Work Zone Safety Mike Marr Industrial Safety Consultant Ohio Bureau of Workers Compensation Division of Safety & Hygiene 1
Agenda Manuals/Codes/Statistics Setup & Removal of Work Zones Devices and Locations Duration of Work Maintenance of the Work Zone Flagging Procedures Questions 2
You Never Know!
MILES PER HOUR & STOP TIME 30 MPH = 44 Feet per Second 50 MPH = 73 Feet per Second 60 MPH = 88 Feet per Second 70 MPH = 103 Feet per Second 100 MPH = 146 Feet per Second
PERCEPTION / REACTION TIME Mental Process 1. Sensation something in the road! 2. Perception/recognition recognize, identify! 3. Situational awareness speed, time to impact, consequence, escape route! 4. Response selection decide what to do! Elapsed time; 1.5 to >2.5 seconds
PERCEPTION / REACTION TIME Average Movement Time Foot to brake 0.2 second Device Response Time Braking begins 0.1 second Total elapsed time (best case) before vehicle begins slowing... 1.8 seconds
PERCEPTION / REACTION TIME @ 55 mph (80.67 ft/s) + Stopping Distance Time before braking begins 1.8 sec. (1.5 + 0.3) x 80.67 ft/s = Distance Traveled 145.1 ft. + Stopping Distance @ 134.4 ft. TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELED 279.5 ft
PERCEPTION-REACTION TIME Industry Standard 2.5 seconds Older Driver - > 2.5 ~ 3.0 seconds Unexpected Event = > 2 to 3 times
Manuals ODOT FHWA OHIO OSHA ODOT - Part 6, MUTCD - MUTCD - Subpart G - Plans 9
PERRP: PERRP s Mission: The role and mission of PERRP is to ensure public employees in Ohio have safe and healthy working conditions. Public employers must furnish to each public employee a workplace free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm. This fundamental requirement is the foundation of the Public Employment Risk Reduction Act (the Act) which is also referred to as House Bill (HB) 308 and was enacted 1992. 10
Primary Reasons for Enforcing the Improve worker safety Work zones are one of the primary locations of public employee fatalities Minimize delay for motorists Manual FHWA
Part 6 Organization Section 6A General Information Section 6B Fundamental Principals Section 6C TTC* Elements Section 6D Pedestrian and Worker Safety Section 6E Flagger Control Section 6F TTC Zone Devices Section 6G TTC Zone Activities Section 6H Typical Applications Section 6I Incident Management FHWA
Four Little Words Should (Voluntary) Shall (Mandatory) Must (Mandatory) May (Voluntary) If a standard has a mandatory (shall or must) provision, then there are no options. If a standard has a voluntary provision (should or may) then the employer must consider those provisions to be minimum expectations, however, they can modify them to fit their circumstances.
Ohio Fatalities in Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes and Work Zones Highway Crashes WZ Crashes Total 2008 1,178 13 1,191 2009 1,014 8 1,022 2010 1,069 11 1,080 2011 1,001 16 1,017 2012 1,006 17 1,123 2013 991 Not available 186 people died in vehicle crashes in Ohio work zones in the eleven-year period from 2002 to 2012 (the most recent information available).
Importance of Protection Effective Temporary Traffic Control" saves lives Worker fatalities in Ohio workzones 1 2014 6 2013 3 2012 3 Worker fatalities nationally in workzones 1 2014 116 2013 105 2012 133 Source: workzonesafety.org
According to ODOT (2003 to 2012): 7 ODOT employees have been killed in construction zones in Ohio in the last decade from 2003 to 2012 56,945 vehicle crashes occurred in Ohio work zones in that same 10-year period 20,590 vehicle crashes occurred in Ohio work zones when workers were present 19,988 of the total vehicle crashes were rear end collisions The top three causes of work zone crashes are: Following too closely Failure to control Improper lane changes Excessive speed has directly resulted in more than 1,500 work zone crashes since 2003 Across the nation, you are more likely to be injured or killed in a work zone on a dry and sunny August afternoon than any other time of year
What Is a Temporary Traffic Control Zone? A TTC zone may include: o Work zone o Roadway incident o Special event FHWA FHWA
Parts of a Traffic Control Zone 1. Advance Warning Area 2. Transition Area 3. Buffer Area 4. Work Area 5. Termination Area 18
Parts of a Traffic Control Zone 19
20 Advance Warning Area
Regulatory Signs
Warning Signs 22
Advance Warning Area Advance Warning Signs Warning Information Communication Regulatory 23
Advance Warning Area Sign Spacing Chart 24 Low Speed < 45 M.P.H. High Speed > 45 M.P.H
Portable Changeable Message Signs
Advance Warning Area Changeable Message Signs 26
Transition Area Drums & Cones 36 lit/reflective drums 28 & 42 reflective cones. 27
Drums and Cones Standard requires uniformity for color of all drums If drums, cones, or tubular markers are used to channelize pedestrians, they shall be located such that there are no gaps between the bases of the devices, in order to create a continuous bottom. The height of each individual drum, cone, or tubular marker shall be no less than (36 in) to be detectable to users of long lanes.
Cones Cones shall be: Predominantly orange Made of a material that can be struck without causing damage to the impacting vehicle. For daytime and low speed roadways, cones shall be not less than 18 in in height. When cones are used on freeways and other high-speed highways or at night on all highways, or when more conspicuous guidance is needed, cones shall be a minimum of (28 in) in height. For nighttime use, cones shall be retro-reflectorized or equipped with lighting devices for maximum visibility.
30 Device Spacing Chart
Transition Area Flashing Arrow Panels Strongly recommend solid panels, not sequential. 31
Arrow Boards 48 x 24 60 x 30 96 x 48 - Type A -45 MPH & below -Type B -45 MPH & below -Type C -45 MPH & above NEVER use an arrow board in a two lane, one way closure use a Flagger! 32
Buffer Space 33 Buffer Space (Longitudinal) Speed (mph) Length (feet) 20 35 25 55 30 85 35 120 40 170 45 220 50 280 55 335 60 415 65 485
34 Work Zone Examples:
Example of 25 MPH Traffic Control Zone -Signs 100 apart -Transition 105-6 cones minimum -Cone spacing 20 along taper and 25 after taper -Buffer space 55
Example of 35 MPH Traffic Control Zone -Signs 100 apart -Transition 205-11 cones minimum -Cone spacing 20 along taper and 35 after taper -Buffer space 120
Example of 45 MPH Traffic Control Zone -Signs 350 apart -Transition 450-12 cones minimum -Cone spacing 40 along taper and 45 after taper -Buffer space 220
Termination Area Optional but strongly recommended. Well worth the short additional time that it takes to install. Why wouldn t you get your crews into this simple, wise habit? 38
Work Zone Safety Single Lane Closure How to install and remove a single lane closure On a four lane road way. 39
Work Zone Safety Single Lane Closure 40 Work Area
Work Zone Safety Single Lane Closure 41
Work Zone Safety Single Lane Closure 42 Advance Warning signs
Work Zone Safety Single Lane Closure 43 Advance Warning Signs
Work Zone Safety Single Lane Closure 44 Arrow Board and Taper
Work Zone Safety Single Lane Closure 45 Complete
Work Zone Safety Single Lane Closure Removal Removal of the lane closure Is done in the exact opposite order 46
Work Zone Safety Single Lane Closure 47 Arrow Board and Taper
Work Zone Safety Single Lane Closure 48 Advance Warning Signs
Work Zone Safety Single Lane Closure 49 Work Area
Work Zone Safety Single Lane Closure 50 Freeway Setup
Lane Shift 51
Devices Type III Barricades Portable Gates 52
Devices Additional Traffic Control Devices Plastic Fence Caution Tape Safety Vest Hard Hats Temporary Pavement Tape Stop and Slow Paddles 53
Duration Of Work Long-term Intermediate-term Short-term Mobile 54
Duration of Work Short Term: 0 15 minutes. Truck emergency flashers and beacon lights. 15 60 minutes. Truck emergency flashers, beacon lights, correct size and amount of cones placed around work zone and a minimum of one correctly placed advanced warning sign. Correct arrow board strongly recommended - consider the location, crew/public safety, traffic volume, liability etc. 55
Duration of Work Intermediate Term: 60 minutes 3 days Truck emergency flashers, beacon lights, correct size and amount of cones placed around the work zone and all correctly placed advanced warning signs on all affected streets. Correct arrow board as required. 56
Duration of Work Long Term: Beyond 3 days. Permanently mounted, correct advanced warning signs on all affected streets. Truck emergency flashers, beacon lights, correct size and amount of cones placed around the work zone. Correct arrow board as required. 57
WORK DURATION Five Categories: Long-Term Stationary Intermediate-term Stationary Short-term Stationary Short Duration > 3 days > 12 hrs to 3 days includes overnight 1 hr to 12 hrs < 1 hr Mobile moves intermittently with stop times < 15 minutes or moves continuously
Mobile Work Often involve frequent short stops for activities Such as litter cleanup, pothole patching, or utility operations, and are similar to short-duration operations NCOSHA
60 They Do Help!
Mobile Work o TTC zones may include: Warning signs, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on a vehicle, flags, and/or channelizing devices Flaggers A shadow vehicle equipped with an arrow panel or a sign following the work vehicle Appropriately colored and marked vehicles with signs, flags, high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights, truck-mounted attenuators, and arrow panels or portable changeable message signs may follow a train of moving work vehicles
Work Zone Safety Maintenance of a Work Zone Cover or remove signs when not in use! Clean all traffic control equipment. Drive the zone after set up and through out the day - consider who may be coming through your set up at any time! Recognizing problems: skid marks, auto parts, damaged traffic control devices. 62 Always use Common Sense and Good Judgment!
Worker Safety Consideration - Training All workers should be trained on: Working safely adjacent to vehicular traffic Work zone traffic control techniques Device Usage Safety devices Traffic control devices Placement of traffic control devices Relevant OSHA Regulation 29 CFR 1926.21, Safety Training and Education
Flagger Apparel
Section 6E.02 High-Visibility Safety Apparel o Apparel background (outer) material color shall be either fluorescent orange-red, or fluorescent yellow-green as defined in the standard. o The retro-reflective material shall be either orange, yellow, white, silver, yellow-green, or a fluorescent version of these colors. ATSSA for US DOT 65 FHA grant DTFH61-06-G-00004
Conspicuity Class 2 Conspicuity level for use in occupational activities where risk levels exceeding those in Class 1, such as where: 1. Greater visibility is desired during inclement weather conditions; 2. Complex backgrounds are present; 3. Employees are performing tasks which divert attention from approaching vehicle traffic 4. Vehicle or moving equipment speeds exceed 25 mph; or 5. Work activities take place in or near vehicle traffic. 66
Conspicuity Class 3 where risks exceed those in Class 2 1. Workers exposed to traffic > 50 mph; 2. Pedestrian worker & vehicle operator with task loads placing themselves in danger; 3. The wearer must be conspicuous through range of motion at a minimum distance of 1280 feet & be identifiable as a person.
Flagging Mandatory 18 x 18 minimum Stop/Slow Paddle with a minimum 7 handle. 68
Flagger Standard: A flagger shall be a person who provides temporary traffic control. For daytime work, the flagger's vest, shirt, or jacket shall be either orange, yellow, yellow-green, or a fluorescent version of these colors. For nighttime work, similar outside garments shall be retro-reflective. Flagger stations shall be located far enough in advance of the work space so that approaching road users will have sufficient distance to stop before entering the work space. Flags are only for emergency use.
Flagger Paddles The STOP/SLOW paddle shall have an octagonal shape on a rigid handle. STOP/SLOW paddles shall be at least 18 wide with letters at least 6 high and should be fabricated from light semi-rigid material. Background of the STOP face shall be red with white letters and border. The Background of the SLOW face shall be orange with black letters and border. When used at night, the STOP/SLOW paddle shall be retro-reflectorized.
Flagger Procedures The following methods of signaling with paddles shall be used: To stop road users, the flagger shall face road users and aim the STOP paddle face toward road users in a stationary position with the arm extended horizontally away from the body. To direct stopped road users to proceed, the flagger shall face road users with the SLOW paddle face aimed toward road users in a stationary position with the arm extended horizontally away from the body. To alert or slow traffic, the flagger shall face road users with the SLOW paddle face aimed toward road users in a stationary position with the arm extended horizontally away from the body.
Pedestrians Public safety. You & the crew s safety. Liability issues! Correctly close sidewalks when needed. 72
Work Zone Safety Record Keeping Detailed Accident Reports Pictures Sketches Any witness information and specific contacts 73
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Summary Effective Temporary Traffic Control serves to: Warn Inform Guide Regulate 79
Work Zone Safety Questions? 80