Electrical Power System Essentials

Transcription

1 Electrical Power System Essentials Pieter Schavemaker and Lou van der Sluis Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

2 Contents Preface ix 1 Introduction to Power System Analysis Introduction Scope of the Material General Characteristics of Power Systems AC versus DC Systems Hz and 60 Hz Frequency Balanced Three-phase Systems Voltage Levels Phasors Network Elements in the Phasor Domain Calculations in the Phasor Domain Equivalent Line-to-Neutral Diagrams Power in Single-phase Circuits Active and Reactive Power Complex Power Power Factor Power in Three-phase Circuits Per Unit Normalization Power System Structure 43 2 The Generation of Electric Energy Introduction Thermal Power Plants The Principles of Thermodynamics Nuclear Power Plants Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion 56

3 vi Contents 2.4 Renewable Energy Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Concepts Hydropower and Pumped Storage Solar Power Geothermal Power The Synchronous Machine 67 The Transmission of Electric Energy Introduction Transmission and Distribution Network Network Structures Substations Substation Concepts Protection of Transmission and Distribution Networks Transformers Power Carriers Overhead Transmission Lines Underground Cables 113 The Utilization of Electric Energy Introduction TypesofLoad Mechanical Energy Light Heat DC Electrical Energy Chemical Energy Classification of Grid Users Residential Loads Commercial and Industrial Loads Electric Railways 135 Power System Control Introduction Basics of Power System Control Active Power and Frequency Control Primary Control Secondary Control or Load Frequency Control (LFC) Voltage Control and Reactive Power Generator Control (AVR) Tap-changing Transformers Reactive Power Injection Control of Transported Power Controlling Active Power Flows 160

4 Contents vii Controlling Reactive Power Flows Unified Power-Flow Controller (UPFC) Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Energy Management Systems Introduction Loadflow or Power Flow Computation Loadflow Equations General Scheme of the Newton-Raphson Loadflow Decoupled Loadflow DC Loadflow Optimal Powerflow State Estimator General Scheme of the State Estimator Bad Data Analysis Statistical Analysis of the State Estimator Electricity Markets Introduction Electricity Market Structure Market Clearing Social Weifare Market Coupling Future Power Systems Introduction Renewable Energy Decentralized or Distributed Generation Power-electronic Interfaces Energy Storage Blackouts and Chaotic Phenomena Nonlinear Phenomena and Chaos Blackouts 229 Appendices Maxwell's Laws 237 A.l Introduction 237 A.2 Power Series Approach to Time-varying Fields 238 A.3 Quasi-static Field of a Parallel-plate Capacitor 240 A.4 Quasi-static Field of a Single-turn Inductor 245 A.5 Quasi-static Field of a Resistor 250 A.6 Circuit Modeling 253

5 viii Contents B Power Transformer Model 255 B.l Introduction 255 B.2 The Ideal Transformer 255 B.3 Magnetically Coupled Coils 258 B.4 The Non-ideal Transformer 262 B.5 Three-phase Transformer 264 C Synchronous Machine Model 267 C.l Introduction 267 C.2 The Primitive Synchronous Machine 267 C.3 The Single-phase Synchronous Machine 273 C.4 The Three-phase Synchronous Machine 278 C.5 Synchronous Generator in the Power System 283 D Induction Machine Model 287 D.l Introduction 287 D.2 The Basic Principle of the Induction Machine 288 D.3 The Magnetic Field in the Air-Gap 293 D.4 A Simple Circuit Model for the Induction Machine 297 D.5 Induction Motor in the Power System 300 E The Representation of Lines and Cables 303 E.l Introduction 303 E.2 The Long Transmission Line 303 E.3 The Medium-length Transmission Line 308 E.4 The Short Transmission Line 309 E.5 Comparison of the Three Line Models 310 E.6 The Underground Cable 312 References 313 Listof Abbreviations 317 List of Symbols 319 Index 321