Infrastructures for Electrical Mobility
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1 IAMF 2009 International Advanced Mobility Forum March 2009, Geneva Infrastructures for Electrical Mobility Guenther Brauner (TU Wien) IAMF 2009 Brauner 1/25
2 Electrical mobility with small vehicles Mega cities of the future Specific energy demand for mobility Short distance in suburban areas Long distance Sustainable mobility Development of charging stations Short distance e-vehicle Long distance e-vehicle IAMF 2009 Brauner 2/25
3 Population in Millions Development of world settlement structure urban rural IAMF 2009 Brauner 3/25
4 Mega Cities 2007 IAMF 2009 Brauner 4/25 Inhabitants in Mio Tokyo-Yokohama Mexiko-Stadt New York Seoul Bombay Sao Paulo Manila Jakarta Delhi Los Angeles Shangai Kairo Kalkutta Moskau London Paris Berlin Wien
5 Population Density IAMF 2009 Brauner 5/25 Population density persons/km2 Tokyo-Yokohama Mexiko-Stadt New York Seoul Bombay Sao Paulo Manila Jakarta Delhi Los Angeles Shangai Kairo Kalkutta Moskau London Paris Berlin Wien
6 Los IAMF Angeles 2009 Brauner down town 6/25
7 IAMF 2009 Brauner 7/25
8 Categories of Traffic Long distance traffic center suburb Urban short distance traffic IAMF 2009 Brauner 8/25
9 Mobility of the future Center of mega cities Walking Subway, tram, bus Small electrical car (permission) Suburb of mega cities Small electrical or conventional car Bus Inter-area traffic Conventional or hybrid car Electrical car (battery exchange, rapid charging) Fast train IAMF 2009 Brauner 9/25
10 Mobility Change in Austria 1971 to ,0% 70,0% 60,0% 50,0% 40,0% 30,0% 20,0% 10,0% 0,0% walking bicycle car, motorbike train tram, subway bus IAMF 2009 Brauner 10/25
11 fossil energy demand of traffic [Statistik Austria 2005] share Anteil in am energy energetischen end-use Endverbrauch Verkehr; 29,9% Dienstl.; 10,4% Landw.; 2,9% Prod. Bereich; 26,4% Haushalt; 30,3% Anteile an Mineralölprodukten Share on oil Dienstl.; 3,1% Landw.; 4,0% Prod. Bereich; 9,9% Verkehr; 63,5% Haushalt; 19,5% IAMF 2009 Brauner 11/25
12 Hybrid propulsion systems serial hybrid parallel hybrid IAMF 2009 Brauner 12/25
13 Efficiency: Fuel to wheel efficiency Source: AVL List / Kloess TU Wien IAMF 2009 Brauner 13/25
14 Energy Efficiency of Drive Types motor type drive efficiency mean efficiency European drive cycle gasoline (Otto drive) % 15 % diesel drive % 20 % electric drive % 50 % IAMF 2009 Brauner 14/25
15 Battery Technologies density of power and energy [SAFT Batteries] acceleration 960kg 320kg 220kg 140kg for 24 kwh capacity reach 15 targets: > 1000 kw/kg; >200 kwh/kg; / kwh IAMF 2009 Brauner 15/25
16 Vehicle Costs (middle class car) batteries electric drive combust.motor & gear basic vehicle combustion gasoline combustion diesel parallel hybrid serial hybrid electrical vehicle Source: AVL List / Kloess TU Wien IAMF 2009 Brauner 16/25 vehicle costs in Euro 2030
17 Lohner-Porsche kw in wheel motors 115 kg each IAMF 2009 Brauner 17/25
18 Active Wheel [Michelin] 30 kw in wheel motor: 7 kg IAMF 2009 Brauner 18/25
19 title of the slide E-Motor: 30 kw Consumption: 12 kwh/100 km Max. speed: 112 km/h Reach: 115 km Battery: ZEBRA (NaCl + Ni) Charging time: 3,5 h (30 to 80 %) Full loading: 8 h (15,5 kwh) Consumption: 10 kwh/100 km Max. speed: 160 km/h Reach: 160 km Battery: Li Ion Source: TU Wien, Leitinger IAMF 2009 Brauner 19/25
20 km / year motor 45 kw gasoline 30 kw electrical Energy density 8,9 kwh / liter Fuel per100km 4,7 liter 12 kwh (1,1 liter equiv.) kwh / 100 km Relation kwh/km 3,5 1,0 CO 2 emissions 1110 kg / a 20 kg / a hydro power 540 kg / a European mix Source: TU Wien Leitinger Relation CO IAMF 2009 Brauner 20/25
21 Small electrical car Distance home to work km in Austria Energy demand for mobility: 4 kwh/d (35 km) (1.800 kwh/a, eta-charging: 0,8) Typical electricity demand of household kwh/a or 9,5 11 kwh/d Electrical mobility represents 50 % of demand Two electrical cars per household will double private electrical demand Two electrical cars will save 20 kwh/d (gasoline) IAMF 2009 Brauner 21/25
22 Sustainable energy supply of e-mobility Hydropower Wind energy Photovoltaic IAMF 2009 Brauner 22/25
23 Wind energy Wind converter 2 MW, h/a Annual energy supply of about small electrical vehicles Storage necessary (pumped hydro storage plant) Austrian wind parks 1000 MW for 1 Mio. Cars Austrian wind potential 3000 MW (3 Mio. Cars) European Wind 300 GW in Mio. cars (EU-27: 498 Mio. Inhabitants 2008) IAMF 2009 Brauner 23/25
24 Solar energy for mobility E-car demand 4 kwh/d on 300 d/a: 1200 kwh/a PV-collector Eta 12 % Solar radiation 800 W/m 2 T m = 900 h/a Equivalent to 86 kwh/m 2 /a Solar collector size per car (annual demand): 15 m 2 Investment about Euro per vehicle Pumped storage hydro plants necessary IAMF 2009 Brauner 24/25
25 Kaprun: Limberg II pumped storage hydro power plant storage 2 x 80 Mio. m 3 equivalent to MWh pump turbines 2x240MW energy of storage volume equivalent to 3,1 Mio. Car batteries 24 kwh each IAMF 2009 Brauner 25/25
26 Electricity Demand for Mobility in Austria e-car: 12 kwh/100 km, km/a, 100% penetration: 500 cars per 1000 inhabitants 100 % penetration: 4 Mio. e-cars, 4.8 TWh/a = 8 % of Austrian demand E-Mobility Annual Demand in MWh % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% E-Mobil Penetration 80% 90% 100% IAMF 2009 Brauner 26/25
27 Charging Stations today 2800 filling stations in AT charging time 5 min., total stay at filling station 10 min. number ofl e-charging connetions per charging station % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% e-car penetration, 5 min. charging time IAMF 2009 Brauner 27/25
28 Charging Stations today 2800 filling stations in AT charging time 55 min., total stay at filling station 60 min. number of e-charging connections per charging station 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00 5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% e-carl penetration, 60 min. charging time IAMF 2009 Brauner 28/25
29 Charging strategy of the future Vehicles are more than 95 % in parking position Intelligent charging during parking is the concept of the future Electrical car is the renewable energy storage of the future IAMF 2009 Brauner 29/25
30 Conclusion Small electrical vehicles are necessary especially for suburban traffic Sustainable traffic possible (8-12% of e-demand) Small electrical car technical mature Long distance traffic needs development of new batteries with short charging times Long distance car in the mid term CNG from biomass or fossil sources - Serial hybrid car or full electric car IAMF 2009 Brauner 30/25
31 thank you for your attention! IAMF 2009 Brauner 31/25
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