sources Reduces amount of energy lost in transmitting electricity because it is generated very near where it is used Distributed energy resource (DER) systems are smallscale power generation technologies used to provide an alternative to or an enhancement. - problem with distributed generators are high costs 16 8
Photovoltaic Array can provide power to ESU and grid Batteries are used as a buffer for surplus and needs Energy can be stored storage systems to provide for peak hours to increase reliability. can be obtained from renewable energy sources The storage medium can be the ESU of the PHEV itself system can be designed to provide power to household utilities 17 AMI are systems that measure, collect and analyze energy usage, and communicate with metering devices either on request or on a schedule Systems include hardware, software, communications, consumer energy displays and controllers, customer associated systems, Meter Data Management (MDM) software, and supplier business systems. 18 9
Some concerns about introducing PHEVS: Who to charge for the usage of electricity if the PHEV is parked at the workplace or a shopping mall? Amount of time PHEV would be parking so it would reach adequate charge before it starts its next journey 19 PHEVs play major role in effort to integrate transportation, power systems and communication infrastructure PHEV penetration of vehicle market will create substantial change on electric grid Future enabling technologies include - bidirectional charging units and bi-directional meters (on board or off board), - communication between vehicle and energy management center - intelligent on board power management unit and intelligent energy management center 20 10
Will EVs eventually replace conventional gas vehicles? What factors would prevent a consumer from purchasing an electric vehicle? What factors would encourage a consumer to buy an electric vehicle? What kind of environmental impact is there when batteries need to be disposed? What is the cost difference between a HEV and a PHEV? How much does it cost to make the grid smart? 21 22 11
9/27/2011 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/ http://www.alt energy.info/hybrid electric cars/whats the impact of plug in hybrids on the power grid it depends/ http://www.wikipedia.org/ http://www.transportation.anl.gov/media_center/transportation_images.ht ml http://www.ferc.gov/about/com mem/wellinghoff/5 24 07 technical analy wellinghoff.pdf http://www.pluginsupply.com/operation/ http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/40237.pdf http://seekingalpha.com/article/129570 lithium ion batteries 9 years of price stagnation http://www.ieahev.org/hybrid.html http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/publish/business_policy_regulation /Sticker Shock EPRI Says Smart Grid Will Cost 165 Billion Over 20 Years 1882.html 23 http://venturebeat.com/2010/07/15/2011 chevrolet volt battery pack warranty 8 years 100k miles/ http://earth911.com/news/2011/05/02/toyota wireless car charging/ http://www.japaneseautoreport.com/toyota/toyota invests in wireless car charger/ http://www.energyvortex.com/energydictionary/load_shifting.html http://www.global greenhouse warming.com/vehicle to grid.html http://reviews.cnet.com/8301 13746_7 20015567 48.html http://gm volt.com/2010/01/06/chevy volt iphone blackberry and droid apps unveiled/ http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/smart takes/gm 8217s volt sales no need to panic 8230yet/14702 12