SIZING POWER SYSTEMS FOR ELECTRIC AIRPLANES
|
|
- Laureen Horton
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 SIZING POWER SYSTEMS FOR ELECTRIC AIRPLANES POWER = WATTS I will be using the terms Volts, Amps and Watts throughout this discussion. Let me define them. Volts = the pressure at which the electric energy is being delivered - like pounds per square inch or PSI in a fuel system or water from a garden hose. Volts is about pressure, it says nothing about flow. You will see volts abbreviated as V. Amps = the quantity or flow of electricity being delivered, like gallons per minute in a fuel system or that same garden hose. Amps is about flow, it says nothing about pressure. You will see amps abbreviated as A. Watts = V X A. This is a measure of the energy or power being delivered. This is how we measure the ability of that electricity to do work, in our case the work of turning a propeller to move our airplane through the air. Watts is about both pressure and flow. This serves the same purpose as the horsepower rating of your car s engine. In fact 746 watts = 1 horsepower. So if you had an electric car, the strength of its motor could be reported in either watts or horsepower. You will see watts abbreviated as W. MOTOR EFFICIENCY - Brushed vs. Brushless Whether brushed or brushless, the motor s job is to convert electricity into mechanical motion to turn the propeller to move air. Efficiency is how we measure how much of the power, the watts, that our battery delivers to the motor is actually turned into useful work and how much is wasted as heat. A higher efficiency motor delivers more energy to the motor, and wastes less. A typical brushed motor, say a speed 400, is only about 40-50% efficient. Only about half the watts delivered to the motor actually end up as useful work turning the propeller. The rest is wasted. Motors that have a speed designation, like speed 400, are brushed motors. There are other names for brushed motors but the speed term is a common one. They are inexpensive and they work. For example, you can buy a speed 400 motor and electronic speed control, ESC, for $30. A comparable brushless motor/esc combination would typically cost 2 to 4 times that much. Brushless motors tend to be more efficient. They typically deliver 70-90% of that input power to the propeller, Thus you get better performance per watt with brushless motors. Seen a different way, if you use a brushless motor, then, for the same flying performance you will use less energy which means your battery will last longer. Or you can use a similar size and weight brushless motor and get much higher performance because the motor turns more of the watts from the battery into useful work of turning the propeller. THE BATTERY IS MORE THAN JUST THE FUEL TANK Think of the battery as the fuel tank plus the fuel pump and a supercharger all rolled into one. It feeds/pushes energy to the motor. So you have to look at the battery and the motor as one unit when you are sizing power systems for electric planes. In many cases we start with the battery when
2 we size our systems because the motor can t deliver the power to the prop if the battery can t deliver the power to the motor. The higher the voltage rating of the battery, the higher the pressure, like a supercharger on a car engine. More pressure delivers more air/fuel mixture to the engine which allows the engine to produce more power to turn the wheels of the car. Higher voltage pushes more electricity into the motor to produce more power, IF AND ONLY IF, the battery has the ability to deliver more electricty. Again using the car analogy, if you put a big motor in a car and put a tiny fuel line and a weak fuel pump, the motor will never develop full power. In fact the motor might starve and stall once you got past idle. Such is the same with batteries. We need voltage, we need capacity, but we also need to know how many amps the battery is capable of delivering at peak. If we compare an 8 cell AAA battery pack to an 8 cell C battery pack we get 9.6 V for both packs. However the AAA pack may only be able to deliver 6 amps. After that the cells will heat up and either be damaged or the voltage will strart to drop fast. The C pack, also 9.6 V, might be able to deliver 60 amps without damage. So we have to size not only by voltage, but by the ability to deliver amps to the motor. Again, think of the fuel line and the fuel pump as your image of what I am trying to explain. If the the motor needs 12 ounces per minute to run but the fuel line can only deliver 8, the engine will starve and die. Using our electric motors, a given motor may take 10 amps ( the quantity of electricity flowing ) at 8.4 volts ( the pressure at which the electricity is being delivered) to spin a certain propeller. We would say that the battery is delivering, or that the motor is drawing 84 watts, ie: 8.4V x 10A. If you bump up the voltage to 9.6 volts, the battery can ram in more amps into the motor, more energy to the motor, which will produce more power to the propeller. In this example, if we move from an 8.4V battery pack to a 9.6V battery pack the motor may now take 12 amps. This will typically spin the motor faster with any given propeller or allow it to turn a larger propeller at the same speed. However, if you bump up the pressure too much, you can break something. Putting a big supercharger on an engine that is not designed for it will break parts of the engine. Too much voltage can over power your electric motor and damage it. So there is a balance that has to be struck. Different motors can take different amounts of power, watts, volts X amps, without damage. For example, a speed 400 motor might be fine taking 10 amps at 9.6 volts or 96 watts. However bump it up to 12 volts and ram 15 amps down its throat and you will likely burn it out. Our goal is a balanced power system. If you match the right battery with the right motor, you get good performance without damage to the motor. In many cases airplane designers will design planes around a specific motor/battery combination so that they match the size and weight of the plane to the power system for good performance. PROPELLERS Propellers are sized by diameter and pitch. The diameter of the propeller determines the volume of air the propeller will move, producing thrust, or pushing force. Roughly speaking the
3 diameter of the propeller will have the biggest impact on the size and weight of the plane that we can fly. Larger, heavier planes will typically fly better with larger diameter propellers. Pitch refers to the angle of the propeller blade and refers to the distance the propeller would move forward if there were no slippage in the air. So a 7 inch pitch propeller would move forward 7 inches per rotation, if there were no slippage in the air. If we combine pitch with the rotational speed of the propeller we can calculate the pitch speed of the propeller. So, at revolutions per minute, that prop would move 7000 inches forward 70,000 inches per minute. If we do the math, that comes out to a little over 66 miles per hour. By changing the diameter and the pitch of the propeller we can have a similar effect to changing the gears in your car or a bicycle. It will be harder for your motor to turn a 9X7 propeller than an 8X7 propeller. And it would be harder to turn a 9X7 propeller than a 9X6 propeller. The larger or steeper pitched propellers will require more energy, more watts, more horsepower, to turn them. Therefore we need to balance the diameter and pitch with the power or wattage of the motor/battery system. Fortunately we don t actually have to do this as motor manufacturers will often publish suggested propellers to use with a given motor/battery combination. We can use these as our starting point. If we want we can try different propellers that are near these specifications to see how they work with our airplane. NOW WE CAN START TO MATCH UP THE PIECES! The simplest approach I have seen to figuring power systems in electrics is input watts per pound of all up airplane weight. The following guidelines were developed before brushless motors were common but it seems to hold pretty well so we will use it regardless of what kind of motor is being used. 50 watts per pound = Casual/scale flying 75 watts per pound = Sport flying and sport aerobatics 100 watts per pound = aggressive aerobatics and perhaps mild 3D 150 watts per pound = all out performance. Remember that Watts = Volts X Amps. This is a power measurement. In case you were wondering, 746 watts equals 1 horsepower,. AN EXAMPLE! This should be fun. Let s see where these formulas take us! We will use a 24 ounce, 1.5 pound plane as our example. If we want basic flight you will need 50 watts per pound or about 75 watts input to your motor for this 1.5 pound plane. That is, 50 watts per pound X 1.5 pounds = 75 watts needed for basic flying performance. If you want a little more spirited plane, we could use 75 watts X 1.5 pounds which is about watts. Lets use 100 watts as the total target, just to be simple, shall we? I am going to use a lot of round numbers here. I hope you can follow. The Battery: If we use an 8 cell NiMh battery pack at 9.6 V it will have to deliver 10.4 amps to hit our 100 watts input target ( 100/9.6 = 10.41amps) If my battery pack cells are NiMh cells that are rated at 10C then I need an 8
4 cell pack rated at 1100 mah to be able to deliver 11 amps. Sounds about right. Now I select a motor that can handle 100 watts or about 10.4 amps at 9.6 Volts. From experience we know this could be a speed 400, a speed 480 or some kind of a brushless motor. We now need a propeller that will cause the motor to draw about 100 watts. I don t know off the top of my head what that would be. I would go to some mfg chart as a starting point. I see that if I use a direct drive speed 400 with a 5X4.3 prop at 9.6V then the motor will draw about 12.4 amps or about 119 watts. This would be a good candidate motor/prop for the plane using a 9.6V pack that can put out 12.4 or more amps. This would be a set-up for a fast plane as that motor will spin that small prop very fast. However maybe I don t want such a fast plane but one with a really good climb and lots of low end pull to help out a new pilot who is in training or to do more low speed aerobatics I can also use a speed 400 with a 2.38 gearbox and run it at 9.6V spinning a 9X7 prop and run at about 12.8 amps for 120 watts. The larger prop will give this plane a strong climb, but since the prop speed has been reduced by 2.38 times, it won t be as fast. Spinning a bigger prop gives me more thrust but a lower top speed typically. This is a common strategy for 3D planes. Back to battery packs and motors So if I shop for a 9.6V pack to be able to handle about amps, I should do just fine and not over stress the batteries. In NiMh that would probably be a 2/3 or 4/5 A pack of about mah capacity. We view the battery and motor as a linked unit with a target power profile, in this case about 100 watts. We use the prop and gearbox, if any, to produce the manner in which we want to deliver that power to the air to pull/push the plane. If this is a pusher, I may not have clearance to spin that big prop so I may have to go for the smaller but faster prop combo. If this is a puller, then I can choose my prop by ground clearance or some other criteria and match a gear box to it. See, that was easy, right? ( well sorta but.) But we are not done! Oh no! I could try to do it with a 2 cell lithium pack rated 7.4V. To get 100 watts I now need a pack that can deliver 13.5 amps and a motor/prop combination that will draw that much. So if I have 10 C rated lithiums, then the pack better be at least 1350 mah. Probably use a 1500 mah pack to be safe. Well, when I look at the chart for the geared speed 400 I see that, regardless of prop, at 7.4V I am not going to have enough voltage ( pressure) to push 13 amps into this motor. So the 2 cell lithium won t meet my performance goal of 100 watts+ per pound using this gear box. If I go back to the charts and look at a different gear boxes I can t hit my power goals using 7.4V. Maybe we go back to direct drive.
5 We see that the best I can get this speed 400 to do is a total of 70 watts at 7.2V ( close enough ) so I can t hit my power goals using a speed 400 at this voltage. but 70 watts would be about 48 watts per pound so I could have areality CHECK! Now, in fact that is NOT how I would do this. I would decide on the watt target, go to the chart, find a combo that meets my goals, then select a battery that will meet the demand and see if my weight comes up at the target I set. A little tuning and I come up with a workable combo. For those who like to be even more analytical about it, there are packages like MotoCalc that will allow me to play with all sorts of combineations and make suggestions on what I should use. There is a link for MotoCalc below. Summary So, in these few paragraphs have taken in a basic knowledge of how electric power systems are sized, the factors that are considered an how to predict the outcome. Simple, right? Of course there is a lot more to know and time and experience will teach you plenty, but with this basic understanding you are better prepared to begin playing with the power systems you put in your planes. flyable plane, but not an aerobatic plane using this two cell pack. BEC: means Battery elimination circuit and is part of the normal ESC. KV: The KV value is the speed the motor need to turn so it produce 1V of counter-electromotice force. Since the motor is not 100% efficient you can say that the 1000Kv motor will turn slightly slower than 12,000rpm when running on 12V with no load. Determine a Model s Power Requirement s 1. Power can be measured in watts. For example: 1 horsepower = 746 watts 2. You determine watts by multiplying volts times amps. Example: 10 volts x 10 amps = 100 watts Volts x Amps = Watts 3. You can determine the power requirements of a model based on the Input Watts Per Pound guidelines found below, using the flying weight of the model (with battery): watts per pound; Minimum level of power for decent performance, good for lightly loaded slow flyer and park flyer models watts per pound; Trainer and slow flying scale models watts per pound; Sport aerobatic and fast flying scale models
6 watts per pound; Advanced aerobatic and highspeed models watts per pound; Lightly loaded 3D models and ducted fans watts per pound; Unlimited performance 3D models NOTE: These guidelines were developed based upon the typical parameters of our E-flite motors. These guidelines may vary depending on other motors and factors such as efficiency and prop size. 4. Determine the Input Watts per Pound required to achieve the desired level of performance: Model: Hangar 9 P-51 Miss America Estimated Flying Weight w/battery: 9.0 lbs Desired Level of Performance: (100 average) watts per pound; Fast flying scale model 9.0 lbs x 100 watts = 900 Input Watts per Pound of power (minimum) required to achieve the desired performance 5. Determine a suitable motor based on the model s power requirements. The tips below can help you determine the power capabilities of a particular motor and if it can provide the power your model requires for the desired level of performance: Most manufacturers will rate their motors for a range of cell counts, continuous current and maximum burst current. In most cases, the input power a motor is capable of handling can be determined by: Average Voltage (depending on cell count) x Continuous Current = Continuous Input Watts Average Voltage (depending on cell count) x Max Burst Current = Burst Input Watts HINT: The typical average voltage under load of a Ni-Cd/Ni-MH cell is 1.0 volt. The typical average voltage under load of a Li-Po cell is 3.3 volts. This means the typical average voltage under load of a 10 cell Ni-MH pack is approximately 10 volts and a 3 cell Li-Po pack is approximately 9.9 volts. Due to variations in the performance of a given battery, the average voltage under load may be higher or lower. These however are good starting points for initial calculations. Model: Hangar 9 Miss America Estimated Flying Weight w/battery: 9.0 lbs Input Watts Per Pound Required for Desired Performance: 900 (minimum) Motor: Power 60 Max Continuous Current: 40A* Max Burst Current: 60A* Max Cells (Li-Po): Cells, Continuous Power Capability: 19.8 Volts (6 x 3.3) x 40 Amps = 792 Watts 6 Cells, Max Burst Power Capability: 19.8 Volts (6 x 3.3) x 60 Amps = 1188 Watts Per this example, the Power 60 motor (when using a 6S Li-Po pack) can handle up to 1188 watts of input power, readily capable of powering the P-51 Miss America with the desired level of performance (requiring 900 watts minimum). You must however be sure that the battery chosen for power can adequately supply the current
7 requirements of the system for the required performance. You must also use proper throttle management and provide adequate cooling for the motor, ESC and battery. Q) How do you tell which Electric Motor is equal to what Glow Engine? A) One of the biggest confusions for most people selecting an electric motor is, What is a watt? The glow guys are used to horsepower and electric power systems are measured in watts. (1 hp = 746 watts or about 750 watts) Don't go by the max rating for HP that engine manufacturers publish. That is a MAX figure and very seldom is an engine for sport use operated at that figure. The h.p. drops off quite a bit when the RPM is not at the rated figure which is usually around 16,000 RPM s or greater. Glow Engines vs. Electric Motors size glow engine / 300w electric motor 2. (OS Max 0.20 engine develops 0.4 hp = 300w electric motor (AXI 2820) ) size glow engine / 500w electric motor 4. (Fox 0.35 stunt engine develops 0.7 hp = 522w electric motor)(axi 2826) size glow engine develops 1.0 hp = 750w electric motor (AXI 2826 or 4120) size glow engine develops 1.3 hp = 975w electric motor (AXI 4120 or 4130) size glow engine develops 1.6 hp = 1200w electric motor (AXI 5320 or 4130) size glow engine develops 3.0 hp = 2250w electric motor (AXI 5330) 9. DA-50 develops 5.0 hp = 3750w electric motor (AXI 5330) 10. DA-100 develops 9.8 hp = 7311w electric motor (Double AXI 5330) See E-flite Park 400 and Power 60 series that mimic replacement sizes for old brushed motors and glow engines. Himax Brushless Motors HC50 Outrunner Watts HC50 - These motors are for large models weighing 6-8Lb for 3-D flight, 8-15Lb for aerobatic flight and 10-20Lb for leisure flight. Gas equivalent HC63 Outrunner Watts HC63 - These motors are for large models weighing 10-12Lb for 3-D flight, 17-22Lb for aerobatic flight and 22-30Lb for leisure flight.
8 Gas equivalent Himax Brushless Motors HC22 Outrunner Watts Wide selections - 4 motors in 2 frame sizes, Tiny in size but BIG in power high torque, direct drive, Dual ball bearings designed for durable and efficient operation, Three mounting options stick mount, nose mount, or firewall mount, Includes a prop adapter, mounting hardware, & connectors. HC2208 -This 30 watt motor is for very small models weight 6-8 oz. Replaces MPI EPU and GWS IPS gear mo For two-cell applications - use HC For three-cell applications - use HC Gas equivalent HC mm 6x4-9x HC mm 6x4-8x *Caution - Prop size is highly dependent on battery choice. Check the manual for full information. Always monitor current when HC This 50 watt motor is for very small models weight up to 12 oz. Replaces GWS IPSD gear motors, or 180 or 28 For two-cell applications - use HC For three-cell applications - use HC Gas equivalent HC mm 7x4-10x HC mm 6x4-9x
9 *Caution - Prop size is highly dependent on battery choice. Check the manual for full information. Always monitor current when Click here for spare parts for HC22 series motors HC28 Outrunner Watts Wide selections - 8 motors in 3 frame sizes, Replaces Axi-22 series motors, Dual ball bearings designed for durable and efficient operation, Three mounting options stick mount, nose mount, or firewall mount, Includes a prop adapter & two mounting brackets for stick mount & radial mount, The unique stick mount fits most GWS & E-Flight s planes. HC These 70 watt motors are for small models weighing 7-10 oz for 3-D flight, up to 8 oz for aerobatic flight and up to 10 Gas equivalent HC , 7, & 8 mm 6x4-9x *Caution - Prop size is highly dependent on battery choice. Check the manual for full information. Always monitor current when HC These 100 watt motors are for small models weighing 9-12 oz for 3-D flight, up to 16 oz for aerobatic flight and up to 2 Gas equivalent HC mm 9x5-12x HC mm 8x4-11x HC mm 7x4-10x
10 *Caution - Prop size is highly dependent on battery choice. Check the manual for full information. Always monitor current when HC These 150 watt motors are for small models weighing oz for 3-D flight, up to 24 oz for aerobatic flight and up flight. Gas equivalent -.10 HC mm 9x5-12x HC mm 9x5-12x HC mm 8x4-11x *Caution - Prop size is highly dependent on battery choice. Check the manual for full information. Always monitor current when HC These 200 watt motors are for small models weighing oz for 3-D flight, up to 32 oz for aerobatic flight and up flight. Gas equivalent -.15 HC mm 9x4.7-12x HC mm 8x4-11x *Caution - Prop size is highly dependent on battery choice. Check the manual for full information. Always monitor current when
The Magic of Electric Flying or. Volts and Amps for Dummies By John Wheater
The Magic of Electric Flying or Volts and Amps for Dummies By John Wheater IT SEEMS there are many who are confused with what goes where and why and what motor and prop should be used on what battery and
More informationSystem. The Complete. power
The Complete E-power power System From Prop-nut nut to Battery BY TOM HUNT FOR AN ELECTRONIC COPY OF THIS PRESENTATION SEE: WWW.SEFLI.ORG/WRAM TOM HUNT - WRAM 2008 1 What is a SYSTEM Dictionary.com defines
More informationPage 1 of 6 by Greg Covey Introduction: In the past few years, I have heard two main concerns from many R/Cers wishing to try electricpowered flight; cost and complexity. The market has responded with
More informationRIMFIRE 42mm POWER SYSTEM
by Great Planes Model Stock # 42-40-800...GPMG4670 42-40-1000...GPMG4675 42-50-600...GPMG4695 42-50-800...GPMG4700 RIMFIRE 42mm POWER SYSTEM MOTORS 42-50-1000...GPMG4705 42-60-480...GPMG4715 42-60-600...GPMG4720
More informationScorpion Helicopter Motor Application Guide
Scorpion Helicopter Motor Application Guide Since we get so many questions about the application of the Scorpion HK series helicopter motors, we have put together this guide for the entire family of motors
More information3/29/08. Tom Hunt Cradle of Aviation Model Show 2008
WHERE WE HAVE BEEN WHERE WE ARE TODAY WHERE WE ARE GOING? WHERE WE HAVE BEEN UNDERPOWERED, OVERWEIGHT MODELS POOR MOTOR EFFICIENCY (INEXPENSIVE BRUSH MOTORS/MABUCHI) INEFFICIENT AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE (OVERDESIGNED
More informationHow to use the Multirotor Motor Performance Data Charts
How to use the Multirotor Motor Performance Data Charts Here at Innov8tive Designs, we spend a lot of time testing all of the motors that we sell, and collect a large amount of data with a variety of propellers.
More informationElectric Motors And Batteries. Flightline Hobby, October 2018
Electric Motors And Batteries Flightline Hobby, October 2018 This Year s Theme: Old vs New Brushed vs Brushless Rubber vs Electric NiMH vs LiPO Brushed Motor Physics Brushed: Magnetic fields switched mechanically.
More informationEscrito por Eduardo Núñez Sábado, 28 de Mayo de :57 - Actualizado Miércoles, 28 de Diciembre de :23
Aquí puedes obtener un interesante artículo sobre el motor 400 de Mabuchi encontrado en la red escrito por Doug Ingraham que por no hacer referencia a su propia página, incorporamos a esta sección. PART
More informationBuilding Instructions Upside Variable Pitch Prop System
Building Instructions Upside Variable Pitch Prop System it s tim o e t fly! Thank you for buying our revolutionary UPSIDEDOWN VP-Prop System! Experience a new dimension in 3D performance. Assembly and
More informationINTRODUCTION to ELECTRIC AIRPLANES
INTRODUCTION to ELECTRIC AIRPLANES Electric aircraft are not new. They have been around for decades. The reason they are now popular is the motor is now brushless and much more efficient that conventional
More informationOptimizing Plane Performance by Finding the Right Prop 10/15/09
Optimizing Plane Performance by Finding the Right Prop 10/15/09 This is not an article for the meek or timid. Finding the right prop for your engine and airframe the engine is mounted on can be a daunting
More informationESPA3D Photo Essay One page ESPA3D Plans are HERE Back to Spad Plans Index
1 of 8 8/29/2012 12:28 PM ESPA3D Photo Essay One page ESPA3D Plans are HERE Back to Spad Plans Index This little airplane has turned out to be one of the most fun Spad projects we've ever done! It is built
More informationRoehrig Engineering, Inc.
Roehrig Engineering, Inc. Home Contact Us Roehrig News New Products Products Software Downloads Technical Info Forums What Is a Shock Dynamometer? by Paul Haney, Sept. 9, 2004 Racers are beginning to realize
More informationBefore you build that scale model a few things to consider
Before you build that scale model a few things to consider Fred Cronenwett, clscale@rocketmail.com It is easy to say to want to build a scale model but there are a few steps that have to happen first before
More information64MM F-16 Fighting Falcon V2
64MM F-16 Fighting Falcon V2 SIMPLE Simple assembly RIGID STRONG DURABLE EPO STABLE SMOOTH FLYING PERFORMANCE FMSMODEL.COM Table of Contents Introductions 3 Contents of Kit 4 Assemble the plane 5 Battery
More informationThe Car Tutorial Part 2 Creating a Racing Game for Unity
The Car Tutorial Part 2 Creating a Racing Game for Unity Part 2: Tweaking the Car 3 Center of Mass 3 Suspension 5 Suspension range 6 Suspension damper 6 Drag Multiplier 6 Speed, turning and gears 8 Exporting
More informationINTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Thank you for the purchase of 7 in 1 MultiMeter. The Meter can carry out an enormous range of functions related to Electric Powered models and has been designed with ease of use
More informationSpirit of SAM Electric Models
Spirit of SAM Electric Models by Dave Harding Most models we see in SAM RC assist competitions are Antique and Old Timer IC powered models, but recently the advent of lightweight affordable RC gear and
More informationHow to Build with the Mindstorm Kit
How to Build with the Mindstorm Kit There are many resources available Constructopedias Example Robots YouTube Etc. The best way to learn, is to do Remember rule #1: don't be afraid to fail New Rule: don't
More informationIntro to Electric Power Systems
Intro to Electric Power Systems Understanding Electric Power Systems used in Multirotor Drone Aircraft P R E S E N T E D B Y: LUCIEN B. MILLER PRESIDENT & CEO INNOV8TIVE DESIGNS, INC. Welcome to the Workshop!
More informationPerformance means how fast will it go? How fast will it climb? How quickly it will take-off and land? How far it will go?
Performance Concepts Speaker: Randall L. Brookhiser Performance means how fast will it go? How fast will it climb? How quickly it will take-off and land? How far it will go? Let s start with the phase
More informationBasics of Electrics (without Math) Revised January 29, 2010
Basics of Electrics (without Math) Revised January 29, 2010 By Albert Tejera Tejera Microsystems Engineering, Inc. (TME) Makers of the revolutionary Xtrema Lithium Charger and Wattmeter www.thextrema.com
More informationThe BUGATTI 100P Replica Propeller(s) By Jan Carlsson January 2012
The BUGATTI 100P Replica Propeller(s) By Jan Carlsson January 2012 At the end of November 2011, I got an e-mail from a Scotty Wilson, asking: Would you consider helping us to design a custom prop(s) for
More informationMultiplex MiniMag. Getting it RTF
REVIEW In recent years, I have seen quite a few Multiplex airplanes at the airfields. I ve always been impressed with their quality and design. The MiniMag is a new high-wing electric trainer. It is molded,
More informationIn order to discuss powerplants in any depth, it is essential to understand the concepts of POWER and TORQUE.
-Power and Torque - ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS: Torque is measured; Power is calculated In order to discuss powerplants in any depth, it is essential to understand the concepts of POWER and TORQUE. HOWEVER, in
More informationLithium Polymer Battery Packs for RC Use FAQ s By Chris Nicastro 3/9/2012
Lithium Polymer Battery Packs for RC Use FAQ s By Chris Nicastro 3/9/2012 Lithium Polymer or Lipoly batteries come in many varieties but two types are very popular for radio control use. The most popular
More informationFirst test prop : Sensenich 54X54 wood prop
Nov 20, 2018 A little update on our turbo and prop testing on our Saberwing. The turbocharger system is a non-wastegated Rajay turbo with carbon seals. We use a Aerocarb 35mm carb in a draw through setup.
More informationE-36 Power System Primer By Mark Covington, with Neil Myers, Proud Members of
E-36 Power System Primer By Mark Covington, with Neil Myers, Proud Members of Recent E-36 rule changes have breathed new life into this introductory electric motor powered event. Since electric power may
More information70MM YAK-130 STABLE SMOOTH FLYING PERFORMANCE FMSMODEL.COM
70MM YAK-130 REALISTIC RETRACT & FLAPS INSTALLED RIGID STRONG DURABLE EPO STABLE SMOOTH FLYING PERFORMANCE FMSMODEL.COM Table of Contents Introductions 3 Contents of Kit 4 Assemble the plane 5 Battery
More informationPropeller Power Curve
Propeller Power Curve Computing the load of a propeller by James W. Hebert This article will examine three areas of boat propulsion. First, the propeller and its power requirements will be investigated.
More informationWhy I like the IRC GP110 Tire on a KLR
Why I like the IRC GP110 Tire on a KLR I know, I know, discussing tires is like discussing oil or chain lube. It always fires up the crowd. We all have opinions and here are the reasons that I like the
More informationWhat motor do I use? Choosing An Electric Power System. RC Universe is a service of 24-7 RC, Inc. Copyright Issue 3 Article By Greg Covey
Issue 3 Article By Greg Covey For years now, I have heard concerns about motor cost and complexity from many R/Cers wishing to try electric-powered flight. The market has responded with lower prices through
More informationInside a typical car engine. Almost all cars today use a reciprocating internal combustion engine because this engine is:
Tech Torque HOW PETROL ENGINES WORK The Basics The purpose of a gasoline car engine is to convert gasoline into motion so that your car can move. Currently the easiest way to create motion from gasoline
More informationTuning A Walbro Carb. Walbro Carb TUNE UP & Illustrated Guide
Tuning A Walbro Carb Walbro Carb TUNE UP & Illustrated Guide by M. B. Fuess Walbro carbs aren t too difficult to tune up if you know what you re doing. First of all, you need to know how the carb works
More informationAll About Batteries. Created by lady ada. Last updated on :22:29 PM UTC
All About Batteries Created by lady ada Last updated on 2018-01-04 09:22:29 PM UTC Guide Contents Guide Contents Overview How Batteries Are Measured Power Capacity and Power Capability Lead Acid Batteries
More informationInstruction Manual. Specifications are subjected to change without notice due to product continuous improvements.
Instruction Manual Specifications are subjected to change without notice due to product continuous improvements. 1 The Wargo Signature Yak 55 is the realization of my goal to have the perfect 3D and aerobatic
More informationThe. hots. The newest member of this fun fly family is also the lightest and 3D capable!
construction by STEvEn SAnTIcH photos by STEvEn SAnTIcH The electro hots The newest member of this fun fly family is also the lightest and 3D capable! Today, in The competition 3d world, the models being
More information3 MODES FLIGHT YOUR EASY-TO-USE AERIAL PHOTO AND VIDEO ASSISTANT AERIAL IMAGES * CAPTURE STUNNING. shown
shown YOUR EASY-TO-USE AERIAL PHOTO AND VIDEO ASSISTANT Āton makes it easy for everyone to enjoy capturing stunning aerial footage. With built-in features such as Auto-Take off and Return To Home, Āton
More informationChapter 7: DC Motors and Transmissions. 7.1: Basic Definitions and Concepts
Chapter 7: DC Motors and Transmissions Electric motors are one of the most common types of actuators found in robotics. Using them effectively will allow your robot to take action based on the direction
More informationWhat you need to know about Electric Locos
What you need to know about Electric Locos When we first started building 5 gauge battery powered engines they used converted car dynamos as the motive power, this worked well but used a lot of power for
More informationPOWER and ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
POWER and ELECTRIC CIRCUITS Name For many of us, our most familiar experience with the word POWER (units of measure: WATTS) is when we think about electricity. Most of us know that when we change a light
More informationManual Where Do I Get Cars Save Gas Mileage Than Automatics
Manual Where Do I Get Cars Save Gas Mileage Than Automatics Where do automatic cars fare now in the big fuel consumption debate: automatic significant moves made to improve the technology in automatic
More informationLiPo Battery Basics 1 - Safe Use
Page 1 Published on Model Aviation (http://modelaviation.com) Home > LiPo Battery Basics 1 - Safe Use LiPo Battery Basics 1 - Safe Use Understanding the technology and its safe use Article and photos by
More information* Caution : Brushes are brittle. Do not brake them. 3UE
The IVOPROP operates on a COMPLETELY UNIQUE adjustable pitch system that allows for substantially less hardware and rotating mass than any other ground pitch adjustable prop. The unique pitch adjustment
More informationWelcome to the Airbus A380 Basic Manual for Virtual Air Cadet Airlines.
Welcome to the Airbus A380 Basic Manual for Virtual Air Cadet Airlines. Performance figures: Max operating speed: 340kts / M0.89 Max gear speed: 250kts / M0.55 Max flap speeds: Code: Select all Flaps Speed
More informationPuget Sound Fast Electrics Model Boat Club
Puget Sound Fast Electrics Model Boat Club http://members.tripod.com/psfastelectrics5/ Ted s Aggressive N1 Mono, Six Cell Stock, El Lobo II Parts List 1. Bandit Boats El Lobo II http://www.banditboats.com
More informationElectric Flight Version /22/2011 (Red text denotes a change from previous version)
Electric Flight 101 - Version 1.3 05/22/2011 (Red text denotes a change from previous version) A document to assist in the understanding and selection of electric flight components used in the brushless
More informationSHOCK DYNAMOMETER: WHERE THE GRAPHS COME FROM
SHOCK DYNAMOMETER: WHERE THE GRAPHS COME FROM Dampers are the hot race car component of the 90s. The two racing topics that were hot in the 80s, suspension geometry and data acquisition, have been absorbed
More informationAssembly and operating instructions. Assembly and Operating Manual
Assembly and operating instructions Assembly and Operating Manual Dear customer, Assembly and Operating Manual The radio control system Glued joints, suitable adhesives Congratulations on your choice of
More information1100MM P-51 Mustang ELECTRIC POWERED REMOTE CONTROL AIRPLANE ELEVENHOBBY.COM
1100MM P-51 Mustang ELECTRIC POWERED REMOTE CONTROL AIRPLANE ELEVENHOBBY.COM WARNING: Read the ENTIRE instruction manual to become familiar with the features of the product before operating. Failure to
More informationAssembly and operating instructions. Assembly and Operating Manual
Assembly and operating instructions Assembly and Operating Manual Dear customer, Assembly and Operating Manual The radio control system Glued joints, suitable adhesives Congratulations on your choice of
More informationCommon Terms Selecting a Turbocharger Compressor... 4
TURBOCHARGERS Common Terms... 2 Adiabatic Efficiency... 2 Pressure Ratio... 2 Density Ratio... 2 Turbine... 2 A/R Ratio... 2 Charge-Air-Cooler... 2 Boost... 3 Waste Gate... 3 Turbo Lag... 3 Boost Threshold...
More information40 EP Gee Bee Y Scale ARF V2 Instruction Manual Specs:
40 EP Gee Bee Y Scale ARF V2 Instruction Manual Specs: Wing Span: 40" Overall length: 30" Wing area: 306 sq. in Ready to fly weight: 28~32 oz Motor/Engine: Electric: Uranus-28309 brushless outrunner motor,
More informationClimber is 776B101101
is Climber 776B101101 Introduction Product Introduction NE R/C 776B is a good-sized glider designed by Nine Eagles Company latest, whose wing span is up to 2008mm. You only need to assemble the aerofoil
More informationActual CFM = VE Theoretical CFM
Here is a brief discussion of turbo sizing for a 2.0 liter engine, for example, the 3-SGTE found in the 91-95 Toyota MR2 Turbo. This discussion will compare some compressor maps from the two main suppliers
More informationWench With a Wrench. By Gail Wagner. A Shocking Discussion. Should I or Shouldn t I? That is The Question
By Gail Wagner Wench With a Wrench A Shocking Discussion There are lots of things you want out of your Miata driving experience and one of them is a smooth ride. A key factor that contributes to this experience
More informationWide Band EFIE Installation Instructions. Locate the wide band oxygen sensor current wire
Wide Band EFIE Installation Instructions Install your fuel efficiency device The EFIE is not intended to be a fuel saver by itself. You should install a device that is designed to get more energy out of
More informationTHE TORQUE GENERATOR OF WILLIAM F. SKINNER
THE TORQUE GENERATOR OF WILLIAM F. SKINNER IN 1939, WHICH WAS THE START OF WORLD WAR TWO, WILLIAM SKINNER OF MIAMI IN FLORIDA DEMONSTRATED HIS FIFTH-GENERATION SYSTEM WHICH WAS POWERED BY SPINNING WEIGHTS.
More informationFIRE PHOENIX RADIO CONTROLLED AIRPLANE
FIRE PHOENIX RADIO CONTROLLED AIRPLANE ASSEMBLY AND OPERATION INSTRUCTIONS YIN YAN MODEL TECH. MFT. 1 SPECIFICATIONS Material EPO Plane Battery Li-Po 1300mAh 11.1V Radio 4 Channel Wing Span 1200mm Length
More information2. There are 2 types of batteries: wet cells and dry cells.
How Batteries Work 1. Imagine a world where all electric devices had to be plugged in. we would need cords for our cell phones. Wires would run from our calculators and TV remotes. We would trip over cords
More informationAssembly and Operating Manual
Assembly and Operating Manual Dear customer, Congratulations on your choice of a factory-assembled model aircraft from the SKYANGEL Hummingbird range and thank you for placing your trust in us. Very little
More informationAssembly and Operating Manual
Dear customer, Assembly and Operating Manual The radio control system Glued joints, suitable adhesives Congratulations on your choice of a factory-assembled model aircraft from the SKYANGEL Hummingbird
More informationGreddy E-manage Installation and Tuning Information
Greddy E-manage Installation and Tuning Information Overview The Emanage has a lot of functionality considering it is still a piggyback type engine management system and not a full standalone. By itself,
More informationHow to build an energy generator with an old oil barrel without oil (Savonius wind generator)
How to build an energy generator with an old oil barrel without oil (Savonius wind generator) Index 1. Introduction... 1 2. Some words about the wind energy in general... 2 2.1 Mister Betz and the energy
More informationAvoiding Crashes 5 tips to save your RC airplane! Sep 03, 2011 By Gerry Yarrish
Avoiding Crashes 5 tips to save your RC airplane! Sep 03, 2011 By Gerry Yarrish We ve all been here, done that! The life expectancy of your RC airplane is directly proportional to how well you follow directions.
More informationCONFIGURATION(astro/blaze) REQUIRES #
CONFIGURATION(astro/blaze) Length: 29.1in(740mm) Wing Span: 31.9in / 31.1in(810 / 790mm) Wing Area: 1.61 / 1.53ft²(15 / 14.2dm²) Flying Weight: 21oz(600g) REQUIRES Radio control system with 4 channels(delta-mix.)
More informationGreat Chargers. Rating System. Bench-tested and editor-approved Text and photos by John Reid
Great Chargers Bench-tested and editor-approved Text and photos by John Reid A charger is an essential investment that will pay dividends in the performance of your battery packs., safety features, and
More informationRadio Control Aircraft Engines and Accessories
Radio Control Aircraft Engines and Accessories Radio Control Aircraft Engines and Accessories For more information on Evolution Engines, go to www.evolutionengines.com EVOCATALOG 8171.3 2007 Horizon Hobby,
More information2006 RockShox Pike 454 Air U-turn
a Guest Review by DGC Edited by Chris Streeter FEATURES The Maxle is possibly the best thing to come along on since external adjustable rebound. This is a true quick-release, 20mm thru-axle system. 5 seconds
More informationINDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSE. On Industrial Automation and Control
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSE On Industrial Automation and Control By Prof. S. Mukhopadhyay Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Kharagpur Topic Lecture
More informationBuilding a Mick Reeves 1/4.5 scale Hurricane. Instalment 6. Engine, Exhaust, Servos, Batteries and Wiring. Fitting the Engine:
Building a Mick Reeves 1/4.5 scale Hurricane Instalment 6. Engine, Exhaust, Servos, Batteries and Wiring Fitting the Engine: Before fitting the engine to the firewall I have accurately mounted the cowl
More informationAir Craft Data Sheet - HYPERION Z40 Series Outrunner Motors
Seite 1 von 5 visit Air Craft website Air Craft DataSheet See General Guide for Brushless Motor/Controller installation here New! See Z40 User Flight Reports here HYPERION Z40 Series Brushless OutRunners
More informationTroubleshooting Guide for Limoss Systems
Troubleshooting Guide for Limoss Systems NOTE: Limoss is a manufacturer and importer of linear actuators (motors) hand controls, power supplies, and cables for motion furniture. They are quickly becoming
More information... BY: Scott Barnhart
Wi! ;ql ;~,... TEe ONEYAII54...................................................................................... BY: Scott Barnhart I TALK UP TmSYAK Techone Hobby is a company schemes. The computer numeric
More informationNOTE: "D" is for diameter, and "T" is for thread.
Rossi has been making engines since 1960. The factory incorporates the best Swiss CNC machinery that manufactures engines with the most precise tolerances from the best quality materials producing the
More informationSidney Sizes his Solar Power System
Sidney Sizes his Solar Power System Sidney wants to size his van s solar power system. He s got a few things he d like to power in his van, and those items are where the design will begin. Step 1: Sidney
More informationDenis Loo
Electric Systems Configuration Denis Loo Denis.KC.Loo@Gmail.com Version 21 2.1 1 Motivation or Why Bother??? Clean and Quiet Indoor Flying Suited for smaller Aircraft & Heli s Electric Only Kits/ARFs FPV,
More informationSelected excerpts from the book: Lab Scopes: Introductory & Advanced. Steven McAfee
Selected excerpts from the book: Lab Scopes: Introductory & Advanced Steven McAfee 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Excerpt from Chapter 1 Lab Scopes How do they work? (page 6) Excerpt from Chapter 3 Pattern Recognition
More informationCHASSIS DYNAMICS TABLE OF CONTENTS A. DRIVER / CREW CHIEF COMMUNICATION I. CREW CHIEF COMMUNICATION RESPONSIBILITIES
CHASSIS DYNAMICS TABLE OF CONTENTS A. Driver / Crew Chief Communication... 1 B. Breaking Down the Corner... 3 C. Making the Most of the Corner Breakdown Feedback... 4 D. Common Feedback Traps... 4 E. Adjustment
More informationIssue 14 Article By Greg Covey Print Issue 14 "Storing Lithium for Longevity"
Issue 14 Article By Greg Covey Print Issue 14 "Storing Lithium for Longevity" Although new market trends are lowering prices, most of us consider the cost of Lithium batteries to be a significant part
More informationRUBICON AREA FLYERS RAFFLE RULES. TICKETS: $5 Each $20 for 6 (yes 6)
RUBICON AREA FLYERS RAFFLE RULES TICKETS: $5 Each $20 for 6 (yes 6) Phoenix Model 1/8 Westland Lysander Specs: Wingspan: 74.8" (1900mm) Length: 46.5" (1182mm) Flying Weight: 7.5-7.9 lb (3.4-3.6 kg) Wing
More informationVEHICLE TOWING SAFETY
When you've got the correct gear, some practice and confidence, towing can be as easy as single-vehicle driving. Yet safety should always be your main concern when you're pulling a trailer. Because no
More informationby John Glezellis 38 MODEL AVIATION
WITH THE INCREASING development of technology for micro indoor models, I decided it was time to build a foamie that was fully 3-D capable and could be flown in the confined space of an average-size room
More informationXIV.C. Flight Principles Engine Inoperative
XIV.C. Flight Principles Engine Inoperative References: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM Objectives The student should develop knowledge of the elements related to single engine operation. Key Elements Elements Schedule
More informationSubject: 1/2" tape drive motor-generator measurements Sent: 24 Oct 99
Subject: 1/2" tape drive motor-generator measurements Sent: 24 Oct 99 Background for those new to the subject: These motors were taken out of old Mainframe 1/2 inch reel to reel tape drives. Typical each
More information35MM Series Nano F15. Assembly and Operating Manual
35MM Series 2011 Assembly and Operating Manual SPECIFICATION: Length: 21-3/5"(550mm) Wing Span: 15-3/5"(395mm) Flying Weight: 5-4/5oz (165g.) Nano F15 Dear customer, Congratulations on your choice of a
More informationAssembly and Operating Manual. SPECIFICATION Length inch (640mm) Wing Span inch (705mm) Flying Weight oz (330g)
Assembly and Operating Manual SPECIFICATION Length 25.19 inch (640mm) Wing Span 27.76 inch (705mm) Flying Weight 11.64 oz (330g) Dear customer, Assembly and Operating manual VIPER The Radio Control System
More informationUSER MANUAL BRUSHLESS SPEED CONTROLLER S5-RTR ESC S5A-RTR ESC RC CARS & TRUCKS
USER MANUAL BRUSHLESS SPEED CONTROLLER S5-RTR ESC S5A-RTR ESC RC CARS & TRUCKS Declaration Thanks for purchasing our Electronic Speed Controller (ESC). High power system for RC model can be very dangerous,
More informationChapter 12. Formula EV3: a racing robot
Chapter 12. Formula EV3: a racing robot Now that you ve learned how to program the EV3 to control motors and sensors, you can begin making more sophisticated robots, such as autonomous vehicles, robotic
More information18 Volt Cordless Drills
Niagara College 18 Volt Cordless Drills Technical Recommendation Report For J. Smith Darryl Murray 2012 M u r r a y R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s P a g e 1 Introduction When one considers the purchase
More informationWhat is a GLOW engine?
Micro engines What is a GLOW engine? R/C models get power from various modes. Gliders, for example, do not need a power source other than what nature provides. But they are the exception. Normally all
More informationThe Holly Buddy. 2.5cc Model Diesel - Compression Ignition engine.
The Holly Buddy 2.5cc Model Diesel - Compression Ignition engine. Firstly I want to dedicate this engine to David Owen. I didn t know David for very long, but his influence on me and my affection for these
More informationSection 2: Basic Aerobatics
Section 2: Basic Aerobatics Airplane Considerations and Control Setup Primary to Aerobatic Airplane Transition Parallel Positioning B-34 Basic Aerobatics Introduction Aerobatics is unarguably the most
More informationTroubleshooting Guide for Okin Systems
Troubleshooting Guide for Okin Systems More lift chair manufacturers use the Okin electronics system than any other system today, mainly because they re quiet running and usually very dependable. There
More informationComments and facts below in chronological order as testing progress. Added non Added resistive Total load Watt meter kwh resistive
Comments and facts below in chronological order as testing progress Date Added non Added resistive Total load Watt meter kwh resistive from grid Jan 13 6 + 9 = 15 W 15 W 16 Jan 17 3 x 27 = 81 W 96 W 100
More informationAIRCRAFT DESIGN MADE EASY. Basic Choices and Weights. By Chris Heintz
AIRCRAFT DESIGN MADE EASY By Chris Heintz The following article, which is a first installement of a two-part article, describes a simple method for the preliminary design of an airplane of conventional
More informationRAFIG IDLE TUNING PROCESS
RAFIG IDLE TUNING PROCESS I decided to PDF this process and bring everything I found into one document as when I went to idle tune it was in bits and pieces so I have gathered SSpdmon s info and put it
More informationProduct Manual. 42BYGH40(M)-160-4A NEMA 17 Bipolar 5.18:1. Planetary Gearbox Stepper
Product Manual 42BYGH40(M)-160-4A NEMA 17 Bipolar 5.18:1 Planetary Gearbox Stepper Phidgets - Product Manual 42BYGH40(M)-160-4A NEMA 17 Bipolar 5.18:1 Planetary Gearbox Stepper Phidgets Inc. 2011 Contents
More informationWeight Effects Part 1
Weight Effects Part 1 David F. Rogers Copyright c 1997-1999 David F. Rogers. All rights reserved. Most of us normally operate our aircraft at less than gross weight, yet weight significantly affects the
More information