Current state of the art of biofuels applications in EU25 Efi Alexopoulou Biomass section Budapest 9/3/06
Biofuels Biodiesel Bioethanol Biogas, Vegetal oils, bio-methanol, biodimethylether, bio-etbe, bio-mtbe, synthetic fuels and bio-hydrogen are also referring by European Commission but have been only little developed or not yet developed.
Biofuels Bioethanol is obtained from distilling the sugar extracted from beets as well as from cereals like wheat, barley or corn Biodiesel is produced from oleaginous plants like rape or sunflower. The vegetal oil then undergoes an esterification process using methanol (derived from natural gas) for transformation to RME
Biofuels production in the European Union in EU25 in 2004 Biodiesel 1 933 400 tonnes Bioethanol 497 040 tonnes Biodiesel production represented the 79.5% of the total biofuels production, while bioethanol represents the 20.5%.
Biodiesel Biodiesel is generally produced by transesterification of vegetable oils (so-called fatty acid methyl esters, FAME). Currently, the predominant oils used in biodiesel production are rape and sunflower oil in Europe, and soya oil in North America. Again, the cost of the feedstock represents the major component of total production costs of biodiesel, such that cheaper oils such as palm oil or even used frying oil could have a significant cost advantage.
Biodiesel Production in European Union since 1992 55000 80000 150000 280000 435000 475000 390000 470000 680000 780000 1065000 1434000 1933400 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Biodiesel production in European Union in 2003 and 2004 Country 2003 2004 Increase Germany 715000 1035000 France 357000 Italy 273000 Denmark 41000 Czech Republic 70000 Austria 32000 Slovakia 0 Spain 6000 UK 9000 Lithuania 0 348000 320000 70000 60000 57000 15000 13000 9000 5000 Sweden 1000 1400 +40,0% TOTAL EU 25 1504000 19334000 +44,8% -2,5% +17,2% +70,7% -14,3% +78,1% +116,7% 0,0% +28,6%
Biodiesel production (data 2004) >More than 1 million tons produced in Germany (53,5% of the total production) In France (2004) the biodiesel production was 348000 tonnes and there is a plan for 480000 by 2007 In Italy the biodiesel production is going to be decreased in 2005 from 320000 to 200000 tonnes. Other countries in Europe have been decided to go into biodiesel production like Spain (250000 in Cartagena in 2005) and Portugal (100000 on going)
Biodiesel production in Germany (1998-2004)
Main biodiesel producers in EU (2004) Company Nationality Production (tonnes) rough estimates Diester Industry French >300000 ADM American >250000 Novaol French >250000 Natur Energie West German <100000 Fox Petrioli Italian >100000 MUW Mitteldeutsche Umesterungs Werke Campa biodiesel GmbH German >100000 German >70000
Biodiesel production places related to rapeseed production (source University of Applied Sciences - Germany)
Biodiesel production places related to corn production (source University of Applied Sciences - Germany)
Production costs & international diesel prices Biofuel production costs (US$/ lt of fuel) IFP W/tax (US$/ lt of fuel) IFP W o/tax USA 0.549 0.570 0.373 (US$/ lt of fuel) CAN 0.455 0.680 0.391 EU-15 0.607 1.286 0.396 POL 0.725 1.090 0.382 BRA 0.568 0.490 0.384 Diesel prices for the EU-15 are weighted averages of prices in Germany, France and Italy
Cost Ranges: Biodiesel Source: Renewables 2005 Global Status Report Typical costs: 40-80 $ cents/ liter diesel equivalent Cost could decline to 35-70 $ cents/ liter diesel equivalent (sugar) post- 2010 for rapeseed and soy, and remain about 25 $ cents (currently) for biodiesel from waste oil.
Bioethanol In 2004 the bioethanol production was 491040, while in 2003 was 424750 (increase 15.6%) Commission (CAP) is obliged to buy and store excess wine production and part of it can be transformed into ethanol which then can be sold in the biofuels market
Bioethanol production in the European Union since 1993 600000 317300 364320 191000 216000 47500 491040 450000 300000 150000 58500 57900 80340 103370 117900 110850 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Bioethanol situation Spain is the leading European Union country in terms of Bioethanol production ETBE (194,000 tonnes in 2004, while in 2003 was 160,000 tonnes). There is a projection for 160,000 tonnes (Abengoa Group Castilian Y Leon) more in 2006 that will not be ETBE but bioethanol will mixed directly with petrol. France increases quotas (from 82,000 tonnes in 2003 increases to 102,000 tonnes in 2004 and the Biofuel Plan will benefit with an additional approval of 320,000 tonnes between now and 2007).
Bioethanol situation Sweden consuming than it produces (52,000 tonnes in 2004, while the annual consumption was 206,000 tonnes). Unlike Spain and France, Sweden does not transform ethanol to ETBE in order to distribute it. Poland is waiting for a new law (is the only European country that bioethanol production between 2003 and 2004 was decreased 40.7% because the Polish Constitutional Court did not ratify the Biofuels Law of November 2003). Germany is starting bioethanol production (three new units are expected with a production capacity of 500,000 tonnes from cereals and all be located close to the Polish border.
Bioethanol and ETBE production in 2003 and 2004 (in tons) Bioethanol production 2003 2004 ETBE production Bioethanol production ETBE production Spain 160000 340800 194000 413200 France 82000 164250 102000 170600 Sweden 52000 0 52000 0 Poland 60430 67000 35840 n.d. Germany 0 0 20000 42500 Bioethanol sold by European Community 70230 n.d. 87200 n.d. Total EU25 424750 572050 491040 626300
Bioethanol actors The bioethanol market is controlled by the big industrial groups and the large agriculture cooperatives of the sugar and alcohol industries The Spanish group ABENGOA is the largest bioethanol maker with a production of 226,000 tonnes. At the moment had two units in Spain (in Cartagena and in Texeiro), while one more is expected with a production of 160,000 tonnes. In collaboration with AB Bioenergy France (controlled at 51%) is going to produce 180,000 tonnes in southwest of France.
Bioethanol actors In France, the Tereos Group produced 48,000 tonnes and holds the 40% of the ethanol market share in France and in the future the group is planning the production of two units (one in Lillebonne with a capacity of 200,000 tonnes and one in Origny with a capacity of 160,000 tonnes). In France there is also the Gristal Union that groups together the Champagne-Ardenne region beet cooperatives with a project for a production of 238,000 tonnes near Reims. In Sweden there are two main actors Agroetanol (40,000 tonnes) and Svensk Etanolkemi (15,000 tonnes)
Bioethanol production places related to cereals production (source University of Applied Sciences - Germany)
Production costs of ethanol & international diesel prices Ethanol production costs (wheat) Ethanol production costs (maize) IFP W/tax (US$/ lt of fuel) IFP W o/tax (US$/ lt of fuel) (US$/ lt of fuel) (US$/ lt of fuel) USA 0.545 0.289 0.540 0.384 CAN 0.563 0.335 0.680 0.401 EU-15 0.573 0.448 1.316 0.406 POL 0.530 0.337 1.200 0.392
18 MTOE targeted in 2010 It is estimated that in 2005 the biofuels production came up to 2.8 million toe, while in 2010 is expected to be 9.4 million toe (when white paper set a goal for 2010 for 18 Mtoe)