Customer and Utility Energy Management Fundamentals 101

Transcription

1 Customer and Utility Energy Management Fundamentals 101 Minneapolis October 24 th 2016

2 Today s Show Brought to you by: Danny Zagotta Barry Mosser Thank you very much, Janet Booker

3 What s your Energy Management Innovation Changes in national policy and environmental issues Changes in technology with metering, controls, and smart grids Increased costs require greater levels of energy management

4 Outline of Discussion Where to begin, your utility company Terminology Rates Retrofits & Expenditures Load Factor & Power Factor Analytics & Maintenance Power Quality, Power Plan Sustainability

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10 What Do Utilities Offer which can save your money Rate Choices Voltage and Service Choices Billing Choices Incentives and Rebates

11 Fundamental Terms concerning billings Kilowatt Hour: (kwhr) A quantity of electricity designated as 1000 watts of power used over a period of one similar to the odometer on your car which measures miles traveled Kilowatt Demand: (kw) The rate that electricity is consumed and typically is measured in a fifteen minute interval. It is not an instantaneous measurement within a fraction of a second similar to the speedometer of your car that records the rate at which miles are traveled **Energy (kwh) = Power (kw) x time (hrs) **A 113-Watt four-lamp light fixture operating 16 hr/day Energy = 113 W x 5,840 hr 1,000 W/kW = 660 kwh

12 Fundamental Terms continued Basic Charge or Customer Charge : This may be a base charge even if no electricity is consumed Minimum Billing : With a rate selection for billing, there may be a minimum charge which could be applied on a monthly or annual basis.

13 Fundamental Terms continued Ratchet Charge: This is a type of minimum charge that will reflect a minimum demand factor when calculating and generally based on your rate schedule or actual usage. Fuel Adjustment: This factor reflects the cost of fuel costs as they change and can be a credit or expense. Late Charges: A charge that results from not receiving payments on schedule. Cash flow in important to all businesses. Contract Riders: Typically, special rates such as Time of Day rates or curtailment rates are handled with an addition agreement attached to an existing rate schedule

14 Relationships to Energy Units 1 cubic foot (cf) = 1,000 BTUs 1 ccf = 100cf = One Therm One Therm = one hundred cubic feet or one Ccf. Mcf = one thousand cubic feet = ten Ccf Mmbtu = one thousand cubic feet = one Mcf = one million btus= 1 Dekatherm ********************** 1 watt = btu/h 1 hp = 2545 btu/h 1 hp = 746 kw *********************** 1 Mcf = one million btus 5.8 Mcf in a barrel of oil 25 Mcf in a ton of big sandy coal (12,500 btus per pound) 293 kwhs in one Mcf (at resistance heat value) 1760 kwhs in one barrel of oil 4.16 barrels of oil in a ton of coal

15 Rate Structures General Service Rates Demand Based Rates Seasonal Rates Time of Day Rates Real Time Rates Curtailment Rates Renewable Rates

16 Voltage Options Choices that affect your energy costs Secondary Service: This refers to the secondary side of the transformer as the point of reference for the selected voltage. Primary Service: This refers to the primary voltage used for distribution. The customer owns and maintains any transformers. Typical voltages are 12kV

17 It is about the details Check each of your accounts are on the lowest cost rate option Do all the demands look in order for each location Do you have any cash deposits and can these be substituted with a letter of credit or bond? Get a copy of the rate schedules as you talk with your utility representative for your files. To facilitate this type of work is a major goal for the EEI Workshop!

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23 Energy Management and Choices

24 Load Factor = Load Factor The ratio of electricity consumed measured in kwh divided by the maximum amount of energy that could have been used at peak demand (kw) every hour of the billing period. Kilowatt hours measured Peak kw demand X 24 hours in a day X # days in the billing period This quantity is always a percentage High load factors are in the 80% range or more Low load factors are in the teens or less Typical range can be from 25% to 60% and depends on the equipment and its operation.

25 Power Factors Power consumed in inductive or capacitive loads and requires specialized metering to measure in terms of kvar (reactance) An adjustment may be added to your billing.

26 Power Factor Customers use kw, but energy companies provide kva.

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28 What Causes Power Factor Problems? How do you correct a poor power factor? Inductive loads present in circuits contribute to lower power factor ratios. Equipment like motors, ballasts for lighting, and other equipment that contains coils of wire for magnetic fields induce a load. Inductive loads can be brought into a less lagging scenario with capacitors being added to the circuit. Capacitors can be installed at equipment locations. An example is power factor corrected lighting ballasts. Capacitors can be installed at sub-panel locations. Capacitors can be sized and installed at the service entrance. Work with your utilities across the country on this issue

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35 Power Quality

36 Statistics of Power The average transmission circuit has one measurable variation per month. The average distribution circuit from a substation has: Four to Seven Breaker events per year About Seven voltage sags per year due to buss connections of circuits and other causes.

37 Does an Outage or Service Do you have a plan Do you know the incurred costs of an outage. Variation Affect You? Are your energy needs special where standard variances are just not acceptable

38 What are the Causes Grid Switching from the Utility Power Factor correction capacitors Accidents to power lines and power distribution equipment Re-closures clearing faults Weather Other utility customers

39 Major Cause of Power Problems

40 Power Quality Problems 80% of Power Quality Problems are caused internally This is based on an average of all customer power quality issues and national customers may have a different ratio.

41 Customer Problems From Their Power System Large equipment turning on/off Harmonics & transients from electronic equipment Wiring errors & grounding loops Overloaded circuits and equipment Poor power quality strategy Poorly specified power products, such as under-rated UPS systems

42 What Can Happen to a Power Distribution Grid? ARE YOU READY? Do you have a plan? October 2016 October 14,24, 2014

43 What is your plan when a major storm impacts your business? West Liberty, KY March 2012

44 What is your plan when a major storm impacts your business? Kentucky Power Transmission March 2012 March 2, 2012 tornado topples 765-kV towers in Kentucky The F3-strength tornado mangled the steel lattice towers like a big person sitting on a kid s toy,

45 What is your plan when a major storm impacts your business? Tulsa, OK December 2007

46 What is your plan when a major storm impacts your business? ½ million Oklahoma customers without power PSO alone had 250,000 of their 500,000 customers out of power

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49 Do you have a store level outage communication plan that all levels of the organization have signed off on? Is a copy of your plan at each of your locations? Is your utility account manager contact list up to date? Is the store phone number on your electric account? Is your store number/id on your electric account? Is the station / circuit data provided on your account listing? Does your plan include provisions for outages lasting days versus hours?

50 What is your plan when a major storm impacts your business? Corporate level continued Are you prepared if you need a generator? Is it a turn key installation? Do you have a certain number of generator sets under contract? Do you have a reliable electrician? Do your sites have a quick connect switch for a generator? Please remember - it may be difficult for your utility to pull fuses during major storm restoration efforts

51 What is your plan when a major storm impacts your business? Store Level Always check your inside breaker Report the outage to your utility Activate the Corporate Emergency Communications Plan (calldown procedures, emergency contact) It normally takes a minimum of 24 hours to access the potential damage is before a realistic restoration time frame is available. Be prepared for days not hours

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53 What is your plan when a major storm impacts your business? Restoration in a safe and efficient manner is a PRIORTY Special priority given to: Reported hazards such as downed power lines 911 agency calls and emergency facilities (fire, police, hospitals, water treatment, etc.) Utilities work on main lines, or circuits that will restore the largest number of customers in the shortest period of time Majority of retail business will typically fall into this category There are always exceptions and each utility and customers are different Energy Opportunities Today and Tomorrow

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63 Contact Information Danny Zagotta Office: Barry Mosser Office: