Motor Transport Institute Environment Protection Center
The Institute conducts, co-ordinates and popularizes scientific research and implementation activity on the subject of road transport. The most fundamental tasks for the Institute s operation are: general improvement in functioning and organization of the road transport, limiting harmful effects of the road transport and traffic development with regards the road safety and environmental protection, developing new material solutions for the automotive industry, including improvement of the service materials such as oils, coolants, etc.
Environment Protection Centre Environment Protection Centre (COŚ) performs scientific and R & D works on the protection of the human environment from the harmful effects of road transport, in particular studies relating to pollutants emissions from the exhaust and engine fuel systems and fuel consumption of motor vehicles. The Centre consists of: Emissions Testing Section, Ecological Analyses Section. The scope of work carried out by the Emissions Testing Section: dynamometer testing of M and N category motor vehicles with a maximum driving axle load of 3500 kg, dynamometer testing of the L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6 and L7 vehicles (motorcycles, mopeds, tricycles and four wheels vehicles), bench testing of internal combustion engines with a power output up to 460 kw, testing of M, N, L categories vehicles and NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machineries) in the real conditions, "on board" research in the real traffic conditions, type approval, conformity of production with the approved type, in-service and tests in real traffic conditions, development of the methods for testing pollutants emissions and fuel consumption of road vehicles and NRMM and their engines, development and testing of equipment, methods and systems for limiting emissions of pollutants from road vehicles and NRMM and their engines, developing principles and procedures for controlling road vehicles and NRMM and their engines in terms of pollutants emissions and fuel consumption. The scope of work performed by the Ecological Analyses Section: preparation of analyzes, summaries, evaluations and reports relating to the protection of the natural environment and the man from the harmful effects of the automotive industry, monitoring carbon dioxide emissions from the new M and N category motor vehicles, in accordance with international recommendations,, developing methods for determining the pollutants emission indicators for the road vehicles, as well as recording pollutants emissions on the macro and micro scale, Centre cooperates in this area with domestic and foreign entities, and has capability to perform tests in accordance with the U.S. and Japanese requirements. The Centre has a research laboratory accreditation certificate No. AB 502 issued by Polish Accreditation Centre which confirms compliance with the requirements of PN-EN ISO / IEC 17025:2005 standard and has a EU notification as the approval authority and technical service for the type approval of pollutants emissions by the NRMM.
T y p e a p p r o v a l t e s t s
Type approval, conformity of production tests with the approved type, in-service tests and tests in real operating conditions of traffic Environment Protection Centre is the only research centre in Poland and one of the few independent centres in Europe equipped with complete equipment corresponding to current regulatory requirements of the UN-ECE and EU regulations, for measuring pollutants emissions from all categories of vehicles that are subject to type approval tests for pollutants emissions from the exhaust and supply systems and fuel consumption, i.e. from the M category vehicles (passenger cars), the N category (trucks), the L category (mopeds, motorcycles, tricycles and four wheel vehicles), and internal combustion engines, as well as for testing catalytic converters and particulate filters. Environment Protection Centre also conducts tests of battery electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) etc. Environment Protection Centre is equipped with measuring equipment enabling to perform a full range of tests: pollutants emissions, fuel consumption, and energy consumption by M and N category vehicles in accordance with UN-ECE Regulations 24, 83, 84, 101 and equivalent Directives and Regulations of the EU and Polish standards, pollutants emissions from mopeds and motorcycles, in accordance with UN-ECE Regulations 40 and 47 and equivalent EU Directives, catalytic converters in accordance with UN-ECE Regulation 103 and equivalent EU Directive, LPG and CNG gas supply systems in accordance with UN-ECE Regulation 115, pollutants emissions from internal combustion engines according to the UN-ECE Regulations 24 and 49 and equivalent EU Directives and Regulations, engine power under the UN-ECE Regulation 85 and equivalent EU Directive, combustion engines driving the non-road machinery in accordance with the UN-ECE Regulation 96, Directive 97/68/EC (ITS is an entity authorized to issue certificates of approval pursuant to this Directive) and Regulation of the Minister of Economy, Labour and Social Policy of 29 October 2003 regarding the essential requirements for internal combustion engines to reduce gaseous pollutants and particulate emissions by these engines (Journal of Laws No. 220, item. 2180 of 23 December 2003). Environment Protection Centre also carries out the type approval tests for: heating systems for motor vehicles and their trailers for the compliance with Directives 2001/56/CE, de-icing and de-misting equipment for the two or three-wheel motor vehicles for the compliance with the requirements of Directive 97/24/CE. Environmental Protection Centre currently has the following authorisations: technical unit authorized to conduct type certification approval tests for the compliance with the requirements of UN-ECE Regulations No. 24, 40, 47, 49, 83, 85, 96, 101, 103, 115, 120; notification authorizing testing and issuing certificates of approval in accordance with the Directive 97/68/EC, of the technical unit authorized for conducting the type-approval tests for the compliance with the requirements of UN-ECE Regulation 100.
E N G I N E T E S T B E N C H E S Environment Protection Centre is equipped with engine test benches, with asynchronous motors acting as the engine brakes, with power ratings from 130 to 460 kw. Benches are controlled by PU- MA system and allow for engines testing both in steady conditions (ESC and WHSC test types) as well as transient conditions (ETC and WHTC type tests). Measuring equipment is complemented by modern analytical equipment by AVL allowing, except conducting the analyses of the exhaust pollutants, to indicate and measure basic parameters of the engine work powered by both conventional fuels and alternative fuels (such as CNG, biomethane). E N G I N E D Y N A M O M E T E R B E N C H A F A 1 3 0 / 4-8 E U Generator mode T nom : 310 Nm with 0 4000 rpm, P nom : 130 kw with 4000 8000 rpm, n max : 8000 rpm, Engine mode T nom : 228 Nm with 0 4000 rpm, P nom : 118 kw with 4000 8000 rpm, n max : 8000 rpm. Mass moment of inertia: 0,329 kgm 2, Overload: 25% during 1 min for 15 min. E N G I N E D Y N A M O M E T E R B E N C H A F A - E 4 6 0 / 4, 4-9 Generator mode T nom : 1000 Nm with 0 4400 rpm, P nom : 460 kw with 4400 9000 rpm, n max : 9000 rpm, Engine mode T nom : 900 Nm with 0 4400 rpm, P nom : 418 kw with 4400 9000 rpm, n max : 9000 rpm. Mass moment of inertia: 0,9531 kgm 2, Overload: 25% during 1 min for 10 min. E N G I N E D Y N A M O M E T E R B E N C H A F A 1 0 0 4 Z 4 / 4 Generator mode T nom : 2801 Nm with 0 1500 rpm, P nom : 440 kw with 1500 3800 rpm, n max : 4200 rpm. Engine mode T nom : 2521 Nm with 0 1500 rpm, P nom : 360 kw with 1500 3800 rpm, n max : 4200 rpm. Mass moment of inertia: 4,64 kgm 2, Overload: 25% during 1 min for 15 min.
C H A S S I S D Y N A M O M E T E R S O N E - R O L L C H A S S I S D Y N A M O M E T E R One-roll chassis dynamometer by Zoellner, type RPL 1220/12 C 221 113 / GPM 200 with the roll of 48 diameter and electric simulation of resistance to motion and inertia of the vehicle, allowing particularly testing vehicles with the following characteristics: maximum net power on wheel: up to 200 kw, maximum speed: up to 200 km/h, driving axle load: up to 3500 kg, drive on one or more than one axle, with the possibility of disconnecting the drive, maximum wheel track of driving axle: 2150 mm, maximum height of the vehicle: 3400 mm T W O - R O L L C H A S S I S D Y N A M O M E T E R Two-roll chassis dynamometer by Jaroš, type 2PT220EX with two rolls of 372 mm diameter each, with electric simulation of resistance to motion and mechanical simulation of vehicle inertia, located in the low temperatures chamber. Allows testing vehicles (at an ambient temperature down to -14C) with the following parameters: maximum net power on wheel: up to 220 kw, maximum speed: up to 130 / 200 km/h, driving axle: load up to 2400 kg, drive on one or more than one axel, with the possibility of disconnecting the drive, maximum wheel track of driving axle: 2100 mm, maximum height of the vehicle: 2900 mm, maximum distance from the rear driving axle to the front of the vehicle: 5000 mm. M O T O R C Y C L E C H A S S I S D Y N A M O M E T E R Chassis dynamometer by Jaroš, type 1 PT 150 EXP with roll of 420 mm diameter, with electric simulation of resistance to motion and mechanical simulation of vehicle inertia. Allows testing motorcycles and mopeds with the following parameters: maximum net power on wheel: up to 60 kw (continuous power) / 150 kw during max. 30 s (static measurements) / 150 kw dynamic measurements, maximum speed: 125 km/h / 200 km/h (with/without inertial masses), driving axle load: up to 500 kg, min./max. axle base 1250 2100 mm, min./max. diameter of front wheel 400 700 mm, min. clearance: 130 mm min./max. width of the front tire: 40 130 mm
A N A L Y T I C A L E Q U I P M E N T C H A S S I S D Y N A M O M E T E R A N A L Y Z E R S E T A set of two-span analyzers by AVL, type AMA i60 to measure the concentrations of the following pollutants: carbon monoxide (low concentrations) CO low, carbon dioxide CO 2, total hydrocarbons THC, methane CH 4, nitrogen oxides NO X, nitric oxide NO and nitrogen dioxide NO 2. A N A L Y Z E R S E T S A M A I 6 0 R 2 A N D C E B I I Sets of two-span or four-span analyzers by AVL type AMA i60 R2 and CEB II to measure the concentrations of the following pollutants: carbon monoxide (low concentrations) CO low, carbon monoxide (high concentrations) CO high, carbon dioxide CO 2, total hydrocarbons THC, methane CH 4, nitrogen oxides NO X, nitric oxide NO and nitrogen dioxide NO 2, nitrous oxide N 2 O. Analyzer set AMA i60 R2 can measure concentration in three point: pre-cat, post-cat and EGR. P A R T I C L E C O U N T E R B Y A V L Particle counter APC by AVL measures the number of particulates in the engine exhaust, both in the diluted and raw exhaust gases. It meets all requirements of the PMP (Particle Measurement Program) and the provisions of UN- ECE Regulation 83. Basic parameters are: measuring range PNC (number of concentrated particles): 0 to 10000 #/cm 3 (after calibration) even to 50000 #/cm 3 in single-count mode
O T H E R E Q U I P M E N T C O N S T A N T V O L U M E S A M P L I N G C V S Constant volume sampling from AVL with critical flow orifice. nominal intensity of gas flow: 2 30 m 3 /min, ability to change the gas flow rate in increments of 2 m 3 /min, heated CVS. A V L D I L U T I O N T U N N E L F O R P M M E A S U R E M E N T AVL full flow tunnel to measure PM emissions. 4 way sampling, with separate THC analyser. S H E D C H A M B E R SHED chamber to measure evaporative emissions from the fuel supply system (emission of hydrocarbons). The chamber is equipped with compensation bags for maintaining a constant pressure inside the chamber, regardless of changes in temperature in the chamber. The temperature control system in the chamber allows to replicate any course of air temperature changes. M I C R O S C A L E B Y M E T T L E R T O L E D O Micro scale from Mettler Toledo type MT5 adapted for weighing filters with diameters of 48 and 70 mm used for measuring emissions of solid particles, is placed in air conditioned weight room. Basic parameters of the scale: measuring range: 5100 mg, resolution: 1 g, repeatability: 0,8 g (0 2 g), 0,9 g (2 5 g), linearity: ± 2g to 500 mg, over ± 4 g
Road tests
FUEL CONSUMPTION TESTS Environment Protection Centre has equipment to measure the consumption of liquid fuels such as motor gasolines and diesel fuels, as well as to measure consumption of the LPG, CNG and LNG fuels in the road conditions. Measurements are conducted under standard conditions, as well as the driving cycles associated with a specific vehicle application. Centre also performs measurements of fuel consumption by other objects than the engines powering vehicles, such as heating systems, industrial engines, construction machinery and others. We are capable to record and analyze the operating conditions of the appliances in the course of the measurements. TESTS OF THE TRAFFIC CONDITIONS The sphere of interest of the Environment Protection Centre encompasses defining the relationship between the way the vehicle is operated and the emission from the exhaust systems or fuel supply systems of the vehicles. The equipment possessed allows to identify the vehicle emission in the standard conditions and then subjecting the vehicle to another cycle of load characteristic for such a vehicle on, e.g.: the motorway, in city traffic conditions with varying number of stoppages of the vehicle as well as under different intensity of acceleration. The research carried out on traffic conditions are essential to ensure high cognitive values and the credibility of estimating emissions from the given vehicle, as well as from the population of the vehicles studied, characterized by certain emission properties. EMISSION IN THE REAL CONDITIONS Environment Protection Centre is equipped with test equipment that allows to measure emissions from both motor vehicles (passenger cars, buses or trucks), as well as non-road mobile machinery or tractors and agricultural machinery. This equipment, including devices for the measurement of the exhaust opacity and registration of the vehicle motion parameters represent mobile emission laboratory, fitted to the vehicle tested. The test equipment moves with the vehicle, enabling the measurement of emissions in real traffic conditions, and learning about the distribution of emission along the measuring section including hills, roads intersections and sections of varying speed of the vehicle as well as areas with varying degrees of urbanization.
S E M T E C H - D S E Q U I P P E D W I T H G P S M O D U L E Set of analyzers from Sensors Inc., type Semtech DS to measure emissions in the real traffic conditions. Set of flow meters which are included in the device allows the measurement of exhaust emissions from most of the engines used to drive motor vehicles. Basic parameters: measured exhaust pollutants: CO, NO X, THC, CO 2, flow meters in dimaters: 2 / 2.5 / 4 / 5 K M A M O B I L E F U E L F L O W M E T E R The universal system for fuel consumption measurement - AVL KMA Mobile is used to measure the fuel consumption in vehicles and on the engine test benches. Basic parameters: measuring range: 0,35 150 l/h 0,26 110 kg/h* *(with the fuel density: 0,75 g/cm 3 ) density meter: 500 2000 kg/m 3 density measurement uncertainty: 1 kg/m 3 measurement uncertainty (repeatability of the sensor calibration coefficients): ± 1% (readout) measurement media (measuring module): - petrol, fuels of standard and super quality (leader petrol/unleaded) also with alcohol admixtures; - methanol, ethanol etc. to 100%; - diesel oil; - biodiesel. C M F 0 2 5 M M A S S F L O W M E T E R F R O M E M E R S O N Mass flow meter for gas fuel consumption measurement. Used to measure a mass of gas consumption in vehicles and on the engine test bench. It also allows the measurement of gas density. The software used allows for recording the momentary values of the parameters measured. Basic parameters: maximum mass flow intensity: 2180 kg/h. accuracy of mass flow intensity measurement: ± 0,35% repeatability of mass flow intensity measurement: ± 0,20% measurement media: - gas fuels, also in liquid form (for example LNG).
D A T R O N E E P 2 0 W I T H T H E O P T I C A L H E A D OTR AVL device is a compact opacimeter based on the principle of partial flow measurement, which allows to measure and record the instantaneous values of exhaust smoke. It is dedicated for the measurements in real traffic conditions. Basic parameters: measuring range: N = 0 100 % or k = 0 99,99 m -1 resolution: 0,1 % of light absorption or 0,01 m -1 absorption Datron meep20 recorder with optical head allows the registration of the vehicle traffic conditions on the road. Multi-channel recorder allows simultaneous recording of multiple analogue signals such as weight, digital and frequency signals. Basic parameters: A V L O T R O P A C I M E T E R speed measuring range: 0,5 400 km/h repeatability: ± 0,5% linearity of speed and road measurement: ±0,25%
S c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h
Scientific research and development conducted, analyses, service work provided cover: research and development of vehicles to meet the requirements for the controlled emissions, including vehicles powered by engines running on conventional and alternative fuels, performance testing of catalytic converters and particulate filters, investigating emissions from internal combustion engines in the optionally programmed, automatically replicated test cycle, emissions tests in the real traffic conditions, power measurement on the wheels of motor vehicles and motorcycles and mopeds, testing vehicles and engines for the fuel and energy consumption, both in the laboratory and real traffic conditions, testing vehicles starting capabilities in low ambient temperatures (down to -14C), determining pollutants emissions (exhaust and supply system) from the road transport on the given road stretch, road network, area such as the city, district, province and the entire country, expertises, advice and training in the research methods for the pollutants vehicles emissions, eco-driving and laboratory equipment for the research in this field. Past and ongoing major research projects: "Determining the pollutants emissions from the low-emission engines from the motor vehicles, under real operating conditions." The research project of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. "A comprehensive studies of the impact of methyl esters mixtures of selected vegetable oils with diesel fuel, on the pollutants emissions and operating characteristics of a diesel engine." The research project of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. "Developing methods for evaluating harmful exhausts substances emissions in the real traffic conditions." Research and development project of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. "A comprehensive evaluation of motor vehicles with regard to substances causing the greenhouse effect." Research and development project of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Baltic Biogas Bus (BBB). The European project on biomethane as a transport fuel. e-map. The European project on electric cars. HIT-2-Corridors. The European project on hydrogen. The work conducted contributes to raising the level of our research and the research procedures applied. The staff of Environment Protection Centre actively participates in the analysis of the test procedures, as well as the verification of the new proposals at the discussion stages in the UN -ECE and the European Union Commissions, as well as the verification of practical solutions implemented for the testing of vehicles.
Publications Each year... we share our knowledge during the most important transport conferences domestically and world-wide... publish articles and monographs not only for scientists... organize seminars and workshops for scientists and entrepreneurs
Automotive air pollutions Maciej Bernhardt Janina Michałowska Stanisław Radzimirski Year of publication: 1976 Number of pages: 523 This publication is a monographic approach to the issues related to formation and emission of the toxic exhaust components from motor vehicles engines. It covers essential knowledge of the chemical reactions kinetics of the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels as well as the course of combustion in the spark ignition and compression-ignition engines. The publication takes on the issues of exhaust gas analyzers, measuring methods and evaluation of the results, as well as additionally, problems of limiting emission and neutralizing toxic exhausts components. Propane-butane retrofit systems Adam Majerczyk Sławomir Taubert Year of publication: 2003 Number of pages: 264 ISBN 83-206-1525-9 The book is a compendium of practical knowledge about supplying the internal combustion engines with a mixture of liquid propane-butane gases. The successive generations of the LPG fuel systems used, have been presented, using specific examples of commercially available systems. The criteria of selection, principles of assembling, operation and safety of the operation of these supply systems have been described, as well as the current regulations and requirements for the liquid gas supply systems, have been quoted.
Automotive pollutants emissions in light of the new European Union regulations Jerzy Merkisz Jacek Pielecha Stanisław Radzimirski ISBN 978-83-206-1831-0 Year of publication: 2012 Number of pages: 224 The publication presents a description of the regulations in force within the European Union which significantly changed during the years 2006-2011 and concerned the pollutants emission by motor vehicles. The structure and scope of the regulations, principles of light vehicle type approval and the possibility of the extension of approval, as well as principles of the heavy duty vehicles type-approval, have been explained. The discussion also included alternative fuel cars. The most important issues on the control of the conformity of production and in the operation as well as the measurements of exhaust emissions under real traffic conditions have been presented and compared with the results of the toxicity tested under the dynamometer test conditions.
List of references The management of Environment Protection Centre, with great satisfaction evaluates the mutual cooperation with many firms and organisations, both domestic and foreign including:
Contact Andrzej ŻÓŁTOWSKI, PhD, Eng. Acting Head of the Environment Protection Centre tel. +48 22 43 85 518 fax: +48 22 43 85 401 e-mail: andrzej.zoltowski@its.waw.pl See my profile in CORDIS or Polish Scholarly Bibliography database Environment Protection Centre Motor Transport Institute 80 Jagiellonska Str. 03-301 Warsaw
Motor Transport Institute 80, Jagiellońska Str., 03-301 Warsaw Phone +48 22 43 85 400, Fax +48 22 43 85 401 e-mail: info@its.waw.pl, www.its.waw.pl