DESIGN AND FAllRlCATION OF DUAL OPERATED PALM-FRUIT. DIGESTING lviachine

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1 DESIGN AND FAllRlCATION OF DUAL OPERATED PALM-FRUIT DIGESTING lviachine BY ",., ALADE RIDWAN ADENIYI MA TRIC No. 2005/23545EA I,. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL1~ URAL & BIORESOURCES ENGINEERING FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA.. FEBRUARY, "..,

2 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF DUAL OPERATED PALM FRUIT DIGESTING MACHINE BY ALADE RIDWAN ADENIYI REG NO: EA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND BIO-RESOURCES ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, MINNNA, NIGER STATE. A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B. ENG.) DEGREE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIO RESOURCES ENGINEERING IN THE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA. FEBUARY 2010

3 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this project work is a record of a research work that was undertaken and written by me. It has not been presented before for any degree or diploma or certificate at any university or institution.information derived from personal communications, published and unpolished work were duly referenced in the text ~ i u 1-' - 0 F-;. ~ - ~o I _ 0 ALADE. ADENIYI RlDW AN DATE 11

4 CERTIFICATION This project entitled "Design and Fabrication of a Dua~ Operated Palm-fruit Digesting Machine" by Alade, Ridwan Adeniyi meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (B.ENG.) of the Federal University of Technology, Minna, and it is approved for its contribution to scientifi.c knowledge and literary presentation. ",. Engr. P.A. ldah Supervisor I, Date Engr. Or. A uba A. Balami,_ HOD, Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering,..., Date Extern -',,,.. III I '

5 DEDICATION -is work is dedicated to the Almighty Allah, the permutator and the geometrician of the ole universe for his inspirations and spiritual guidance and to my beloved Mum. IV

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author will like to show his profound gratitude to Engr. P.A. IDAH my able supervisor who not only suggested this research work, but also offered constructive suggestion that made this project work a success. The following persons: Engr. Dr.O. Chukwu,(project co- coordinator agricultural and bioresources engineering), Engr. J. Musa, Engr. Dr. A.Balami (H.O.D. Agric / Bio Eng), Engr. M.A. Sadeeq, Engr. J.J Musa, Engr. (Mrs) Mustapha, for providing the necessary academic background that metamorphosed into this academic adventures. I also thank Mr. Kehinde Bello and Mr. Abraham for providing technical assistance during the fabrication process. Also to my friends and AGRIC / BIO ENG course mates Mr. Aliyu Adinoyi, Akeem, (Saola), Ojo Oluwafemi, Segun(alybe), Dabo, Buhari Habeeb, Ozone, Tolu, Akinsola Emily and Ojoawo Femi. To Miss Mustapha.M. Biola may the love we share keep shinning thank for your understand~ng and caring, lots of love to you. Lastly, to all Aregbesola family for their moral supports. To Allah Be the Glory. v

7 ABTRACT The small scale palm oil producers so rely on the traditional methods/ tools which is labour intensive especially the digestion of the palm fruit. Both manual and power operated palm fruit digester was developed and fabricated. It consists of different components such as digestion arms, machine shaft, motor, machine pulley, sprocket, chain, hopper and standing frame. It is operated by an electric motor of about 2hp rating and speed of IS00rpm while the machine speed is 7S0rpm.The manual section of the machine is operated by 7SW as the power input, The effectiveness of the machine depends on the number of the palm fruit introduced to the working chamber at each trial. The power operated section of the digester has higher efficiency than the pedal operated due to the amount of power input which varies. The machine supposed to be electroplated in order to produce oil that is free from chemical which ordinary oil paint cannot prevent. The digestion efficiency of the machine is 64% for motorized ( 41 % for manually operated) and the throughput capacity ofo.274kg/sec. VI

8 TAB LE OF CONTENTS Cover page Page I Title page 11 Declaration Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of content List of figures List of tables List of plates Nomenclature III IV V VI Vll Vlll IX X XI Xli CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Background to the study 1 l.2 Statement of the project Objectives of the study Justification of the study 4 l.5 Scope of the study 5 VB

9 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Traditional Method 2.2 Small Scale Extraction Machines 2.3 Large Scale Extraction Machines 2.4 Extraction Process Sterilization of Fruit Stripping of Fruit from Bunches Digestion of Fruit Extraction of Oil Clarification II CHAPTER THREE 3.0 MATERIAL AND METHOD 3.1 Component Description 3.2 Material Selection 3.3 Selected material for each components 3.4 Determination of relevant engineering properties 3.5 Determination of total weight by the shaft 3.6 ergonomics 3.7 sprocket and chain design 3.8 sprocket design calculation 3.9 chain design calculation Vlll

10 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 RESULT, DISCUSSION AND COST ANALYSIS 4. 1 presentation of the result 4.2 discussion of result 4.3 cost analysis CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Recommendation Referrences Appendix IX

11 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 3.1 : Physical Properties of 20 Sample of palm fruit 17 TABLE 4.1 : Performance Test Data Table (motorized) 57 TABLE 4.2 : Performance Test Data Table (manual) 59 TABLE 4.3 : Material Costing and Analysis 60 I x

12 LIST OF FIGURES FIG 2.1 : Flow Chart Showing Palm Oil Extraction Process FIG 3.2 : Digester Ann FIG 3.3 : Machine and Motor Pulley Arrangement FIG 3.4 : Arrangement of the Machine Shaft FIG 3. 5 : Bending Moment Diagram FIG 3.6 : Angle of Contact between Beater Arm and Shaft FIG 3.7 : Hopper Dimensioning FIG 3.8 : Wheel and Pinion Sprocket FIG 3.9: Chain Drive Arrangement Xl

13 LIST or PLATES PLATE l: photograph of palm fjuit digester PLATE 2: picture of palm fruit completely digested PLATE 3: picture of palm fruit partially digested Xli

14 NOTATION F = Crushing load or force at rupture point (N) H =Average diameter of fruit material (mm) A = Area of contact between tool and palm fruit (mm 2 ) (J = Average stress (N/mm 2 ) Tshafi = Shaft Torque (N/mm) P = Power (KW) Nl = Motor pulley speed (rpm) N2 = Drive pulley speed (rpm) Dl = Diameter of motor pulley (mm) D2 = Diameter of driven pulley (mm) H = Thickness of belt (mm) C = Centre- to - Centre distance (mm) L = Belt length (mm) 13 1 = Contant angle (rad) T 1 = Belt tension at tight side (N) T 2 = Belt tension at slack side (N) Ii = Coefficient of friction X1l1

15 v= Speed of rotation (m/s) r =Radius of the motor pulley (mm) w = Angular velocity (Nm) V =Volume (M 3 ) R =Resultant tension (N) d= Shaft diameter (mm) Kb=Fatigue factor constant = 2.0 Kt = Shock factor constant = 1.5 ~ = Bending moment (Nm) M t = Torsional moment (Nm) Ss = Shear stress (N/mm 2 ) p = Density (kgm- 3 ) XIV

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A PALM KERNEL CRACKING MACHINE DIKEOCHA NKIRUKA OLIVE EM DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A PALM KERNEL CRACKING MACHINE ;. BY DIKEOCHA NKIRUKA OLIVE 2006124481EM DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY FEDERAL UNIVERSITY