Truck Drayage Metrics
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1 Truck Drayage Metrics Frank Harder The Group, Inc. AAPA/EDF Environmental Performance Metrics Workshop October 10,
2 Key Questions and Answers Key questions Where are the drayage bottlenecks and delays? How do we measure them? How do we evaluate solutions? Answers Congestion and exceptions cause most delays The bottlenecks are in the terminal gate, container yard, and chassis pool Terminal, trucker, and wencam data provide metrics EPA s SmartWay DrayFLEET model is the key evaluation tool 2
3 Example Hooking Up a Chassis Can we save an average of 2.4 minutes? For 6 million annual chassis hook-ups at LALB marine terminals, that s $4.6 million, 100 CY parking slots, 12 tons of NOx, and 1053 tons of CO 2 Hooking Up Chassis - Current Minutes Frequency Minimal time 7 10% Planned Time 10 45% Congested Time 30 40% Exception Time 90 5% Weighted Average % Hooking Up Chassis - Improved Minutes Frequency Minimal time 7 10% Planned Time 10 48% Congested Time 30 40% Exception Time 90 2% Weighted Average % NOTE - TIMES STRICTLY FOR ILLUSTRATION 3
4 Marine Terminal Data Available marine terminal data Volume Transaction characteristics Gate times Trouble tickets Metrics from available data Turn times and distribution - by terminal condition, time, or transaction characteristic Peaking daily, weekly, seasonally Trouble ticket rates by driver, ocean carrier, or marine carrier Chassis selection time 4
5 Turn Time Minutes Terminal Congestion Terminal data (which exclude ingate queues) show a strong increase in turn times above 1100 daily trips Import Deliveries vs. Non-Trouble Turn Time Daily Import Volume 5
6 Data on Exceptions Exceptions trouble tickets appear to be chiefly process and information issues TROUBLE TICKETS Booking size/type required Container number unknown Booking not on File Booking tally reached Bill of Lading held by line operator: Empty to yard position EMPTY Container Not Allowed New empty to be ON-HIRED New FULL Container not allowed Must Be on Hired No load receipt for containers until %S. Trucker Contract with line Expired New BARE CHASSIS not allowed
7 Motor Carrier Data Available motor carrier data GPS/AVL Data Dispatch practices Survey results Metrics from available data Turn times and distribution including queue time outside gate Understanding of dispatch patterns Corroboration of findings from other data 7
8 Percent of Trips Total Turn Times GPS Data minute norm with a 5% tail of exceptions 20% 18% 16% 14% Example Terminal Turn Time Port-wide Trucker Turn Time 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% GPS data show added queue time avg. around 20 min. 5% of the moves use 14% of the total time and back up the queue 0% Time Interval - Minutes 8
9 Total Turn Times GPS Data 9
10 Webcam Data Available webcam data Length of queues outside the gates Time at gates Metrics from available data Queuing times queue time outside gate Gate processing times Impact of gate closures Corroboration of findings from other data 10
11 Vancouver Webcam Example 11
12 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 Average Congestion Level For Each Time Slot (Sorted by Day) CONGESTION LEVEL 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 Gate Queues Webcam Data Long queues in the mornings and for export cut-offs late in the week Not Vancouver Data Level 0 - an open lane exists, no wait Level 1-1 to 3 trucks in line, 0-15 min. wait Level 2-4 to 6 trucks in line, min. wait Level 3 - end of line not visible, 30+ min. wait MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY Time Slot (Monday to Friday) 12
13 What does it cost? Drayage delays are costing $200 million, 14.5 million hours, and 10 million gallons of fuel annually, and emitting 111,000 tons of CO 2, 979 tons of NOx, and 18 tons of PM2.5. Scenario Hours Fuel C02 NOx PM 2.5 Cost (million) (million gal.) (tons) (tons) (tons) (million) 2008 National Default ,613 7, $ 1, vs. 40 Minute Terminal Time (3.17) (1.40) (15,652) (160) (3) $ (79) Change -8.10% -2.00% -2.00% -2.09% -1.93% -5.50% 10 vs. 20 Minute Queue Time (2.66) (1.96) (21,913) (225) (4) $ (69) Change -6.80% -2.80% -2.80% -2.93% -2.71% -4.80% 3% vs. 5% Trouble Tickets (0.31) (0.15) (1,632) (17) (0) $ (8) Change -0.80% -0.20% -0.20% -0.22% -0.20% -0.50% 0% vs. 5% Trouble Tickets (0.78) (0.35) (3,913) (42) (1) $ (20) Change -2.00% -0.50% -0.50% -0.55% -0.51% -1.40% Idling Control - 50% - (5.87) (65,739) (450) (8) $ (17) Change 0.00% -8.40% -8.40% -5.87% -5.44% -1.20% 100% vs. 20% Neutral Pools (0.78) (0.35) (3,913) (42) (1) $ (20) Change -2.00% -0.50% -0.50% -0.55% -0.51% -1.40% Trucker-Supplied Chassis (6.10) (4.40) (49,305) (503) (9) $ (137) Change % -6.30% -6.30% -6.56% -6.07% -9.50% Combined Strategies (14.50) (9.93) (111,050) (979) (18) $ (202) Change % % % % % % 13
14 EPA DrayFLEET Modeling Develop a planning-level emissions and drayage activity model that depicts drayage activity in terms of VMT Emissions Cost Throughput COMPATIBILITY WITH FLEET MODEL, REALISM FOR INDUSTRY CONFIDENCE Reflect the impact of changing management practices, terminal operations, and cargo volume, including Extended gate hours DETAILED, Appointment systems ACTIVITY-BASED Chassis pools MODEL WITH FLEXIBLE INPUTS Virtual container yards Near-dock or on-dock rail terminals Truck retirement/rebuild/replacement programs 14
15 DrayFLEET Inputs & Outputs SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Primary Inputs & Outputs DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Beta of 01/18/12 Primary Inputs Default Scenario Port Generic Port Terminal(s) Non-specific Calendar Year (Change manually) Scenario Annual TEU 2,000,000 2,000,000 BETA Version for evaluation Only Average TEU per Container KEY 1.75 PORT AND 1.75 This version has internal calculations unhidden and unprote Inbound Share TERMINAL 50% 50% Inbound Empty Share 5% 5% INPUTS Outbound Empty Share 25% 25% Rail Intermodal Share 25% 25% Marine Terminals Date 1/18/2012 Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change Rail Terminals Annual Activity Weighted Average Miles from Port 5 5 Number of Drayage Trip Legs 2,436,570 2,436, % Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 5 5 Drayage Trip Legs per Container % Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction Total Drayage VMT 54,510,587 54,510, % Container/Chassis Depots CUSTOMER & Drayage VMT per Container % Weighted Average Miles from Port COST 2DATA 2 Fleet Required (FTE Tractors) 1,444 1, % Share of Empties Stored at Depots 10% 10% Annual Duty Cycle Totals ACTIVITY Container Shippers/Receivers Idle/Stopped Hours 1,865,911 1,865, % Weighted Average Miles from Port Creep Hours 736, , % Weighted Average Crosstown Trip Miles Transient Hours 478, , % Trucker Yard Operations Cruise Hours 1,199,466 1,199, % Weighted Average Miles from Port Total Drayage Hours 4,280,584 4,280, % Truck Yard share of Port bobtail moves 50% 50% Drayage Hours per Container % Cost Factors Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour $ $ Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon $ 3.25 $ 3.25 Pollutant (annual tons) Initiative Inputs Default HC % Port/Terminal Initiatives CO % Stacked Terminal (% stacked) 50% 50% NOx 1, ,483.6 EMISSIONS - 0.0% On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock) 0% 0% PM % Automated Gates (% of gate transactions) MANAGEMENT 0% 0% CO 2 184, , % Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max) 0% 0% Fuel Use and Total Cost STRATEGIES Container Info System (% used) 0% 0% Fuel - Gallons 17,932,147 17,932, % Virtual Container Yard (% available) 0% 0% Total Drayage Cost $ 187,470,331 $ 187,470,331 COST $ & FUEL - 0.0% Neutral Chassis Pool (% used) 0% 0% Drayage Cost per Container $ 164 $ 164 $ - 0.0% 15
16 Example: Terminal Gate Initiatives 1.0 to 3.7% hypothetical 2010 emissions savings SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Primary Inputs & Outputs DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Beta of 01/18/12 Primary Inputs Default Scenario Port Seattle 2010 "Rough Guess" Port Terminal(s) All Calendar Year (Change manually) Scenario No pre-2004 Trucks Annual TEU 1,835,575 1,835,575 80% Automated Gates CREATE 2010 Average TEU per Container % IT Inbound Share 50% 50% PORT DEFAULT 50% Neutral Pool Inbound Empty Share 2% 2.2% Outbound Empty Share 39% 39% BETA Version for evaluation Only Rail Intermodal Share 50% 50% This version has internal calculations unhidden and unprote Marine Terminals Date 1/18/2012 Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change Rail Terminals Annual Activity Weighted Average Miles from Port 5 5 Number of Drayage Trip Legs 1,945,060 1,945, % Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 5 5 Drayage Trip Legs per Container % Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction Total Drayage VMT 35,676,217 35,950, , % Container/Chassis Depots Drayage VMT per Container % Weighted Average Miles from Port 2 2 Fleet Required (FTE Tractors) 1,038 1, % Share of Empties Stored at Depots 10% 10% Annual Duty Cycle Totals SEE THE Container Shippers/Receivers Idle/Stopped Hours 1,367,557 1,429,163 61, % Weighted Average Miles from Port Creep Hours 567,155DIFFERENCE 720, , % ZERO Weighted Average OUT Crosstown Trip Miles Transient Hours 352, , % Trucker Yard Operations Cruise Hours 790, , % Weighted GATE Average Miles from Port Total Drayage Hours 3,077,323 3,293, , % Truck Yard share of Port bobtail moves 50% 50% Drayage Hours per Container % Cost Factors TECHNOLOGY Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour $ $ Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon $ 3.25 $ 3.25 Pollutant (annual tons) Initiative Inputs Default HC % Port/Terminal Initiatives CO % Stacked Terminal (% stacked) 50% 50% NOx 1, , % On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock) 0% 0% PM % Automated Gates (% of gate transactions) 80% 0% CO 2 127, , , % Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max) 0% 0% Fuel Use and Total Cost Container Info System (% used) 80% 0% Fuel - Gallons 12,337,920 12,794, , % Virtual Container Yard (% available) 0% 0% Total Drayage Cost $ 135,983,468 $ 142,507,237 $ 6,523, % Neutral Chassis Pool (% used) 50% 0% Drayage Cost per Container $ 130 $ 136 $ 6 4.8% 16
17 Example: Eliminate Pre-2003 Trucks Values on this worksheet are not affected by reset macros 22-53% hypothetical 2010 emissions savings Fleet Age Distribution SmartWay DrayFLEET Version Drayage Fleet Inputs Age Distribution Curves Scenario Same as Default 1 Default LALB Default % 40.0% Scenario Model Year Age # % Age # % 35.0% % % 30.0% Default 25.0% % % 20.0% % % 15.0% % % 10.0% % % 5.0% 0.0% % % -5.0% % % Activity Outputs Age Default Scenario Change % Change % % Annual Activity % % Drayage Number Fleet of Technology Drayage Trip and Legs Strategy Inputs 1,945,060 1,945, % % % Drayage Trip Legs per Container % % % Technology Retrofits Total Drayage VMT 35,676,217 35,676, % % % Particulate Filter/Trap % of eligible fleet retrofit 50% Drayage VMT per Container % % % Oxidation Catalyst % of eligible fleet retrofit 50% % % Flow-Through Fleet Filter Required (FTE Tractors) 1,038 1, % % of eligible fleet retrofit 50% % % Idle Annual ReductionDuty Cycle Totals % % Idling Control Strategies Idle/Stopped % Hours reduction in idle 1,367,557 50% 1,367, % % % Fuel Conservation Creep Hours 567, ,155 SEE THE 0 0.0% % % Single-Wide Tires Transient Hours% of fleet 352,365 50% 352, % % % Automatic Tire Inflation Cruise Hours% of fleet 790,245 50% DIFFERENCE 790, % % % Tare Weight Reduction Total Drayage Hours% of fleet 3,077,323 50% 3,077, % % % Drayage Hours per Container lbs of weight saved 2, % % % Low Friction Engine Lubricant % of fleet 50% % % Low Friction Drive Train Lubricant % of fleet 50% % Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change % % Direct Drivetrain % of fleet 50% % % Single Pollutant Axle Drive (annual (vs. Dual Axle) tons) % of fleet 50% Total 1, % Total 7, % Speed Management Policy (55 mph) HC% of fleet 50% (14.6) -22.4% CHANGE THE FLEET CO (123.5) -40.2% NOx 1, (540.9) -53.5% DISTRIBUTION PM (22.8) -32.4% CO 2 127, , % Fuel Use and Total Cost Fuel - Gallons 12,337,920 12,376,575 38, % Total Drayage Cost $ 135,983,468 $ 136,109,098 $ 125, % Drayage Cost per Container $ 130 $ 130 $ 0 0.1% 17
18 Thank you! Questions? Contacts and Follow-ups National Cooperative Freight Research Program Report 11: EPA SmartWay DrayFLEET: website: Frank Harder:
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