How Do Helicopters Fly? An Introduction to Rotor Aeromechanics

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1 Audience: Grades 9-10 Module duration: 75 minutes How Do Helicopters Fly? An Introduction to Rotor Aeromechanics Instructor Guide Concepts: Airfoil lift, angle of attack, rotary wing aerodynamics, hover performance, rotor mechanics and control, forward flight performance, autorotation. The emphasis is on rotor operation, specifically flapping and phase lag. Rotor control is described by explaining that the rotor is feathered to induce flapping (the swashplate is not introduced). Syllabus: Airfoils and Lift 1. Introduce the basic parameters that affect lift over an object (airfoil): shape, size, angle of attack, density, and velocity 2. Discuss how the wing on an airplane generates lift relating the variables discussed. 3. Emphasize the importance of velocity on lift generation. Rotary Wing Aerodynamics - Hover 1. Relate the airplane wing to a rotary wing by describing the differences due to rotation: a. How rotation affects the velocity along the radius b. How rotation allows lift to be generated even when helicopter is not moving 2. Have a student volunteer spin the foam rotor blade to show how rotation speed and pitch can each influence lift. Ask the students to describe the distribution of lift on the rotor blade where is lift the greatest and where is it the least? 3. Have the students observe the effect of rotational velocity on lift using the whirly-gigs. Observe how rotational velocity affects thrust. Autorotation 1. Have students drop maple seeds and observe rotation. 2. Describe helicopter autorotation. 3. Describe how blade pitch angle (angle of attack) is adjusted to achieve autorotation.

2 Rotary Wing Aerodynamics Forward Flight 1. Explain how the velocity distribution over a rotor blade changes in forward flight and becomes dependent on rotor azimuth. 2. Explain dissymmetry of lift across the rotor in forward flight, its causes, its implications, and how allowing the rotor blade the freedom to flap equalizes lift across the rotor. 3. Explain rotor phase lag and how this must be compensated by the control system or the pilot. Demonstrate this using a static and spinning pie plate. 4. Demonstrate how phase lag affects a whirly-gig in forward flight. Assessment Students are asked to mark their answers to questions at the beginning and end of the module. The same questions are used both before and after the lesson.

3 HELO STEM Module Material List / Setup 1. Supplies required for STEM helo module: a. Maple seeds (4 per student) b. Whirly-gig (1 per student) c. Rigid paper plate, tack, pencil (1 per student) d. Blue masking tape to mark whirly-gig target and quadrotor course e. Vertically oriented fan (one per 10 students) f. Small pliers (not required, but makes bending more precise one per table) g. Markers or chalk to mark rotor blades h. RC helicopter or quadrotor (we used a Parrot ARDrone2.0 with an ipad controller). 2. Supplies required for rotor (1 each per student): a. Cork (pre-drilled) b. Wire (pre-cut) or two large paperclips c. Balsa wood rotor blades (pre-cut) d. Coffee-stirring straws (good for single use if rotor is to be reused, need brass tube) e. Straw (standard size) f. Skewer g. Masking tape

4 Activity Break up into three groups to participate in three activities 1. Whirly gigs Students fly their whirly-gigs in forward flight attempting to reach a target from a specified distance. Have the students observe the effect of phase lag when flying the whirly-gigs in forward flight (flaps up then banks right). 2. Articulated rotor test a. Students test their rotors by holding them over upright fans. Students should adjust the blade pitch angle to achieve the greatest amount of thrust through feel. As they maneuver the rotor in the airflow, student should observe rotor coning, centrifugal force, and phase lag. b. Students attempt to tilt their rotors into the wind to simulate forward flight. Students observe the limitations of forward tilt and the flapping response of the blades. 3. Quadrotor flight Students take turns flying the quadrotor (or other RC rotorcraft) along a specified course (forward to a spot, turnaround, return). Instructors explain the differences between control of the quadrotor or RC helicopter and an actual helicopter (for example the Parrot quadrotor changes rotor rpm to maneuver instead of changing pitch of the rotor blades).

5 Rotor Phase Lag Demo Rotor Assembly

6 Rotor Test

7 Quadrotor flight

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