2016 Company Powertrain Strategy Information

Transcription

1 2016 Company Powertrain Strategy Information This document is designed to outline the major automotive manufacturers in the United States and their current engine lineup. It provides important information about the engine displacements, EPA MPG rating, engine type/vehicle model, North American engine production and future directions for each manufacturer. Note: These engine volumes are NOT the number of engines a manufacturer sells but is the number of engines the manufacturer produces for the entire North American Market. *Data is taken from Ward s 2017 Light Vehicle Engines Report *Note: Data for adjusted fuel economy, adjusted CO2 emissions, and footprint were taken from the EPA s Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: report for the 2016 preliminary values.

2 FCA GROUP LLC Brands: FIAT, Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, Ram Adjusted Fuel Adjusted CO2 Footprint (square feet) Economy (MPG) Emissions (g/mile) Cars Trucks Total Engine Type Percentage of Production Volume 4 Cylinder 25.46% 6 Cylinder 57.07% 8+ Cylinder 17.39% Hybrid/Electric 0.08% Models North American Production* Engine Volume (units) 4 Cylinder (Liters of 1.4 L Fiat , L Turbo Fiat 500 Abarth, Fiat 500L, Fiat 500X, Fiat 124 Spider, 124 Spider Abarth; Jeep Renegade 24, L Jeep Compass, Patriot 140, L Ram ProMaster City Dodge Journey; Jeep Compass, Patriot Chrysler 200; Jeep Cherokee, Renegade 15, , ,000 6 Cylinder (Liters of 2.9 L Twin Turbo Alfa Romeo Giulia 3, L Turbo Ram Promaster Jeep Grand Cherokee; Ram Pickup 32, , L Jeep Cherokee 45, L Chrysler 200, 300; Dodge Challenger, Charger, Durango, Grand Caravan, Journey; Jeep Grand Cherokee, Wrangler, Wrangler Unlimited; Ram Pickup, Ram Promaster Chrysler Pacifica 1,012, , L Turbo Ram HD Pickup 139,500 8 Cylinder (Liters of 5.7 L Chrysler 300; Dodge Challenger, Charger, Durango; Jeep Grand Cherokee; Ram Pickup 289,000

3 Ram HD Pickup 110, L Supercharged Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat, Charger 9,800 SRT Hellcat 6.4 L Ram HD Pickup, Ram Power Wagon Dodge Challenger R/T Scat Pack & SRT 392, Charger R/T Scat Pack, Daytona 392 & SRT 392; Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT 28,000 13, Cylinder (Liters of 8.4 L Dodge Viper 650 Hybrid/Electric 3.6 L plus 85 kw electric motor developing 84 hp amd 92 lb.-ft (125 Nm) of torque from a 16 Kw/h Li-ion Electric motor plus 24 kwh Liion heated and cooled battery pack Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid 1,000 Fiat 500e 1,000 Notice: The large number of small displacement engines that are turbocharged in FCA s lineup. Future: With the merger of Chrysler and Fiat, we see the continual sharing of engine technologies. The trend will likely continue to be that Fiat s small engine will be integrated into Chrysler vehicles, while the larger SUV based engines from Chrysler will be integrated into Fiat vehicles. FCA has started the global roll out of a new gasoline engine family. As the electrification market continues to be driven by regulatory requirements. FCA s launch of the Pacifica, a PHEV minivan, offers a glimpse into how FCA will approach complying with ZEV requirements. Also, we expect several mild hybrid applications will come to the market shortly thereafter. The decrease in 4 cylinder engines as a percentage of total powertrain may make it more difficult for FCA to meet future regulatory goals.

4 FORD MOTOR COMPANY Brands: Ford, Lincoln Adjusted Fuel Adjusted CO2 Footprint (square feet) Economy (MPG) Emissions (g/mile) Cars Trucks Total Engine Type Percentage of Production Volume 4 Cylinder 38.13% 5 Cylinder 1.59% 6 Cylinder 37.80% 8+ Cylinder 21.19% Hybrid/Electric 1.29% Models 4 Cylinder (Liters of 1.0 L Turbo Fiesta Focus North American Production* Engine Volume (units) 5,000 25, L Turbo Fusion 49, L Fiesta 63, L Turbo Escape Fiesta ST 89,000 1, L Focus 132, L Turbo Escape, Focus ST, Fusion, Taurus, Taurus PPV Sedan; Lincoln MKC Edge; Lincoln MKZ 268, , L Turbo Explorer Mustang; Lincoln MKC Focus RS 55,000 34,600 1, L Escape, Transit Connect 326,000 5 Cylinder (Liters of 3.2 L Turbo Transit 50,000 6 Cylinder (Liters of 2.7 L Twin Turbo F-150 Edge Sport, Fusion Sport; Lincoln Continental, MKX 87,000 70, L Turbo Lincoln Continental, MKZ 11, L Taurus PPV Sedan 10,000

5 F-150, Taurus Edge, Explorer, Flex 235, , L Twin Turbo Transit Expedition, Explorer, Explorer Sport, Flex, Taurus, Taurus PPV Sedan, Taurus SHO; Lincoln MKT, Navigator F , , , L HO Twin Turbo F-150 Raptor 2, L HO GT Twin Turbo Ford GT L Mustang, Taurus PPV 173,800 Sedan/Utility, Transit; Lincoln Continental, MKT, MKX 8 Cylinder (Liters of 5.0 L F-150 Mustang 215,000 77, L Mustang Shelby 2,400 GT350/GT350R 5.4 L E-Series Cutaway, Chassis 16, L F-Super Duty 93, L Turbo F-Super Duty, E-Series 172,000 Cutaway/Commercial Chassis 10 Cylinder (Liters of 6.8 L E-Series Cutaway, Commercial 91,200 Chassis Hybrid/Electric 2.0 L plus perm. magnet electric motor developing 118 hp and 129 lb.ft. (240 Nm) of torque from a Li-ion Fusion Hybrid, Fusion Energi Hybrid; Lincoln MKZ Hybrid 18, L plus perm. magnet electric motor developing 47 hp and 117 lb.ft. (159 Nm) of torque from a Li-ion Electric motor plus 240 volt Liion liquid-cooled/heated battery pack C-Max Hybrid, C-Max Energi Hybrid 19,400 Focus EV 2,800 Notice: The large number of small displacement engines that are turbocharged in Ford s lineup. Future: Ford s current plan is to offer an EcoBoosted engine in every model. Engines with EcoBoost technology are designed to deliver the power and torque of larger engines while achieving better fuel efficiency. This is achieved through a combination of engine technologies such as turbocharging and direct injection on small displacement engines. Ford s alternative powertrain strategy seems focused on developing low volume hybrids and EVs using an adapted vehicle design that takes advantage of current designs rather than completely new designs.

6 GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION Brands: Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, Cadillac Adjusted Fuel Adjusted CO2 Footprint (square feet) Economy (MPG) Emissions (g/mile) Cars Trucks Total Engine Type Percentage of Production Volume 3 Cylinder 0.28% 4 Cylinder 38.59% 6 Cylinder 24.84% 8 Cylinder 35.11% Hybrid/Electric 1.18% Models North American Production* Engine Volume (units) 3 Cylinder (Liters of 1.0 L Chevrolet Spark 10,000 4 Cylinder (Liters of 1.4 L Chevrolet Spark 18, L Turbo Chevrolet Sonic, Trax Chevrolet Cruze 185, , L Chevrolet Cruze Chevrolet Malibu 5,800 78, L Buick Cascada 10, L Turbo Chevrolet Sonic 58, L Turbo Buick Verano Buick Regal; Cadillac ATS, CTS, CT6; Chevrolet Camaro, Malibu Buick Envision 7,000 99,000 3, L Buick Regal, Verano; Chevrolet 367,000 Equinox; GMC Terrain 2.5 L Buick Envision; Chevrolet Impala Chevrolet Colorado; GMC 43, ,800 Acadia, Canyon 2.8 L Turbo Chevrolet Colorado, Express; 34,500 GMC Canyon, Savana 6 Cylinder (Liters of 3.0 L Cadillac CT6 60,500

7 3.6 L Cadillac ATS, CTS, CT6, XTS, Chevrolet Camaro Cadillac XTS; Chevrolet Caprice PPV, Equinox, Impala; GMC Terrain Chevrolet Camaro Buick Lacrosse Chevrolet Colorado; GMC Canyon Cadillac XT5 Cadillac ATS, CTS, CT6, XTS, Chevrolet Camaro Buick Enclave; Chevrolet Traverse; GMC Acadia 22, ,000 56,500 19,000 50,500 60,000 56, , L Twin Turbo Cadillac ATS-V, CTS, XTS 26, L Chevrolet Silverado; GMC 128,500 Sierra 8 Cylinder (Liters of 4.8 L Chevrolet Express; GMC Savana 51, L Chevrolet Silverado, Suburban, Tahoe; GMC Sierra, Yukon, Yukon XL 6.0 L Chevrolet Caprice PPV Chevrolet Express, Silverado HD; GMC Savana, Sierra HD 6.2 L Chevrolet Camaro, Corvette Cadillac Escalade, Escalade ESV; Chevrolet Silverado; GMC Sierra, Yukon, Yukon XL Chevrolet SS sedan Cadillac CTS-V; Chevrolet Camaro ZL1, Corvette Z L Turbo Chevrolet Silverado HD; GMC Sierra HD Hybrid/Electric 1.5 L plus two 111 kw AC electric motors developing 149 hp and 294 lb.-ft (399 Nm) of torque from 18.4-kW/h Li-ion 5.3 L plus a 9.7 kw AC electric motor developing 13 hp and 44 lb.-ft. (60 Nm) of torque from a 0.45 kw Li-ion Electric motor plus 60 kwh Liion Electric motor plus 400-volt 19 kwh Li-ion 757,500 1, ,000 61, ,600 3,000 1, ,600 Chevrolet Volt 32,300 Chevrolet Silverado eassist 4,500 Chevrolet Bolt 3,000 Chevrolet Spark EV 2,800

8 Notice: The large number of 4 cylinder engines that are turbocharged in GM s lineup and the large amount of 8 cylinder engines. Future: GM Ecotec engines now are in their 2 nd and 3 rd generation. There will also be a push to integrate more mild hybridization in vehicles. Also, GM has confirmed its plants to jointly develop commercially viable fuel cell technologies with Honda in the 2020 timeframe. The introduction of the Chevrolet Bolt EV is major development in an all-electric subcompact vehicle with a 150 kw permanent magnet motor/generator with a range of over 200 miles per charge. GM uses a New Electric Platform (NEP) and New Electric Design (NED) for the Bolt that may distinguish it from all other vehicles on the road, while also allowing them to take advantage of new interior space. As a global company, GM expects to produce 150K alternative powertrain vehicles by 2020 and 500K by Meeting this goal will require significant increases in powertrain production.

9 HONDA MOTOR COMPANY Ltd. Brands: Honda, Acura Adjusted Fuel Adjusted CO2 Footprint (square feet) Economy (MPG) Emissions (g/mile) Cars Trucks Total Engine Type Percentage of Production Volume 4 Cylinder 70.04% 6 Cylinder 29.51% Hybrid/Electric 0.42% Models North American Production* Engine Volume (units) 4 Cylinder (Liters of 1.5 L Fit 54, L Turbo Civic 403, L HR-V 80, L Accord, CR-V Acura ILX, TLX 642,000 43,500 6 Cylinder (Liters of 3.5 L Accord; Acura RDX Pilot, Ridgeline; Acura MDX, TLX Odyssey, Acura TLX Acura RLX 145, , ,000 3,000 Hybrid/Electric 2.0 plus a front-mounted 35-kW perm.-magnet electric drive motor developing 181 hp and 314 Nm of torque, 1.3 kwh from a Li-ion 3.5 L plus single front-mounted perm.-magnet electric motor developing 35 hp and 109 lb.-ft. (148 Nm) of torque and two rear perm.-magnet electric motors each developing 36 hp and 54 lb.-ft (73 Nm) torque from a 260-volt, 1.3 kwh Li-ion battery pack 3.5 L Twin Turbo plus 2 perm.- magnet oil-cooled electric Accord Hybrid 5,500 Acura RLX Hybrid 1,500 NSX 400

10 motors driving front wheels, each developing 36 hp and 44 lb.-ft. (73Nm) of torque, plus rear-mounted direct-drive watercooled perm.-magnet electric motor/generator developing 47 hp and 109 lb.-ft. (147 Nm) of torque from a Li-ion battery pack Electric (fuel cell) Clarity Fuel Cell 800 Notice: The lack of 8 cylinder engines in Honda s lineup. Also notice the lack of turbo charged engines. Future: Honda introduced its first-ever turbocharged engine as an optional upgrade in the new 2016 Civic. It is expected that Honda continues to roll out the family of turbocharged four-cylinder engines. The new NSX is a hybrid sports car that is powered by a 3.5 L twin turbo V6 engine. Honda s collaboration with GM on fuel cell vehicles is expected to continue through 2020, while continuing to sell its Clarity fuel sell vehicle. Honda continues to take advantage of a US market that is focused on light trucks as it decreases the number 4 cylinder engines and increases the number of 6 cylinder engines in its fleet. As a global company, Honda expects to electrify 65 percent of its global fleet by 2030.

11 HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY Brands: HYUNDAI/KIA HYUNDAI Adjusted Fuel Adjusted CO2 Footprint (square feet) Economy (MPG) Emissions (g/mile) Cars Trucks Total KIA Adjusted Fuel Adjusted CO2 Footprint (square feet) Economy (MPG) Emissions (g/mile) Cars Trucks Total Engine Type Percentage of Production Volume 4 Cylinder 68.62% 6 Cylinder 28.15% 8 Cylinder 0.60% Hybrid/Electric 2.63% 4 Cylinder (Liters of Models North American Production* Engine Volume (units) 1.4 L Hyundai: Elantra Eco 31, L Hyundai: Accent, Veloster Kia: Rio, Soul 84,000 10, L Turbo Hyundai: Sonata Hyundai: Elantra Sport, Veloster Turbo Kia: Optima Kia: Forte5, Forte Koup, Soul 18,000 15,000 15,000 88, L Hyundai: Elantra Hyundai: Tucson Kia: Forte Kia: Forte, Forte5, Soul 2.0 L Turbo Hyundai: Sonata Turbo, Santa Fe Sport Turbo Kia: Optima, Sorrento, Sportage 138,000 45,500 50,200 62,000 72,000 10, , , L Hyundai: Santa Fe Sport, Sonata Kia: Optima, Sorento, Sportage 6 Cylinder (Liters of 3.3 L Hyundai: Azera, Santa Fe 132,500

12 Kia: Cadenza, Sedona, Sorento 201, L Twin Turbo Hyundai: Genesis G90 34, L Hyundai: Genesis G80 Kia: K900 21,600 1,100 8 Cylinder (Liters of 5.0 L Hyundai: Equus Hyundai: Genesis G80, G90 Kia: K900 4,000 3, Hybrid/Electric 1.6 L plus 32 kw permanentmagnet electric motor developing 43 hp and 125 lb.-ft. (000 Nm) of torque from a 240- volt, 1.56 kw/h Li-ion battery pack 1.6 L plua 32 kw permanentmagnet AC synchronous electric motor developing 43 hp and 100 ft. (136 Nm) of torque from a 1.6 kw/h, 240-volt Li-ionpolymer 2.0 L plus 38 kw permanentmagnet synchronous electric motor developing 51 hp and 151 lb.-ft. (205 Nm) of torque from a 270-volt 56 kw lithium polymer 2.0 L plus 38 kw permanentmagnet synchronous electric motor developing 50 hp and 151 lb.-ft. (205 Nm) of torque from a 1.6 kw/h, 270-volt lithium polymer 2.0 L plus 50 kw permanentmagnet synchronous electric motor developing 66 hp and 151 lb.-ft. (205 Nm) of torque from a 9.8 kw/h, 360-volt Li-ionpolymer Electric (fuel cell) plus hydrogen-fueled 100-kW proton-exchange membrane fuel cell Electric motor plus 360-volt, 28 kw/h Li-ion polymer battery pack Electric motor plus 360-volt, 127 kwh Li-ion polymer battery pack Hyundai: Iconic Hybrid, Plug-In Hybrid 500 Kia: Niro Hybrid 7,500 Hyundai: Sonata Hybrid, Plug- In Hybrid 20,500 Kia: Optima Hybrid 3,600 Kia: Optima Plug-In Hybrid 3,600 Hyundai: Tucson FCV 200 Hyundai: Ionic EV 100 Kia: Soul EV 500

13 Notice: The blend of all sorts of engines in Hyundai s lineup. Most of the engines are used twice, once for a Hyundai branded vehicle and another time for a Kia branded vehicle. Future: Hyundai, like many other automakers, is embracing the idea of turbocharging, and direct injection for small displacement engines. Like Honda, Hyundai continues to take advantage of a US market that is focused on light trucks as it decreases the number 4 cylinder engines and increases the number of 6 cylinder engines in its fleet. They also have launched numerous hybrids and electric versions of their vehicles. Globally, they are launching 14 new eco models including 5 hybrids, 4 plug-in hybrids, and 1 fuel cell electric vehicle between now and Hyundai introduced the Ioniq hybrid which pairs a 1.6-liter four-cylinder petrol engine with an electric motor. It contains a 1.56 kwh lithium-ion polymer.

14 MAZDA MOTOR CORPORATION Brands: Mazda Adjusted Fuel Adjusted CO2 Footprint (square feet) Economy (MPG) Emissions (g/mile) Cars Trucks Total Engine Type Percentage of Production Volume 4 Cylinder 100% Models 4 Cylinder (Liters of 2.0 L CX-5, CX-3, Mazda3, MX5 Miata North American Production* Engine Volume (units) 80, L CX-5, Mazda3, Mazda6 201, L Turbo CX-9 17,000 Notice: The lack of 6 and 8 cylinder engines and lack of turbocharging in Mazda s lineup. However, Mazda incorporates their household Skyactiv technology to the 2.0L and 2.5L engines. This raises engine efficiency by increasing the compression ratio and decreasing engine friction. Future: Mazda continues to focus on maximizing the power and fuel economy of gasoline engines. Mazda plans to debut engines dubbed Skyactiv 2 that will boost fuel economy by 30% by pairing direct injection with higher compression ratio. It is scheduled to debut in the 2018 Mazda 3 with a fuel economy estimate of 70.5 mpg. Mazda aims to increase the engine s compression ratio to 18:1, from the current level of 14:1. Mazda plans to finally debut the Skyactiv D I4 turbo-diesel engine in the US in the new 2018 CX5 that has been sold in Europe. Mazda is targeting 2019 for the launch of an electric vehicle, with plug-in electrics coming in 2022.

15 NISSAN MOTOR COMPANY LTD. Brands: Nissan, Infiniti Adjusted Fuel Adjusted CO2 Footprint (square feet) Economy (MPG) Emissions (g/mile) Cars Trucks Total Engine Type Percentage of Production Volume 4 Cylinder 64.92% 6 Cylinder 28.11% 8 Cylinder 5.44% Hybrid/Electric 1.52% Models North American Production* Engine Volume (units) 4 Cylinder (Liters of 1.6 L Versa, Versa Note 297, L Turbo Juke, Sentra 23, L Sentra, Tida (Mexico), Versa 293,700 (Mexico) 2.0 L NV200; Chevrolet City Express Rogue Sport 26,500 3, L Turbo Mercedes C300, Infiniti Q50, 25,500 Q60, QX L Rogue Frontier, NP300 (Mexico) Altima 6 Cylinder (Liters of 216, , , L Turbo Q50, Q60 16, L Pathfinder Altima, Murano, Quest; Infiniti QX60 Maxima 112, ,000 70, L 370Z; Infiniti Q70, QX50, 78,000 QX L Turbo GT-R, GT-R NISMO 1, L Frontier, NV 114,500 8 Cylinder (Liters of 5.0 L Titan XD 25, L NV Armada, Titan; Infiniti QX80 Infiniti Q70 56,000 22,000 6,500

16 Hybrid/Electric 2.0 L plus permanent-magnet 30 kw electric motor developing 40 hp and 118 lb.-ft (160- Nm) of torque with 202-volt Li-ion 3.5 L plus permanent-magnet 50kW electric motor developing 67 hp and 214 lb.-ft (290- Nm) of torque with 346-volt Li-ion Electric motor plus 24 kwh Liion Rogue Hybrid 12,000 Infiniti Q50 Hybrid, Q70 Hybrid 2,300 Leaf 16,400 Notice: The blend of a wide variety of engines in Nissan s lineup Future: 85 percent of the powertrains produced by the Nissan and Renault alliance is shared by the two partners. Like Honda and Hyundai, Nissan continues to take advantage of a US market that is focused on light trucks as it decreases the number 4 cylinder engines and increases the number of 6 cylinder engines in its fleet. Nissan has a sound investment in electric technology. The Nissan Leaf is the second largest selling EV in the US behind Tesla. In 2011, Nissan was the first automaker with a modern electric car for the mass market. The 100% electric Leaf motor is powered exclusively by an advanced lithium-ion battery. The 2018 Leaf is expected to have a range of about 200 miles. For EVs, Nissan plans to focus on mass market vehicles rather than premium vehicles. Though they will develop and sell hybrids, Nissan s main focus will be on EVs.

17 TOYOTA MOTOR COMPANY Brands: Toyota, Lexus, Scion Adjusted Fuel Adjusted CO2 Footprint (square feet) Economy (MPG) Emissions (g/mile) Cars Trucks Total Engine Type Percentage of Production Volume 4 Cylinder 47.31% 6 Cylinder 34.79% 8 Cylinder 8.91% Hybrid/Electric 8.99% 4 Cylinder (Liters of Models North American Production* Engine Volume (units) 1.5 L Yaris 24, L Corolla Corolla Eco 452,000 4, L Turbo Lexus GS 200t, IS 200t, RC 29, t, NX 200t 2.5 L Camry, RAV4 598, L Highlander Tacoma 22,300 69,000 6 Cylinder (Liters of 3.5 L Avalon, Camry; Lexus ES 350 Sienna Tacoma Highlander Lexus GS 350, RX 350 Lexus IS 300, IS 350, RC 300, RC , , , ,600 49,000 62, L 4Runner 115,000 8 Cylinder (Liters of 4.6 L Tundra; Lexus GX 460 Lexus LS ,500 31, L Lexus GSF, RCF L Land Cruiser; Lexus LX 570 Sequoia, Tundra Hybrid/Electric 1.5 L plus a 45 kw permanentmagnet electric synchronous 27, ,000 Prius c 9,500

18 electric motor developing 60 hp and 125 lb.-ft. (169 Nm) of torque from a 144-volt Ni-MH 1.8 L plus a 53 kw perm magnet electric synchronous electric motor developing 71 hp and 120 lb.-ft. (163 Nm) of torque from a 600-volt NiMH 1.8 L plus a 60 kw perm. magnet electric synchronous electric motor developing 80 hp and 153 lb.-ft. (207 Nm) of torque from a 650-volt NiMH 2.5 L plus a 105 kw perm. magnet AC synchronous electric motor developing 141 hp and 199-lb.-ft. (270 Nm) from a volt NiMH 2.5 L plus front-wheel 105 kw permanent-magnet AC synchronous electric motor developing 141 hp and rearwheel (AWD only) 50 kw permanent-magnet electric motor developing 67 hp from a volt NiMH 2.5 L plus a front-wheel 105 kw permanent-magnet AC synchronous electric motor developing 141 hp and a rearwheel 50 kw permanent-magnet AC synchronous electric motor developing 67 hp, from a volt NiMH 3.5 L plus front-wheel 123 kw permanent-magnet electric motor developing 167 hp and rear-wheel (AWD only), 50 kw permanent-magnet electric motor developing 68 hp from a 288-volt NiMH 3.5 L plus front-wheel 123 kw permanent-magnet AC electric motor developing 167 hp and rear-wheel (AWD only) 50 kw permanent-magnet AC electric motor developing 68 hp from a 288-volt NiMH Prius, Prius Prime 89,000 Prius v; Lexus 200CT h 60,000 Avalon Hybrid, Camry Hybrid; Lexus ES 300h 38,400 Lexus NX 300h 4,800 RAV4 Hybrid 12,300 Highlander Hybrid 4,200 Lexus RX450h 8,500

19 3.5 L plus a water-cooled 147 kw permanent-magnet AC synchronous electric motor developing 197 hp from a 288- volt NiMH 5.0 L plus a water-cooled 165 kw permanent-magnet DC electric motor developing 221 hp from a 288-volt NiMH Electric (fuel cell) plus hydrogen-fueled 114-kW proton-exchange membrane fuel cell Lexus GS 450h 100 Lexus LS 600h 100 Mirai 800 Notice: The strong influence of hybridization and the lack of turbocharging in Toyota s lineup. Future: Simlar to other Asian brands, Toyota continues to take advantage of a US market that is focused on light trucks as it decreases the number 4 cylinder engines and increases the number of 6 and 8cylinder engines in its fleet. Toyota is betting heavily on hydrogen electric as being the primary fuel for the future for both cars and trucks, with mass hybridization as the stepping stone. Toyota introduced the Mirai which is a hydrogen powered vehicle. One of the largest constraints of owning a hydrogen-powered vehicle in the U.S is the lack of fueling infrastructure. Hydrogen fuel stations are relatively non-existent outside of California. As of now, the company has set up partnerships to create these stations in the northeastern U.S. Toyota is also pushing towards plug-in hybrids. The Prius Prime was introduced by Toyota as one of the most efficient plug-in hybrids on the market. As EVs gain a bigger share of the global market, a hybridization strategy may be questioned.

20 VOLKSWAGEN GROUP Brands: VOLKSWAGEN, AUDI, BENTLEY *Note: Volkswagen does not contain data measuring adjusted fuel economy, adjusted CO2 emissions, and footprint due to an ongoing investigation. Based on the original compliance data, Volkswagen values for adjusted fuel economy is 27.3 mpg and 325 g/mi for adjusted CO2 emissions. Volkswagen s footprint data for the purpose of this report is currently unavailable. Engine Type Percentage of Production Volume 4 Cylinder 91.84% 6 Cylinder 5.67% 8+ Cylinder 1.44% Hybrid/Electric 1.08% 4 Cylinder (Liters of Models North American Production* Engine Volume (units) 1.4 L Turbo Jetta 13, L Turbo Alltrack, Beetle, Golf, Jetta, 163,400 Passat 2.0 L Turbo Audi A3 A3, A4, A6 Audi Allroad, A5, Q3, Q5, TT Beetle R, CC, Golf GTi, Golf R, Jetta Gll Tiguan Audio S3, TTS 20,000 38, , ,000 7,800 6 Cylinder (Liters of 3.0 L Audi Q5 Audi S5, SQ5, A8 Audi A6, A7, Q7 5,800 6,200 16, L Passat, Touareg 3,500 8 Cylinder (Liters of 4.0 L Turbo Audi S6, S7, A8t Audi RS7 Audi RS7 Performance 4.0 L Twin Turbo Bentley Continental Flying Spur V8 Bentley Continental GT V8, GT v8 S Bentley Bentayga 2,200 1,500 1, L Twin Turbo Bentley Mulsanne, Mulsane Speed 10 Cylinder (Liters of 5.2 L Audi R8 300

21 12 Cylinder (Liters of 6.0 L Twin Turbo Bentley Continental GT Speed, SuperSports Bentley Continental GT, Flying Spur Bentley Bentayga 6.8 L Twin Turbo Bentley Mulsanne, Mulsane Hybrid/Electric 1.4 L plus a 75 kw AC synchronous electric motor developing 102 hp and 243 lb.- ft. (330 Nm) of torque from a 1.1 kw/h, 220-volt Li-ion Electric motor plus a 35.8 kw/h, 330-volt Li-ion Speed Audi A3 e-tron 1,600 e-golf 4,500 Notice: The large amount of small displacement engines that are turbocharged in VW s lineup. Also, the broad range of powertrains. Future: Since the diesel-emissions scandal, Volkswagen decided to embrace battery-electric technology. They are planning to spend over $2 billion to support EV infrastructure in the US. Its new BUDD-e concept includes better range for electrics. Due to the larger range, the battery size increased. Therefore, new models were produced rather than models based off of existing ones. By 2020, the portfolio in the growing SUV segment will initially be expanded by adding more than 20 models, with simultaneous development of electrified models. Development activities up to 2025 will focus on more than 30 new electric vehicles. Globally, they plan to sell 2-3 million EVs by Ward s Production Data: 2017 Light Vehicle Engines North American Availability and Specifications EPA: "Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: " EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Nov