Experiment and Modeling Study on Battery Performance

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1 , pp Experiment and Modeling Study on Battery Performance Shuang Du a, Ruijuan Guo b, Shangyuan Sun c College of Engineering Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China a dushuang234@sina.com, b guiruijuan022@163.com, c sunshangyuan@163.com Abstract. Battery is an important part of the electric vehicle energy storage system. The performance parameters of battery are comprised of charge and discharge voltages and inside resistances. They are studied by experiments in the paper. Battery simulation model is established according to the experimental data and the internal resistance of the model. The model can better reflect the battery dynamic properties and can be used in pure electric vehicle with dualenergy storage system simulation. It is also significant to study energy management technology of dualenergy storage system Keywords: battery, voltages, internal resistances, dualenergy storage system. 1 Introduction Energy storage device is an important part which can influence the performance of pure electric vehicle with dualenergy storage system. At present, the energy storage device of the pure electric vehicle with dualenergy storage system is mainly composed of the battery and the ultracapacitor. The battery has the advantages of high energy density, low self discharge rate, simple maintenance and clean environmental protection [1]. Lead acid battery is used as the main energy source of the energy storage system of pure electric vehicle. It has the advantage of mature production technology, low price, enough material and good reliability [23]. 2 Charging and Discharging Experiments and Results Analysis of Battery The lead acid battery is tested by the Ningbo Beit BTS5060C2 type power battery test system. The range of test voltage is from 0 to 60V and the resolution ratio is 1mV. The range of test current is from 200mA to 50A. The lead acid battery parameters in the experiment are shown in Table 1. ISSN: ASTL Copyright 2016 SERSC

2 Table 1. Lead acid battery parameters type rated capacity Rated size (mm) weight (Ah) voltage (V) (kg) T Test Scheme In the experiment, charge the battery at first and then discharge the battery by the BTS5060C2 type power battery test system. Charge and discharge the battery by the test system is shown in Figure 1. At first, Charge the battery with 50A constant current. When the battery capacities are 10Ah, end charge and stew in 30 minutes. Then charge the battery with 45A constant current. When the battery capacities are 20Ah, end charge and stew in 30 minutes. The charge current is reduced to 5A at each time, until the charge current is 5A. It takes 11 hours during the whole charging experiment. And the total charge capacities are 100Ah. The discharging experiment is similar to the charging experiment. Discharge the battery after the battery is full of electricity for 3 hours. It takes 5 hours during the whole discharging experiment. Fig. 1. Test experiment of the battery 2.2 Experiment results and data processing Charging experiment voltage and current versus time curve is shown in Figure 2. As can be seen from Figure 2, the voltages of the battery increase gradually with the increase of the time in the process of the experiment. But the terminal voltage will fall in the static time which is mainly due to the internal chemical reaction of the battery. This phenomenon is called lag effect. Discharging experiment voltage and current versus time curve is shown in Figure Copyright 2016 SERSC

3 Total voltages(v) Total currents(a) Total times(s) Total timestotal voltages Total timestotal currents Fig. 2. Charging voltage and current versus time curve Total voltages(v) Total currents(a) Total times(s) Total timestotal voltages Total timestotal currents Fig. 3. Discharging voltage and current versus time curve R = ΔU I (1) Where, I the current value of constant current charge and discharge; ΔU the voltage change value of constant current charge and discharge. Process the battery charging and discharging experiment data and get the battery charge and discharge internal resistance and SOC data. They are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Charge and discharge internal resistance and SOC measurement data SOC Charge internal resistance Copyright 2016 SERSC 51

4 /Ω Discharge internal resistance /Ω Establish the function expression of the internal resistance and SOC by least square method of polynomial fitting according to data of Table 2. R(x)=a 0 +a 1 x+a 2 x 2 +a 3 x 3 +a 4 x 4 +a 5 x 5 (2) After fitting, the coefficients in the equation (2) are shown in Table 3. Table 3. The relation coefficient of charge and discharge internal resistance coefficient a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 Charge internal resistance 1.7 Discharge internal resistance The open circuit voltages of the battery during the discharge process are obtained by the discharging experiment of the battery. They are shown in Table 4. Table 4. Discharge voltage and SOC measurement data SOC Discharge voltage/v Table 5. The relation coefficient of discharge voltage coefficient b 0 b 1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 b 6 Discharge voltage Establish the function expression of the open circuit voltage and SOC by least square method of polynomial fitting according to the data of Table 4. E(y)=b 0 +b 1 y+b 2 y 2 +b 3 y 3 +b 4 y 4 +b 5 y 5 +b 6 y 6 (3) After fitting, the coefficients in the formula (3) are shown in Table 5. 3 Establish Battery Model The lead acid battery model is established in Matlab/Simulink environment[5]. It mainly includes the internal resistance and voltage model, power model, voltage and current model and SOC model. 52 Copyright 2016 SERSC

5 3.1 Theoretical Model of Lead Acid Battery The internal resistance model is used in electric vehicle simulation usually. It will be equivalent to linear model of ideal voltage source and the resistance in series [6]. The model is shown in Figure 4. + I R + E V Fig. 4. The internal resistance model Fig. 5. Internal resistance and voltage model Where, E electrodynamic force;v open circuit voltage;r internal resistance. The parameters E and R in equivalent circuit can be obtained by the experimental method. 3.2 Internal Resistance and Voltage Model Establish the internal resistance and voltage model according to equation 2 and 3. It is shown in Figure Power Model Power model is used to limit the power range of the battery current. It is limited generally in battery SOC, the minimum operating voltage of the motor and the equivalent circuit parameters. The maximum output power is expressed as: p V max E V R max (4) Copyright 2016 SERSC 53

6 Fig. 6. Power model Fig. 7. Voltage and current model 3.4 Voltage and Current Model The output power of the battery from Figure 4 is expressed as: P=V I (5) Terminal voltage of the battery is expressed as: V=EI R (6) Substitute equation 6 into equation 5 and solute the equation then obtain E I = E 2 4RP 2R (7) 3.5 SOC Model The ampere hour calculation is used to calculate battery SOC in the paper. Suppose the maximum capacity of the battery is C max, then the SOC of the K time can be expressed as: 54 Copyright 2016 SERSC

7 Cmax k ηidt 0 SOC = C t max (8) Where, I current; η discharge efficiency; t k 0 Id t the capacity of the battery has been consumed. Fig. 8. SOC model Fig. 9. Battery simulation model 3.6 General Simulation Model of Battery Incorporate Figure 5 to Figure 8 into a Simulink file. And establish the overall simulation model of the storage battery. It is shown in Figure 9. 4 Conclusions The battery charging and discharging experiments are carried out in the paper. Experimental data show that the battery has the less charge and discharge resistance and better storage characteristics. And open circuit voltage increases with the increase of SOC. The battery simulation model is established according to the battery internal resistance, which is important to dynamic coordination and energy distribution technology of pure electric vehicle with dualenergy storage system. References 1. Yang, J., Zhang, Z.: Electric vehicle battery management system based on microcontroller and programmable devices. Mechatronics. 6, 29 (2004). 2. Liu, L.: Battery performance simulation and experiment of electric vehicle. A Dissertation Submitted for the Degree of Master. (2005) Wuhan University of Technology, Hubei. Copyright 2016 SERSC 55

8 3. Massimo, C.: New dynamical Models of LeadAcid Batteries. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 4, 15 (2000). 4. Cao, J., Jiang, G.: A Study on Practical Use of DCcurrent Charging Method in the Analysis of battery Internal Resistor. Electronic engineer. 12, 34 (2008). 5. Qiushi Science and Technology. MATLAB 7.0 from entry to the master, People Post Press, Beijing (2006). 6. Zhao, X.: Modeling and Simulation of batteries for electric vehicles. A Dissertation Submitted for the Degree of Master. (2004) Wuhan University of Technology, Hubei. 56 Copyright 2016 SERSC

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