EFFECT OF ADDING DISTRIBUTED GENERATION TO DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS CASE STUDY 2:

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1 EFFECT OF ADDING DISTRIBUTED GENERATION TO DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS CASE STUDY 2: Voltage regulation in 4.16kV, 1.5 MVA remote community system with diesel and wind generation

2 Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT July 2009

3 EFFECT OF ADDING DISTRIBUTED GENERATION TO DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS CASE STUDY 2: Voltage regulation in 4.16kV, 1.5 MVA remote community system with diesel and wind generation Second edition prepared by: Guillermo Hernandez-Gonzalez and Chad Abbey Natural Resources Canada CanmetENERGY Energy Technology and Programs Sector 1615 Boul. Lionel Boulet CP4800 Varennes (Québec) J3X 1S6 July 2009 Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT July 2009

4 CITATION Hernandez-Gonzalez, G. and Abbey, C., Effect of Adding Distributed Generation to Distribution Networks Case Study 2, Second edition, report # (RP-TEC) 411-MODSIM, CanmetENERGY Varennes, Natural Resources Canada, July, 2009, 17 pp. DISCLAMER This report is distributed for informational purposes and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of Canada nor constitute and endorsement of any commercial product or person. Neither Canada nor its ministers, officers, employees or agents makes any warranty in respect to this report or assumes any liability arising out of this report. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Financial support for this research project was provided by Natural Resources Canada through the Program on Energy Research and Development. The first edition of this report was prepared by C. Kwok and A.S. Morched in April 2006 [1]. Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT i July 2009

5 TABLE OF CONTENT 1 Introduction Description of Assignment Distribution Study System Distributed Generation Overview of Solution Study Procedure Investigated Scenarios Case 1 - No Wind, High Load Change of terminal voltage of the diesel generators Case 2 - High Wind, High Load Increase of the terminal voltage of the diesel generators to Addition of capacitor banks Use of Doubly Fed Induction Generators Capable of Controlling their Terminal Voltage Case 3 - No Wind, Low Load Case 4 - High Wind, Low Load Conclusions References Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT ii July 2009

6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - Network... 3 Figure 2 - Nodes examined... 5 Figure 3 - Network with low voltage problem - No wind farm, peak load... 6 Figure 4 - Voltage profile, reference network at peak load... 6 Figure 5 - Voltage profile, peak load, terminal voltage of diesel generators at 1.02pu... 7 Figure 6 - Network with wind generators, high wind at peak load... 8 Figure 7 - Voltage profile, network with wind generators, high wind at peak load... 8 Figure 8 - Voltage profile, network with wind generators, high wind at peak load, terminal voltage of diesel generators at 1.05pu Figure 9 - Location of the capacitor bank to be inserted Figure 10 - Voltage profile network with wind generators, high wind at peak load, capacitor bank added.10 Figure 11 - Voltage profile, network with wind turbines driving doubly fed induction generators, high wind at peak load Figure 12 - Voltage profile, light load and no wind Figure 13 - Voltage profile, network with one wind turbine connected, light load Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT iii July 2009

7 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - Loads... 3 Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT iv July 2009

8 Summary This report details the second of a series of case studies which have the intent of disseminating knowledge about the impact of distributed generation on distribution planning and operation. This case study 2 analyzes voltage regulation on a 4.16kV, 1.5 MVA Canadian remote community system, which includes both diesel and wind generation. The second edition for this series of case studies is meant to update the information in the first edition and facilitate the study of the integration of DG into distribution networks. This case study is meant to be accompanied by the corresponding CYMDIST case study files; however, it also serves as a selfcontained and informative report. Sommaire Ce document est la deuxième d une série d études de cas qui ont comme but de diffuser la connaissance sur le sujet de l impact de l intégration de la production distribuée sur l opération et la planification des réseaux électriques. L étude de cas est basée sur le problème de régulation de tension dans un réseau autonome de 4 kv, 1.5 MVA, qui est alimenté par une centrale diésel et des éoliennes. Cette deuxième édition vise à mettre à jour les études de cas de la première édition, toujours avec l intention de faciliter l étude de la production décentralisée et son intégration. Ce document décrit l étude de cas, incluant les étapes suivies et les résultats. Il a été conçu pour accompagner les fichiers de simulation de CYME mais peut aussi servir de référence utile et informative. Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT v July 2009

9 1 Introduction The use of distributed generation in power systems can offer several benefits. Renewable sources such as wind can help to achieve, among other objectives, two of the most important goals of using DG in distribution systems: (i) the displacement of fossil fuel generation and (ii) to hedge against the risk of increasing fuel prices. Both these merits result from the fact that renewable energy will replace energy produced by fuel-burning units and, consequently, contribute to a cleaner environment and a generation mix that is less dependent on the volatile fuel price. However, the interaction between distributed generation and the distribution system in which it is embedded involve several phenomena that require careful investigation. The impact of distributed generation on the distribution system voltage profile is a major problem that needs to be examined in order to select proper distributed generation technologies and their modes of operation. As intuitively expected, the use of distributed generation capable of contributing to voltage regulation is less likely to result in voltage profile problems. On the other hand, the use of distributed generation at constant power factor particularly lagging power factors can result in voltage limits violation and might require the implementation of remedial measures to alleviate the problem. Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 1 July 2009

10 2 Description of Assignment The objective of this assignment is to investigate the impact of implementing wind generation in an isolated distributed system on the system s voltage profile. Upon completion of this study, the user should be able to understand how to model a remote network with different generating sources and the way that different wind technology configurations can affect system voltage. The operating conditions examined in this study cover the possible combination of peak load and light load conditions under high and low wind conditions. The effect of different wind generator technologies is also considered. 2.1 Distribution Study System The distribution system selected for this tutorial is a 4.16 kv, isolated system with several laterals feeding multiple loads, totalling MVA at an average power factor of 93.5 %, as deducted from Table 1. The distribution network is fed through three diesel generators; each diesel generator is rated at 1200 kva. Two of the diesel generators are capable of supplying the full load of the isolated system; therefore one generator is always on standby. The diesel units are restricted to minimum operating load of 30% of their capacity. The diesel units drive synchronous generators with voltage control capability. In this report, one of the diesel units acts as the swing bus with a terminal voltage of 1.0 pu. The second operating diesel unit is controlled to maintain the voltage at its terminals at 1.0 pu. To improve economy of the system operation and to reduce gas and heat emission, the installation of six wind turbines driving 480 V directly-coupled induction generators, each of which is capable of generating 73 kva at 0.75 power factor, is investigated. Along with each wind generator, a shunt capacitor of 20kVar is installed. The shunt capacitor is switched on only when its corresponding wind generator is operating. The reduced representation of the system is shown in Figure 1. The system is operated in radial fashion with an open switch such that one radial feeder supply loads up to L3 while the other feeder loops around and feeds loads up to L4. System loads and their respective power factors are shown in Table 1. Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 2 July 2009

11 Figure 1 - Network 2.2 Distributed Generation Loads MVA Power Factor (%) L L L L L L L L L L L L Table 1 - Loads The wind DG units considered for this exercise are asynchronous generators (induction machines) directly coupled to the distribution system. The option of using doubly fed induction generators, capable of controlling their terminal voltage, is considered as an alternative to the use of directly coupled induction generators. Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 3 July 2009

12 3 Overview of Solution Simulations of the case-studies of this tutorial are conducted in a pre-released version 5.0 of CYMDIST software. Each case study includes a voltage profile plot, which is obtained through a balanced Voltage Drop analysis. All case-studies have been saved as self-contained study files. 3.1 Study Procedure The study procedure involved load flow simulation of the system under different operating conditions, such as Peak Load and Light Load conditions, during High Wind and Low Wind Periods. The procedure followed in the study involved: 1. Acquisition of a reduced representation of the detailed system, maintaining the load and generation points of interest, for fast analysis and easy interpretation of results. 2. Conduction of a load flow simulation of the network for peak load conditions without the inclusion of the embedded generation in the circuit and monitoring of the resulting voltage profile. 3. Conduction of load flow simulation of the network for peak load conditions with embedded generation under high wind conditions and monitoring of the resulting voltage profile. 4. Investigation of potential solutions for cases with voltage violation conditions. 5. Repetition of steps 2, 3 and 4 for low load conditions (26% of peak load). Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 4 July 2009

13 4 Investigated Scenarios This tutorial investigates the effect of adding a wind farm to the network on its voltage profile. Two extreme operating conditions (peak load and light load conditions) are examined. Since the availability of wind power cannot be predicted, the investigated scenarios are simulated for both high wind and low wind conditions. For each of the above conditions, the voltage magnitudes at the nodes N0 to N4, shown in Figure 2, are monitored. For each case study, the voltage profile from the diesel plant to each of the nodes is plotted. Figure 2 - Nodes examined 4.1 Case 1 - No Wind, High Load As a base study case, it is essential to establish the voltage profile of the network when the wind turbines are not connected during peak load. This case is equivalent to operating the system at peak load before the addition of the wind generators. One of the diesel units operates as a swing bus with a terminal voltage of 1 pu. The second diesel unit operates under the voltage-controlled mode, and maintains the voltage at its terminals at 1.0 pu. Each diesel generator supplies 663 kw to the network. Figures 3 and 4 show the results of the corresponding load flow study. Figure 3 indicates voltage limit violations (under-voltage) in a large portion of the network. Figure 4 shows the voltage profile along different parts of the network. Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 5 July 2009

14 Figure 3 - Network with low voltage problem - No wind farm, peak load Figure 4 - Voltage profile, reference network at peak load Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 6 July 2009

15 4.1.1 Change of terminal voltage of the diesel generators. A possible mitigation solution for the low voltage problem under the described operating point consists of increasing the terminal voltage of the diesel generators. Increasing the terminal voltage of the generators to 1.02 pu results in solving the low voltage problem in this case, as illustrated in Figure 5. Figure 5 - Voltage profile, peak load, terminal voltage of diesel generators at 1.02pu 4.2 Case 2 - High Wind, High Load In this case study, the effect of installing the six wind generators on the voltage profile and power flow of the study system is examined. Each of the six wind generators is supplying 55kW at a power factor of Taking into account the contribution of the local capacitor banks that support the generator field, the resulting equivalent power factor is Two of the three diesel generators are in operation. Each diesel generator is providing 0.5 MW, and is controlling its terminal voltage at 1.0 pu. Figures 6 and 7 show that the system experiences a low voltage problem at a large portion of the network. This low-voltage situation can be easily explained by the fact that the reactive power Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 7 July 2009

16 consumption of the wind generators, supplied by the remote diesel generators, produces excessive voltage drop in the feeders. Figure 6 - Network with wind generators, high wind at peak load Figure 7 - Voltage profile, network with wind generators, high wind at peak load Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 8 July 2009

17 Several possible solutions to the low-voltage problem of the network when the wind generators are producing maximum power during peak load condition can be considered: a) Increase of the terminal voltage of the diesel generators to 1.05 pu. b) Addition of capacitor banks at the wind generators bus. c) Use of doubly fed induction generators capable of controlling terminal voltage Increase of the terminal voltage of the diesel generators to Figure 8 shows the results of the load flow after increasing the terminal voltage of the diesel generators to 1.05 pu. It can be seen that changing the terminal voltage solves the low-voltage problem that the system was experiencing. Figure 8 - Voltage profile, network with wind generators, high wind at peak load, terminal voltage of diesel generators at 1.05pu Addition of capacitor banks The addition of a capacitor bank of 360 kvar at the wind generators bus, while each of the two operating diesel generators is still providing 0.5 MW at a terminal voltage of 1.0 pu, would solve the low voltage problem. The system configuration under these conditions is shown in Figure 9. The results of the corresponding load flow are shown in Figure 10. Figure 10 shows that the addition of the capacitor bank solves the low voltage problem that the system was experiencing. Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 9 July 2009

18 Figure 9 - Location of the capacitor bank to be inserted Figure 10 - Voltage profile network with wind generators, high wind at peak load, capacitor bank added. Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 10 July 2009

19 4.2.3 Use of Doubly Fed Induction Generators Capable of Controlling their Terminal Voltage The option of using wind turbines driving doubly fed induction generators capable of controlling terminal voltage is examined. The wind generators are controlling their terminal voltage to 1.0 pu. The feeders voltage profiles, under these conditions, are shown in Figure 11. The results indicate that the use of doubly fed induction generators capable of controlling terminal voltage results in solving the under-voltage problem. Figure 11 - Voltage profile, network with wind turbines driving doubly fed induction generators, high wind at peak load 4.3 Case 3 - No Wind, Low Load The voltage profile of the network during light load conditions (26% of the peak load) when there is no wind is worth investigation. This scenario is equivalent to operating the original system before adding the wind turbines under Light Load conditions. All wind turbines are off, while only one of the three diesel generators is in operation. The latter is providing 342kW (40% of its rated capacity) and is controlling the voltage at its terminal at 1.0 pu. Figure 12 shows the result of the load flow study. From Figure 12, it can be noted that there is no voltage problem when the wind generators are not connected at light load conditions. Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 11 July 2009

20 Figure 12 - Voltage profile, light load and no wind. 4.4 Case 4 - High Wind, Low Load In this case, the effect of having one of the six wind generators supplying power during low load conditions on the voltage profile is examined. One wind turbine is on, producing 55kW at 0.75 power factor. Meanwhile, only one of the three diesel generators is in operation. This diesel generator supplies 285kW (30% of its rated capacity) and is controlling its terminal voltage at 1.0pu. The simulation results of the feeders voltage profile under these conditions are shown in Figure 13. Figure 13 shows that the addition of one wind generator during light load conditions does not cause voltage problems. Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 12 July 2009

21 Figure 13 - Voltage profile, network with one wind turbine connected, light load. Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 13 July 2009

22 5 Conclusions This tutorial examines the voltage profile behavior of an isolated distribution system, fed from 3 synchronous generators driven by diesel engines, whose minimum load is restricted to 30 % of their capacity. The effect of adding six wind generators to the system to limit the dependency on diesel fuel and to reduce greenhouse gases and heat emissions is investigated. The impact on voltage profile is examined for peak load and light load conditions, in the presence and absence of enough wind to drive the turbines. The results of the load flow studies conducted using CYMDIST are summarized below: During peak load condition and no wind generators, the network experiences a low voltage problem. This problem can be easily solved by increasing the diesel engines terminal voltage from 1 pu to 1.02 pu. The addition of wind generators during peak conditions aggravates the low voltage problem. Potential solutions include: (i) increase of the terminal voltage of the diesel generators, (ii) addition of capacitor banks, and (iii) changing the wind turbine generating units from directly coupled induction generators to doubly fed units capable of controlling their terminal voltage. During light load condition, the network can reduce the number of diesel generators to one unit operating at its minimum load conditions, with no voltage limit violation problems. Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 14 July 2009

23 6 References [1] Kwok, C. and Morched, A.S., Effects of Adding Distributed Generation to Distribution Networks Case Study 2, report # CETC (INT), CANMET Energy Technology Centre Varennes, Natural Resources Canada, April 2006, 18 pp. [2] Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 15 July 2009

24 ANNEX A CYME file references Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 16 July 2009

25 ANNEX A CYME file references The CYMDIST software and the CYMDIST files corresponding to the case studies of this report can be obtained from CYME International ( Interested users should contact CYME International directly. Section CYMDIST Files 4.1 Case 1 - No Wind, High Load Case1_noWindHighLoad.sxst Case 1 - No Wind, High Load, Voltage 1.02 pu Case1_noWindHighLoad_solution1.sxst 4.2 Case 2 - High Wind, High Load Case2_HighWindHighLoad.sxst Case 2 - High Wind, High Load, Voltage 1.05 pu Case 2 - High Wind, High Load with Capacitor Bank Case 2 - High Wind, High Load with doubly fed ind. generators Case2_HighWindHighLoad_solution1.sxst Case2_HighWindHighLoad_solution2.sxst Case2_HighWindHighLoad_solution3.sxst 4.3 Case 3 - No Wind, Low Load Case3_NoWindLowLoad.sxst 4.4 Case 4 - High Wind, Low Load Case4_HighWindLowLoad.sxst Report (RP-TEC) 411-IMPACT 17 July 2009

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