Head Selection Impacts on Landscape Irrigation System Efficiency Head & Types Fixed s = 15 to 17 max radius Head & Types Rotating s = 8 to radius Marcus Duck Academic Advisor, Instructor & Program Coordinator MSU s 2-year Landscape Horticulture Programs www.hrt.msu.edu/students Head & Types Mid-size Rotor = 15 to radius Rotor = 25 to radius Head & Types My plants are getting irrigated, so I m all set, right? Distribution Curves A = 314 ft 2 (6%) B = 9 ft 2 (19%) C = 1571 ft 2 (31%) D = 2199 ft 2 (44%) 1
Overlap Determination Most heads have triangular shaped distribution curves Overlap Determination Manufacturer specs = max allowable spacing This is a reference number only It applies to dead calm situations & should not be used in an actual design Head to Head = Even distribution of water (DU) Overlap Determination heads 1 foot and rotors by 3 feet Distribution uniformity (DU) goal when performing head layout in design Always anticipate a minimum 4 MPH wind when spacing heads You can increase or decrease spacing of fixed Don t want wet or dry spots & balanced precipitation rates (PR) Spray Patterns (Arcs) Various spray patterns possible: Full circle (3 ) Half circle (180 ) edges, borders, etc. Quarter circle (90 ) Corners Most Rotors - less distance covered than ½ or full due to less water; space accordingly 2
Spray Patterns (Arcs) Various spray patterns possible (cont.): Variable Arc s (VAN) 1º to 3º Rotors use those that allow pattern adjustments Spray Patterns (Trajectories) Most common is due to wind Standard º to º above Amt. of distortion horizontal depends on wind speed Irrigate when there is Low or flat 10º to 15º minimum amt. of wind High Greater than º Distribution Alteration Distribution Alteration Considerations for windy areas: Do not exceed head-to-head coverage Select sprinklers with low trajectory Adjust spacing for the wind Normal Wind Variable pressure at the head changes flow rate and spray pattern uniformity Application Uniformity Distribution Alteration Pressure Too High Application Uniformity Pressure Too Low Distribution Alteration Sprinkler rotation too fast: Radius reduced due to whip effect More water applied close to head Less water at end of the designed radius Rotation too slow = PR may exceed infiltration rate (IR) Distance from head Distance from head 3
Rates vary according to sprinkler type: PR - speed at which an amount of water is applied Used to estimate run times Used to prevent wet or dry areas If not known usually over watering occurs High PR = runoff on soils with low IR Use shorter cycles: Decreased runoff Decreased chance for erosion Soil Texture Maximum (in/hr): 0-5% slope 5-8% slope 8-12% slope 12%+ slope PR critical to selecting heads & scheduling Cover Bare Cover Bare Cover Bare Cover Bare Misconception: systems using low PR take longer Limit PR to IR of the soil: Soil texture Soil structure Course sandy Coarse sandy over comp. sub. 2.00 2.00 2.00 1. 1. 0 0 0. 1.75 1. 1.25 0 0 0.75 0.75 0. to irrigate NO! because more heads can be operated at the same time Plant material Slope Uniform light sandy loam 1.25 0 1.25 0.80 0 0. 0.75 0. Total time will be same for low & high PR sprinklers Light sandy loam over comp. sub. 4
Water supply is GPM 2 zones @ 15 min ea 1 zone @ min Total run time limited by total GPM available at the source Low PR systems cost less: Fewer valves per acre Fewer controller stations per acre Effect of Head & Row Spacing If flow remains the same: Increasing head or row spacing decreases PR Decreasing head or row spacing increases PR Effect of Head & Row Spacing Example: 2.5 GPM head with 180º arc Normal spacing = 20 x 20 = 1.20 in/hr Reduced to 10 x 20 = 2. in/hr Distribution Uniformity (DU) measures how evenly water is applied Sprinkler designed to operate well at a given radius Adjust too much = DU reduced = dry spots PR is avg amount of water over an area Does not account for DU Fixed Spray Heads: Adjustment screw changes radius and internally changes GPM Adjustment screw radius and GPM are adjusted here, before water leaves the nozzle 5
Rotors and Impact Heads: Adjustment screw, flap, or pin externally disrupts spray radius w/o change in GPM NEVER reduce radius of spray on rotors to less than 75% of manufacturer s radius Example: 33 ft. x 75% = 24.75 ft. Example for Fixed Spray Heads: Radius of spray = 12 and spaced 12 Reduce radius of spray to 8 PR is reduced b/c GPM is reduced even though spacing stays the same DU also decreased b/c dry spots Example for Rotors: Radius of spray = and spaced 44 Reduce radius of spray to 20 PR did not change b/c GPM and spacing remained the same DU is worse b/c some areas not receiving water Increasing the radius: Increase radius w/o increasing spacing PR is not altered as long as: Flow stays the same Water is not being applied outside the designated area Summary of Radius Adjustments Adjusting the radius will alter PR if: Head or row spacing is changed Flow is changed Water now falling outside designated area Adjusting radius will also impact DU! 6
-7.54 GPM (2-28 LPM),8-24,0 LPM) (20mm) Use with Part No. 0-15) le Cover Matched 3 Series: 0-15 Omni Adjustable-radius Performance Chart US psi Radius! " GPM Matched Rotors: 3 Series Lawn Pop-up Apex @ psi US 27 Max. Ht. of Spray 01 4' 10" 02 5' 1" 03 5' 11" 3 Series: Shrub w/com (3 Arc Disc) (Model Nos. 3-10-15COM) US psi 3 Series GPM Radius 01 2.07 14 01 75 2.95 16 02 2.48 23 02 75 3.69 25 03 4.55 27 03 75 6.24 63 2.66 28 63 75 3.82 93 3.64 93 75 5. 31 Omni (Min) 2.67 16 Omni (Min) 75 3.95 18 Omni (Max) 5.55 Omni (Max) 75 6.36 33 Precipitation Rate* 90 112.5 1 157.7 180 202.5 225 2 3 15 1.53 1.33 0.78 0.97 1.16 1.36 1.55 1.74 1.94 2.33 3.10 18 1. 1.14 0.96 1.20 1.44 1.68 1.93 2.17 2.41 2.89 3.85 22 6 0.92 1.16 1.44 1.73 2.02 2.31 2. 2.89 3.47 4.62 26 0.88 0.76 1.34 2.01 1.67 2.34 2.68 3.01 3.34 4.01 5. 28 0.86 0.75 1.52 1.90 2.28 2.66 3.04 3. 3.80 4.56 8 18 1.28 1.11 0.94 1.17 1. 1.64 1.87 2.10 2.34 2.81 3.74 22 8 0.93 1.17 1.47 1.76 2.05 2. 2.64 2.93 3.52 4.69 26 0.93 0.80 1.41 1.76 2.12 2.47 2.82 3.17 3.53 4.23 5.64 of arc 0.87 (Toro 0.75 31.65 series) 2.06 2.47 2.88 3. 3.71 4.12 4.94 6.59 33 0.77 0.67 1.89 2.36 2.83 3. 3.77 4.24 4.71 5.66 7.54 Single nozzle type gives MPR regardless 3 Series: Fixed-radius Performance Chart US Precip. psi Radius Rate* 90 112 1 157.7 180 202.5 225 2 3! GPM " 01 16 18 0.99 0.86 0.57 0.71 0.86 0 1.14 1.28 1. 1.71 2.28 0.99 0.86 0.72 0.90 8 1.26 1.44 1.62 1.80 2.16 2.88 02 21 24 0.73 0.63 0.72 0.90 8 1.26 1.44 1.62 1.80 2.16 2.88 0.66 0.57 0.85 6 1.28 1.49 1.71 1.92 2.13 2.56 3.41 03 28 0.77 0.67 1.36 1.69 2.04 2. 2.72 3.05 3.39 4.07 5. 0.80 0.69 1.61 2.01 2. 2.82 3.23 3.63 4.03 4.84 6.45 63 28 0.39 0.33 0.68 0.85 2 1.19 1.36 1.53 1. 2.04 2.72 0. 0. 0.81 0 1.21 1.41 1.62 1.82 2.02 2. 3.23 93 28 0.58 0. 2 1.27 1.53 1.78 2.04 2. 2.54 3.05 4.07 0. 0.52 1.21 1.51 1.82 2.12 2. 2.72 3.03 3.63 4.84 *! Precipitation rates are for triangular spacing, shown in inches per hour, calculated at % of diameter. " Precipitation rates are for square spacing, shown in inches per hour, calculated at % of diameter. All performance specifications are based on the stated working pressure available at the base of the sprinkler. Radius shown in feet. Data based on 3. Low gallonage. Matched Matched Rotors (cont.): Most rotors use nozzle sets The designer MUST select correct nozzles to achieve MPR Range between nozzles w/n a set = ± 10% Matched Fixed nozzles were 1 st to have MPR Rotating nozzles are also designed for MPR 15' Series with 28 Trajectory Black Matched Rotors (cont.): Example using chart on next slide: spacing @ psi Use nozzles 1.5, 3.0, and Arc Desc. psi GPM!! 1.55 1.34 20 0.68 14 0.85 15 1.69 1.46 90 4 16 1.82 1.57 1.23 16 2.15 1.86-0.75 15 1.49 1. -75 0.81 15 1.61 1. 20 0.95 14 1.75 1.52 1.10 15 1.64 1. 120 15-T 1. 16 1.82 1.57 1.45 16 2.03 1.75-0 15 1.49 1. 15-T-PC -75 1.10 15 1.64 1. 20 1. 13 1.79 1.55 1.65 15 1.66 1.44 180 15-H 2.02 16 1.77 1.53 2.14 16 1.87 1.62-1. 15 1.49 1. 15-H-PC -75 1.65 15 1.64 1. 20 1.78 14 1.59 1. 2.20 15 1.64 1. 2 15-TT 2.66 16 1.74 1.51 2.84 16 1.86 1.61-2.00 15 1.49 1. 15-TT-PC -75 2.20 15 1.64 1. 20 2.10 13 1.85 1.61 2. 15 1.72 1.49 2 3.00 16 1.86 1.61 3. 16 1.98 1.72-2. 15 1.53 1. -75 2. 15 1.66 1.44 20 2.85 13 1.89 1.63 3. 15 1.79 1.55 3 15-F 4.20 16 1.84 1.59 4.58 16 2.00 1.73-3.00 15 1.49 1. 15-F-PC -75 3. 15 1.64 1. 3 Series Multi-Stream Rotor Model List Model Description Lawn Pop-up w/plastic Arc Disc Tree Shrub w/plastic Arc Disc Tree Shrub w/check Valve and Plastic Arc Disc Tree 12 (0mm) Pop-up w/plastic Arc Disc Tree g Information 3 Series Multi-Stream Rotor 34XX-XX-XX-COM-E 7
Lawn Pop-up: 2 3 8 (mm) High-pop: 2 ¼ (57mm) UÊ >«Ê > iìià\ê Lawn Pop-up: 2 5 6 (67mm) High-pop: 3 (76mm) UÊ i } Ì\Ê Lawn Pop-up: 7 5 8 (194mm) High-Pop: 17 (1mm) Shrub: 7 ¾ (197mm)..75 Operating Specifications UÊ,>` ÕÃ\ÊÓn½ xä½ê n]x x]ó UÊ ÜÊ,>Ìi\Êä x äê * Ê ] ÎÇ]nÊ * UÊ"«iÀ>Ì }Ê*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ,> }i\êîä ÇäÊ«Ã Ê Ó]ä {]nê >À UÊ/À> ivì ÀÞ\ÊÓnc UÊ* «Õ«ÊÌ Ê ââ i\ê{ê»ê { Ê Ê >Ü Ê* «Õ«UÊ >Ü Ê `i ÊV iãêv>vì ÀÞÊ ÃÌ> i`êü Ì Ê>Ê Ó xê ââ iêãiìê>ìê 90 degrees arc UÊ iì\êîé{»ê Óä Ê */Êvi > i Ì Ài>`i` 2.0 2.5* 3.0 Additional Features UÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ>VÌ Û>Ìi`ÊÃi> Ê> `ÊÀ LÕÃÌÊÌÀ «Ê iv > à UÊ-Ì> `>À`ÊÀÕLLiÀÊV ÛiÀ UÊ-i ivì Ê vêl `ÞÊÃÌÞ iã\ê >Ü Ê* «Õ«]Ê- ÀÕLÊ> `Ê } ««UÊ ââ iêìàiiêü Ì Ê ÊÃÌ> `>À`Ê> `Ê{Ê Ü > } iê ââ iãê UÊ-Ì> iããêãìii ÊÀ>` ÕÃÊ>` ÕÃÌ i ÌÊÃVÀiÜÊ> ÜÃÊÕ«ÊÌ ÊÓx Ê Precipitation Rate psi GPM Radius (in/hr)!""""(in/hr) # radius reduction Dimensions UÊ `ÞÊ > iìià\ê Lawn Pop-up: 2 3 8 (mm) High-pop: 2 ¼ (57mm) UÊ >«Ê > iìià\ê Lawn Pop-up: 2 5 6 (67mm) High-pop: 3 (76mm) UÊ i } Ì\Ê Lawn Pop-up: 7 5 8 (194mm) High-Pop: 17 (1mm) Shrub: 7 ¾ (197mm) 0.5 0.6 28. 0.7 UÊ äó ÓäÓ{Ê Ê ` ÕÃÌ i ÌÊ/ 0.8 UÊ ÊqÊ iv Ê6> ÛiÊqÊ > Ì> ÃÊÕ«ÊÌ ÊÈ½Ê ]n Êi iû>ì Ê 0.7 change 0.8.75 0.9 31 UÊ vv Õi ÌÊÜ>ÌiÀÊ ` V>Ì À UÊ,>` ÕÃ\ÊÓn½ xä½ê n]x x]ó UÊ ÜÊ,>Ìi\Êä x äê * Ê ] ÎÇ]nÊ * UÊ"«iÀ>Ì }Ê*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ,> }i\êîä ÇäÊ«Ã Ê Ó]ä {]nê >À UÊ/À> ivì ÀÞ\ÊÓnc UÊ* «Õ«ÊÌ Ê ââ i\ê{ê»ê { Ê Ê >Ü Ê* «Õ«UÊ >Ü Ê `i ÊV iãêv>vì ÀÞÊ ÃÌ> i`êü Ì Ê>Ê Ó xê ââ iêãiìê>ìê 90 degrees arc UÊ iì\êîé{»ê Óä Ê */Êvi > i Ì Ài>`i` Additional Features UÊ*ÀiÃÃÕÀiÊ>VÌ Û>Ìi`ÊÃi> Ê> `ÊÀ LÕÃÌÊÌÀ «Ê iv > à UÊ-Ì> `>À`ÊÀÕLLiÀÊV ÛiÀ UÊ-i ivì Ê vêl `ÞÊÃÌÞ iã\ê >Ü Ê* «Õ«]Ê- ÀÕLÊ> `Ê } ««UÊ ââ iêìàiiêü Ì Ê ÊÃÌ> `>À`Ê> `Ê{Ê Ü > } iê ââ iãê UÊ-Ì> iããêãìii ÊÀ>` ÕÃÊ>` ÕÃÌ i ÌÊÃVÀiÜÊ> ÜÃÊÕ«ÊÌ ÊÓx Ê radius reduction Options Available UÊ äó ÓäÓ{Ê Ê ` ÕÃÌ i ÌÊ/ UÊ ÊqÊ iv Ê6> ÛiÊqÊ > Ì> ÃÊÕ«ÊÌ ÊÈ½Ê ]n Êi iû>ì Ê change UÊ vv Õi ÌÊÜ>ÌiÀÊ ` V>Ì À Warranty S800 Super 800 Rotor S Shrub Radius shown in feet. Data based on 3. P 5" (127mm) Lawn Pop-up *Pre-installed nozzle. 12H 12" (0mm) High-pop Super 800 Low-angle Performance Data UÊ ÛiÊÞi>Àà Model Description UÊ-nääÊ UÊ-nää Ê UÊ-nää Ê 5 (127mm) Lawn Pop-up w/o Check Valve 5 (127mm) Lawn Pop-up w/check Valve 5 (127mm) Lawn Pop-up w/o Check Val and Effluent Cover 5 (127mm) Lawn Pop-up w/check Valve and Effluent Cover Shrub Shrub w/effluent Rubber Cover 12 (0mm) High Pop with check valve 12 (0mm) High Pop w/check Valve and Effluent Rubber Cover 31 33 34 39 41 39 41 44 46 49 45 46 48 49 45 49 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.23 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.47 0.07 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.25 0.25 0. 0.48 0.49 0. 3.0 75 0.75 4.0 10 20 2.0 80 8.0 25 2.5 CK Check Valve Effluent Ý> «i\ A Super 800 Series Sprinkler with a 5"Rate pop-up height and a 2.5 nozzle, would be specified as: S800P25 Precipitation Super 800 Series Model List UÊ-nää-Ê UÊ-nääUÊ-nää *Ê UÊ-nää * Ê 0.07 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.4 2.5 3.0 3.3 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.6 4.2 4.6 5.0 4.4 5.1 5.6 5.9 5.9 6.3 6.7 8.0 8.5 9.5 10.0 0.06 0.07 8.0 Radius shown in feet. Data based on 3. *Pre-installed nozzle. 0.11 1.3 0.14 0.12 Warranty 1.5 33 0.13 Super 800 Low-angle Performance Data 1.6 34 0.13 UÊ ÛiÊÞi>Àà Precipitation Rate psi GPM Radius 1.8 0.16 0.14 (in/hr)!""""(in/hr) # 2.4 1.1 22 Series 2.5 Model List 1.3 24 0.33 2.0 Super 800 3.0 0.16 1.5 26 0. 3.3 0.20 Model Description 1.7 28 0.25 2.5 2.3 0. UÊ-nääÊ 5 (127mm) Lawn 2.8 Pop-up39w/o Check 0.20 Valve 0.18 2.8 0. UÊ-nää 2.5* Ê 5 (127mm) Lawn Valve 3.2 Pop-upw/Check 0.22 3.0 3.1 3.5 Pop-up41w/o Check 0.23 Val and 0.20 UÊ-nää Ê 5 (127mm) Lawn 3.4 Cover3.6 Effluent 3.8 31 0.39 4.2 Pop-up39w/Check UÊ-nää 5 (127mm) Lawn Valve and 3.0Ê 4.6 41 0. 4.5 34 0. Effluent Cover 4.0 5.0 5.1 0.36 Shrub UÊ-nää-Ê 4.4 0.23 5.6 0.36 Shrub w/effluent Rubber Cover UÊ-nää 5.1 44 0. 0.25 4.9 0. 0. 4.0 12 (0mm) High valve 0.25 UÊ-nää *Ê 5.6 Pop with 46 check 0. 5.8 0.51 5.9 Pop w/check 49 and 12 (0mm) High Valve UÊ-nää * Ê 6.5 0. Rubber 5.9 Cover 45 Effluent 7.2 44 0.49 0. 46 Radius shown in feet. Data based on 3. 6.3 48 0. 6.7 S p 49 e c i f y i n g I n formation Super 800 8.0 0. 8.5 45 0.47 S800 0. XXX-XX-CK-E 8.0 9.5 49 0.48 Description Body Optional Optional 10.0 0.49 S800 XXX XX COM E Options Available Operating Specifications UÊ-nää Ê 4.0 Super 800 Standard Performance Data Specifications 3.0 4.0 psi GPM Radius 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.3 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.8 4.5 5.1 5.6 4.9 5.8 6.5 7.2 22 24 26 28 31 34 44 Specifying Information Super 800 (in/hr)!""""(in/hr) # 0.33 0. 0.25 0. 0. 0.39 0. 0.36 0.36 0. 0. 0.51 0. 0.49 0. Radius shown in feet. Data based on 3. S800 XXX-XX-CK-E Description S800 S800 Super 800 Rotor Body XXX S Shrub P 5" (127mm) Lawn Pop-up 12H 12" (0mm) High-pop Optional XX 0. 3.0 75 0.75 4.0 10 20 2.0 80 8.0 25 2.5 COM CK Check Valve Optional E Effluent Ý> «i\ A Super 800 Series Sprinkler with a 5" pop-up height and a 2.5 nozzle, would be specified as: S800P25 Types of Spacing Types of Spacing Types of Spacing Special situations & exceptions Special situations & exceptions (cont.) Outside of curves Inside of curves Overthrow is the major problem Cause damage to wall, over water other plants, etc. Dry areas Nearly impossible to avoid One side flush 8
4 Steps of Head Layout Block off into geometric shapes 1. Block off into geometric shapes by types of heads to be used 2. Start in corners 3. Work along the edges 4. Fill in the middle Zoning Rules Like With Like Flow limits maximum zone size Physical dimensions Shrubs & turf = different water needs Sun & shade areas = different water needs Fewest zones possible to minimize costs Zoning Rules Like With Like Rotors with Rotors Fixed with Fixed Drip with Drip Easier to design and schedule Better calculations for water distribution, precipitation rates, etc. 9
Zoning Rules Like With Like Zoning Rules Like With Like Runoff on sloped vs. flat areas PSI loss on sloped vs. flat areas 10