Life Cycle Climate Performance [LCCP] in Mobile Air Conditioning

Transcription

1 Life Cycle Climate Performance [LCCP] in Mobile Air Conditioning Matti Vainio, European Commission with contributions from Stephen Andersen, Ward Atkinson, Denis Clodic, Rob Farrington, Jochen Harnisch, William Hill, Stella Papasavva and Winfried Schwarz Page 1 of 21

2 Purpose Based on the contributions of two presentations on greenhouse gas emissions from refrigerant (HFC-134a) and fuel consumption (CO2) complete the picture: identify the life cycle climate performance of today s MACs in EU-15 Page 2 of 21

3 What is Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP)? Raw material and energy consumption transport transport Raw Material Manufacturing Use End of Life Emissions to air, water and soils Page 3 of 21

4 LCCP for MACs Includes AC operation only Heater operation excluded (little data) Includes refrigerant components only No plastic case parts or duct parts included Includes all energy emissions related to blower and cooling fan and an estimated energy conversion factor System components to be sized for equivalent performance Does not include engine/transmission efficiency variations Should assume some nominal performance for reference Should be done according to ISO standards for life cycle assessment Page 4 of 21

5 LCCP-Overview NaCl CH 4 /Naptha H C=CH 2 2 Plant H 2 Cl2 Plant NaOH Cl 2 CH =CH 2 2 Cl HCl 2C= CHCl (TCE) Plant HF CO2 due to energy use (TCE) CrO 3 HCl HFC-134a Plant HFC-134a (fugitive) Ready for use S + 3/2 O 2+ H 2 O H SO 2 4 Plant CaF 2 CaF 2 HF Plant HCl HF CaSO 4 HFC-134a direct emissions Vehicles CO2 due to fuel consumption Cr CrO 3 Plant Breakdown Source: S. Papasavva, Ph.D Thesis, 1997, Tufts University Reducing the Risk of Global Warming from CFC Alternatives: A Scientific Basis for Policy Options Page 5 of 21

6 LCCP - Issues to address Decide why to carry out the LCCP to get an order of magnitude (policy makers) or to calculate differences between car makes (vehicle manufacturers)? Laboratory test data should be used based on difficulty of getting precise data from vehicle tests Different vehicle classes as well as regional driving cycles and ambient profiles should be used Conventional air pollutant emissions and their effect on AC operation are excluded CO2 emissions vary due to fuel mix differences Page 6 of 21

7 LCCP vs. Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) LCCP Cradle-to-Grave Emissions TEWI In-Use Emissions Production energy - all materials Refrigerant emissions Refrigerant manufacturing losses Vehicle system leakage Vehicle service & scrap losses Energy to carry MAC mass Energy to operate MAC Energy to reclaim and recycle refrigerant Energy to Recycle Components Page 7 of 21

8 Components to be included in LCCP Emissions before MAC use CO2 emissions due to energy needed to produce MACs Raw materials used for producing MAC Assembly energy Fugitive emissions and energy for manufacturing of refrigerant Refrigerant emissions CO2 emissions Initial charge plus lifetime re-charges Emissions during MAC use CO2 emissions Mechanical and electrical energy Affect of weight of MAC Direct emissions of refrigerant Controlled leakage Uncontrolled leakage Emissions during service/repair End-of-life of MAC Refrigerant losses during recycling CO2 emissions due recycling and destruction of refrigerant (energy) Page 8 of 21

9 CO2 emissions due to energy needed to produce MACs Energy Consumped and CO2-Equivalents Emitted from the Manufacture of A/C Components R134a/Baseline Energy of Production (MJ/kg) (kg) (MJ) Compressor Aluminum Castings Aluminum Forgings Elastomers Steel Forging Copper Alloys Steel Castings Plastics Page 9 of 21

10 LCCP - CO2 emission during use depend on ambient driving conditions Temperature (C) vs. Percentile 100% 90% 80% Percentile 70% 60% 50% 40% Europe USA Point Zones 30% 20% 10% 0% Temperature (C) Weight Europe Page 10 of 21 USA European Average Mobile A/C Customer Usage Model Visteon Climate Control Group Graham S. Duthie, Shane Harte, Vijit Jayasheela

11 and driving cycles Japan test cycle Mode Time (sec) Velocity (km/h) EPA Highway Cycle Speed (km/h) Time (s) SC03 SC03 Emissions Schedule test cycle NEDC Speed(mph) speed [km/h] Generell Information: average velocity : 32,5 km/h max. velocity: 120 km/h 2nd gear 3rd gear 2nd gear 5th gear 5th gear 4th gear 4th gear Time time [s] Page 11 of 21

12 Example: Optimistic case in EU15 Note: Assuming NO technological change... Emissions before MAC use CO2 emissions due to energy needed to produce MACs 1675 MJ EU fuel mix 51,3 t kg CO2/MJ Fugitive emissions and energy for manufacturing of refrigerant Refrigerant emissions (about 1%) (including heels ) CO2 emissions (77 kg CO2/1 kg of HFC-134a) Emissions during MAC use CO2 emissions 4% additional Direct emissions of refrigerant Controlled leakage 57 g/ year Uncontrolled leakage 1.9%/year Emissions during service/repair 6% of charge or 45 grams per service End-of-life of MAC Refrigerant losses during recycling (15%) CO2 emissions due recycling and destruction of refrigerant (energy) (n.a.) Page 12 of 21

13 Optimistic case Lifecycle emissions of a MAC in the EU car (today s s technology), kg CO2 eq Fuel use (CO2) MAC destruction (CO2) HFC destruction/recycling (CO2) MAC production (CO2) HFC production (CO2) HFC production (HFC) End Of Life (HFC) Servicing (HFC) Irregular HFC emissions Regular HFC emissions Filling MAC (HFC) 101 February In system Page (HFC) 13 of 21

14 LCCP of R-134a in the EU: Optimistic case (kg CO2 eq). CO2 emission due to fuel use (4% additional ) CO2 emissions of MAC destruction (1675 MJ/2) CO2 emissions due to HFC destruction (n.a.) CO2 emissions of MAC production (1675 MJ) CO2 emissions of HFC production 77 kg HFC emissions due to HFC production (inc. "heels") HFC emissions at End Of Life (15% of remaining charge) HFC emissions during servicing (45g per service) Irregular HFC emissions (14g per annum) Regular HFC emissions (57g per annum) HFC emissions when filling MAC Page 14 of 21

15 LCCP of R-134a in the EU: Optimistic case (kg CO2 eq) ) 17 g/km Lifecycle emissions of an HFC-134a MAC kg CO2 eq Share HFC emissions when filling MAC 7 0% Regular HFC emissions (57g per annum) % Irregular HFC emissions (14g per annum) 218 8% HFC emissions during servicing (45g per service) 117 4% HFC emissions at End Of Life (15% of remaining charge) 119 5% HFC emissions due to HFC production (inc. "heels") 23 1% CO2 emissions of HFC production 77 kg 119 5% CO2 emissions of MAC production (1675 MJ) 86 3% CO2 emissions due to HFC destruction (n.a.) 0 0% CO2 emissions of MAC destruction (1675 MJ/2) 43 2% CO2 emission due to fuel use (4% additional ) % Total % Page 15 of 21

16 Example: Realistic case in EU15 Emissions before MAC use same as before Emissions during MAC use CO2 emissions twice as high (8%) Direct emissions of refrigerant Controlled leakage same Uncontrolled leakage twice as high (3.8%/year) Emissions during service/repair over twice as high (100 grams per service ) End-of-life of MAC same as before Page 16 of 21

17 LCCP of R-134a in the EU: Realistic case (kg CO2 eq). CO2 emission due to fuel use (8% additional ) CO2 emissions of MAC destruction (1675 MJ/2) CO2 emissions due to HFC destruction (n.a.) CO2 emissions 2x due to fuel consumption CO2 emissions of MAC production (1675 MJ) CO2 emissions of HFC production (77 kg) HFC emissions due to HFC production (inc. "heels") HFC emissions at End Of Life (15% of remaining charge) HFC emissions during servicing (100g per service) Irregular HFC and servicing HFC emissions 2x Irregular HFC emissions (28g per annum) Regular HFC emissions (57g per annum) HFC emissions when filling MAC Page 17 of 21

18 Lifecycle emissions of a MAC in the EU car (today s s technology), kg CO2 eq Realistic case CO2 emission due to fuel use (8% additional ) CO2 emissions of MAC destruction (1675 MJ/2) CO2 emissions due to HFC destruction (n.a.) CO2 emissions of MAC production (1675 MJ) CO2 emissions of HFC production (77 kg) HFC emissions due to HFC production (inc. "heels") HFC emissions at End Of Life (15% of remaining charge) HFC emissions during servicing (100g per service) Irregular HFC emissions (28g per annum) Regular HFC emissions (57g per annum) HFC emissions when filling MAC In system at the end of the year Page 18 of 21

19 LCCP of R-134a in the EU: Realistic case (kg CO2 eq) ) 25 g/km Lifecycle emissions of an HFC-134a MAC kg CO2 eq Share HFC emissions when filling MAC 7 0% Regular HFC emissions (57g per annum) % Irregular HFC emissions (28g per annum) % HFC emissions during servicing (100g per service) 260 7% HFC emissions at End Of Life (15% of remaining charge) 80 2% HFC emissions due to HFC production (inc. "heels") 25 1% CO2 emissions of HFC production (77 kg) 132 3% CO2 emissions of MAC production (1675 MJ) 86 2% CO2 emissions due to HFC destruction (n.a.) 0 0% CO2 emissions of MAC destruction (1675 MJ/2) 43 1% CO2 emission due to fuel use (8% additional ) % Total % Page 19 of 21

20 Policy relevance Optimistic case, LCCP of a MAC of 2.6 kg CO2 eq if no technological progress equal to about 17 g/km of CO2 eq 32 Mt CO2 eq in 2010 assuming 70% of EU15 vehicles have a MAC over 40 Mt CO2 eq in 2020 with 95% share Realistic case, LCCP of a MAC of 4.0 kg CO2 eq if no technological progress equal to about 25 g/km of CO2 eq 48 Mt CO2 eq in 2010 assuming 70% of EU15 vehicles have a MAC over 60 Mt CO2 eq in 2020 with 95% share There is also a pessimistic case where emissions in 2010 would be over 50 Mt and in 2020 almost 90 Mt Page 20 of 21

21 Conclusion It is possible to get a good order of magnitude of the greenhouse gas emissions of today s MACs In the EU, the good progress made to reduce CO2 emissions from cars by 25% up to 2008/9 is eroded by the increase of greenhouse gas emissions from MACs It seems that about half of the projected gains would be lost due to MACs It is possible (but more difficult) to get the order of magnitude estimated for tomorrow s MACs It might be a good idea to standardize the definitions and terminology when LCCP is carried out Issue to agree upon during VDA Winter Meeting? Page 21 of 21