Tractor tests in Douro Demarcated Region vineyards Abstract Introduction Material and methods

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1 Tractor tests in Douro Demarcated Region vineyards Fernando A. Santos (1) ; Afonso Azevedo (2) (1) Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Qta de Prados, Apartado , Vila Real, Portugal; fsantos@utad.pt (2) Centro de Estudos Vitivinícolas do Douro. Abstract The increase level mechanisation in last years, in Douro Demarcated Region, hasn't being followed by the necessary performance check. So, in the scope of the project AGRO 163 "Vineyard mechanisation in Douro Demarcated Region", we have done several tractor tests to get the main engine characteristics. The equipment used in these tests was a electronic dynamometer, mark Froment, model XT - 200, that measure the power and torque at different engine regimes; the data measured are the maximum power, the maximum torque, the power corresponding to the normalised PTO regime, the torque reserve and gain factor and a graphic with the power and torque evolution, according the regime, is displayed. This information is compared with the new tractors data to detect any problems, such as the power losses, the irregularity response to the charge increase, etc. A report with the tractor tests results and the malfunctions found are sent to the farmer with the indications that must be taken to solve the performance lack and avoid future troubles. Introduction The vineyard mechanisation is more than the right chose of equipments to the farmer, because it is also necessary to keep its best functionality. So, with this purpose, we had been doing, in the project "Vineyard mechanisation in RDD", some engine performance tests, namely some power and torque data and the characteristics curves determination, with are compared with the new engines data. Material and methods In this tests it was used a electronic dynamometer, mark Froment, model XT - 200, connected by a acquisition board data to a computer, that allow saving several information namely the power and torque developed by the engine in each power take off regime, the engine characteristic engine curves, etc., which are saved in a file that can be imported by a worksheet to make a detailed study of the engine performance. This equipment is trailer mounted which makes its displacement easier.

2 2 Figure 1- Electronic dynamometer used in tests a- parking brake b- prop stands or corner steadies c- jockey wheel with level adjuster d- seven pin trailer plug for highway lighting e- coupling to suit 50 mm ball f- canopy g- side curtains large h- side curtains small i- end curtain j- speedlite lamp. Source: Instruction manual of "Froment Tractor Test Center". (1991). The test methodology used consisted, basically, in the connection between tractor and the dynamometer and, after the tractor engine warm up, put it running to the maximum speed, after which the engine charge is gradually increase; the charge increase is done using a hand held control unit (figure 2) that show the developed power and the engine regime. Figure 2- Hand held control unit a- digital readout speed b- digital read out speed selector switch 540 or 1000 rpm c- digital read out power d- digital readout selector switch hp, cv, or kw e- fine load control f- coarse load control. Source: Instruction manual of "Froment Tractor Test Center". (1991). The power and torque related data, according the engine regime, as its graphic representation, are saved in a portable computer, in which screen, besides the tractor information (mark, model, etc,) and the introduced program variables, that will be used by the dynamometer (dynamometer setup), presents a resume of the measured data and the settled one (summary of tests). The data are saved in a "dat" extension file, which makes easier to import it by a worksheet for later detailed analysis; the power take off regime (rpm) is converted in engine regime. The graphics data are used to estimate a polynomial equation which allows the intermediate values determination. The dynamometer data are presented during the tests, to allow the operator following the power, regime and torque developed at each moment to gradually increase the engine charge to get well defined torque and power curves. Results The data power and torque used for tractor comparison are corresponding to the maximum engine regime (necessaries to overcome the transmission friction), to the nominal regime (used to the continuous tractor work), the regime corresponding to the maximum power and the regime corresponding to the normalised power take off speed.

3 3 Besides the presented data the software allow to determine the torque backup ratio (RB) and the gain factor (GF); using some data determined by the software the speed decrease ratio (SDR) and the irregularity regulator degree (GIR) are taken. The formulas to get these data are as follow: Torque Backup Ratio (%) = (Max. Torque - Max. Power) / Max. Power The Speed Decrease Ratio (%) = (Max. RPM - Max Torque) / Max. RPM * 100 The Gain Factor = Torque Reserve / Speed Decrease Ratio The Irregularity Regulator Degree (%) = (Max. Regime - Nominal Regime) / (Nominal Regime+ (Max. Regime - Nominal regime)) * 100 The worksheet, where each line represents a tractor and the columns the variables, the data are compare among them (tractors of same mark and model) and with the new tractors which, together with the characteristics curves, allow the engine performance diagnosis. Figure 3- Display with data measured and graphic with power and torque curves. In annex 1 and 2 are presented some of the data that had result from these tests. Conclusions The large area of the DDR vineyards to be mechanised justify continuing with the mechanisations projects and keep them with the purpose of increasing the equipments performance. The studies and projects done in the last twenty years allowed the definition of mechanisation strategies for the different installations types but, for specific situations, it is necessary to make a strictly analyse, which presuppose a technical attendance and financial resources. Technical and economical best fit equipments for each situation needs a good equipment maintenance, why high performance must be kept. So, with this purpose, studies similar to these one must continue to determine the tractors anomalies and those ones that are becoming obsolete and must be substitute.

4 4 References Santos, F. (1996).Determinação de curvas características nos motores dos tractores agrícolas. Vida Rural 1619: Santos, F. (1996). Características e prestações dos motores alternativos. Série Didáctica - Ciências Aplicadas nº 80. UTAD. Vila Real. 17 pp Santos, F. (1996). Mecanização da cultura da vinha. Série Didáctica - Ciências Aplicadas nº 76. UTAD. Vila Real. 40 pp. Santos, F. (1997). Contribuição para a mecanização das vinhas tradicionais da Região Demarcada do Douro. Vida Rural - Especial Máquinas Agrícolas. Fevereiro: Santos, F.; Azevedo, A.; (2002). Unidades de tracção para a cultura da vinha. Vititécnica 01: Azevedo, A.; Santos, F. (2002). Mecanização das vinhas tradicionais na Região Demarcada do Douro. CIRDD. Boletim Informativo 09: 17-18

5 Annex 1 Marca Modelo rgm Ano Horas Mt (novo) Mt (reg.max.) Mt (reg.nom.) Mt (bin.max.) Mt (TDF-540) R.B. SDR GF GIR SL (540) (kw) (cv) (rpm) (rpm) (kw) (mn) (rpm) (kw) (Nm) (rpm) (kw) (Nm) (rpm) (kw) (Nm) (%) (%) (%) David Brow n 885 2RM Ebro 155 E 2RM Ferrari System50AR 4RM ???????? Fiat RM Fiat RT ? Fiat RM ? Fiat RT Fiat RM Fiat FD RT ?? Ford RM ??? Ford RM Goldoni U 238 4RM > Goldoni Compac 604 D 4RM Goldoni U 238 4RM ? Goldoni U 238 4RM JD RM JD RM JD 1445 FA 4RM JD 1745 F 4RM JD 1846 F 4RM JD 5400 S 4RM Lamborghini 555ST RT Lamborghini 613DTV 4RM Lamborghini 660 F plus 4RM Lamborghini C533 RT ? Lamborghini C554 RT > Lamborghini C554 RT > Lamborghini C583S RT > Lamborghini Grimper 555 ST RT Lamborghini Grimper 555 ST RT Lamborghini Grimper 555 ST RT Lamborghini Grimper 555 ST RT Lamborghini Grimper 570 ST RT Lamborghini Runner 450 4RM Lamborghini Runner 450 4RM Landini RM Landini Mistral 50 4RM ? Landini Trecker 60 F RT Landini Trekker 55 F RT ? MF 234 CF RT

6 6 Annex 2 Marca Modelo SL MtPm MtPm MtPm rm-sc rm-n Pt/rM-n Bn/rM-n Cs rm-540 PtrM-540 brm-540 rm-bm PtrM-bm brm-bm R.B. SDR GF GIR (rpm) (kw) (cv) (rpm) (rpm) (kw) (Nm) (g/kwh) (rpm) (kw) (Nm) (rpm) (kw) (Nm) (%) (%) (%) BCS Variant 500 AR 4RM= BCS Vithar 800 RS 4RM= BCS Vithar 900 MT 4RM= BCS Vivid 400 DT 4RM Case IH CS 48 a 4RM Case IH CS 94a M2 4RM Case IH CX 100 4RM Case IH CX 50 4RM Case IH CX 60 4RM Case IH CX 70 4RM Case IH CX 80 4RM Case IH CX 90 4RM Case IH JX 55 2RM Case IH JX 65 4RM Case IH JX 75 2RM Case IH JX 85 4RM Case IH JX 95 2RM Case IH MX 100 C 4RM Case IH MX 80 C 4RM Case IH MX 90 C 4RM Case IH STX 375 4RMa Case IH STX 440 4RMa Case IH STX 440 Q RT Daedong DK 45 4RM Daedong DK 50 4RM Daedong DK 80 4RM Daedong DK 90 4RM Daedong L3503 D 4RM Daedong LB1914 4RM Daedong LF RM Daedong LK RM Daedong LK RM Deutz-Fahr Agrolux 60 4RM Deutz-Fahr Agroplus 60 4RM Deutz-Fahr Agroplus70 4RM Fendt 410 Vario Fendt 411 Vario Fendt 412 Vario Fendt Farmer 411 Vario 4RM Fiat RM Fiat L85 RM Fiatagri L60 RM

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