An Analysis of DISI Particle Morphology

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1 An Analysis of DISI Particle Morphology Teresa Barone, John Storey, Jim Szybist, Adam Youngquist Fuels, Engines, and Emissions Research Center Acknowledgement Dr. James Eberhardt, U.S. DOE, VT May 1, 2012

2 DISI Vehicle Particle Emissions DISI particle number concentration emissions greater than that for PFI and CI-DPF vehicles (Mathis et al., 2005) Soot and volatile nanoparticles present in DISI exhaust (Mathis et al., 2004) 2 Managed by UT-Battelle

3 Background: Conventional Diesel & PCCI Primary particle diameter range: nm Energy & Fuels Barone et al. (2011) 1500 rpm, 2.6 bar 3 Managed by UT-Battelle

4 Comparison of Conventional Diesel Particle Studies Neer and Koylu (2006) Primary size range over several studies: nm 4 Managed by UT-Battelle

5 Sampling and Analysis Methods DISI Engine 4-Cylinder 2.0 L DOC TEM sampler 150 C 350 C 45 C Steady-State 1500 rpm, 8 bar BMEP Stage 1 E20 Fuel Early Fuel Injection 320 DBTDC Fuel Injection for Low PN 280 DBTDC Evap. Tube Stage 2 Overall DR ~ CPC 3080 DMA 5 Managed by UT-Battelle

6 Particle Collection for TEM Analysis Fierz, Kaegi and Burtcher (2007) University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland 23 cm Uniform collection across substrate Optimized sampling time Sampling efficiency vs. particle size Collector: Electrostatic precipitator Charger: Unipolar Diffusion 6 Managed by UT-Battelle

7 Aggregate Image Analysis Xiong and Friedlander (2001) 100 nm Df = 1.69 R 2 = log(np) log(r g /d pp,0 ) Atmospheric, 2006, J. Nanoparticle Research Diesel & PCCI, 2011, Energy and Fuels 7 Managed by UT-Battelle r g pp,0 Np As d D f

8 DISI and Conventional Diesel Size Distributions 2D Graph 4 DISI Injection for Minimum PN DISI Early Injection Conventional Diesel dn/dlogdp (#/cm 3 ) 1e+8 1e+7 1e+6 1e rpm, 8 bar Difference between peak and 10 nm particle concentration greater for diesel 10 nm range solid or volatile? 1e Managed by UT-Battelle dp (nm)

9 Early Injection Particle Morphology E20, DI320 BTDC, 1500 rpm/8 bar, Engine-out 2-stage dilution with evaporator tube, DR=30 Number of Aggregates Total analyzed 56 aggregates 1071 primary Primary Particle Diameter (nm) 9 Managed by UT-Battelle 40 nm 9nm Large variation primary particle diameter Greater range than for diesel aggregates Heterogeneous fuel/air mixing

10 Early Injection Particle Morphology Liquid droplets abundant Condensation of unburned fuel and lube Possible fuel impingement from early injection Number of Liquid Droplets Total analyzed 20 Droplets Droplet Diameter (nm) Scale bar 200 nm 10 Managed by UT-Battelle E20, DI320 BTDC, 1500 rpm/8 bar, Engine-out 2-stage dilution with evaporator tube, DR=30

11 Fuel Injection for Minimum PN Peak primary diameters smaller than early injection but still wide range Fewer unburned fuel/oil droplets Less impingement on cylinder since later injection 15 nm E20, DI280 BTDC 1500 rpm/8 bar Engine-out 35 nm Number of Aggregates stage dilution with evaporator tube, DR=30 Total analyzed 121 aggregates 1992 primary 11 Managed by UT-Battelle Primary Particle Diameter (nm)

12 Fuel Injection for Minimum PN Presence of large and small primary particles indicates heterogeneous mixing Both images have same magnification 12 Managed by UT-Battelle E20, DI280 BTDC, 1500 rpm/8 bar, Engine-out 2-stage dilution with evaporator tube, DR=30

13 Fuel Injection for Minimum PN Single solid nanoparticles (~10 nm) smaller than E.U. particle number regulation limit (23 nm) Number of Single Particles Particle Diameter (nm) Total analyzed 33 particles 10 nm 13 Managed by UT-Battelle E20, DI280 BTDC, 1500 rpm/8 bar, Engine-out 2-stage dilution with evaporator tube, DR=30

14 Nanoparticles Can Penetrate to Alveolar Region International Commission on Radiological Protection Model Adapted from Heyder (2004) International Commission on Radiological Protection Model 14 Managed by UT-Battelle

15 Toxicity of 15, 30 & 55 nm Silver Particles Rat alveolar macrophages exposed for 24 hr to agglomerates Carlson et al. (2008) Mitochondrial Function Reactive Oxygen Species 15 Managed by UT-Battelle

16 Relative Number of Surface Molecules Inversely Related to Particle Size A. Nel et al. Science 2006;311: Published by AAAS 16 Managed by UT-Battelle

17 Morphology Comparison for Injection Strategies Early DI 320 Minimum PN DI 280 Single Spheres 8% 21% Aggregates 67% 78% Droplets 25% 1% Irregular 1% - Injection for minimum PN generated fewer droplets and more single solid spheres than early injection Dependence of collection efficiency on particle size not reflected in this data 17 Managed by UT-Battelle

18 Idealized Aggregate Theory Derived by equating migration velocity of an aggregate and sphere Relates primary particle diameter (d pp ) and number of primary particles (N p ) to mobility diameter (d m ) Lall and Friedlander (2006) d C ( d m m ) c * N p d 12 2 pp d m = Mobility diameter d pp = Primary particle diameter N p = Number of primary particles λ = Gas mean free path C(d m ) = Slip correction factor c * = Dimensionless drag force that depends on aggregate orientation Assumes most primary particles exposed to collisions with surrounding gas molecules (D f < ~2) 18 Managed by UT-Battelle

19 Projected Area Equivalent Diameter Direct-injection spark-ignition Projected area Rogak, Flagan & Nguyen (1993) 4PA d m 4-cylinder, 1.9 L engine E20 fuel 280 DBTDC injection Other supporting studies Park et al. (2004) Ku & Maynard (2005) Chakrabarty et al. (2007) 19 Managed by UT-Battelle

20 Charging Efficiency for Aggregates and Spheres Unipolar diffusion charger (Shin et al., 2010) Difference between aggregate and sphere charging efficiency increases with increasing electrical mobility diameter. 20 Managed by UT-Battelle

21 Particle Collection Efficiency Aerosol concentration calculation Analyzed 112 particles at 81K magnification Estimated aggregate mobility diameter using IA theory and projected area Extrapolated to area of TEM grid (3.05 mm diameter) Calculated collection efficiency from power law calibration curve Collection Efficiency (%) Fierz et al. (2007) y = 47.02*x^ Particle Diameter (nm) 21 Managed by UT-Battelle

22 SMPS & TEM Size Distributions: 10-50nm dn/dlogd p (#/cm 3 ) 22 Managed by UT-Battelle For < 23 nm solid number measured by TEM consistent with total number measured by SMPS 1e+8 1e+7 1e+6 1e+5 1e+4 1e+3 23 nm E.U. regulation limit d p (nm) Within 2 x SMPS TEM: IA Theory TEM: Projected Area Fuel injection for low PN, 280 DBTDC, 1500 rpm/ 8 bar, Engine-out 2-stage dilution with evaporator tube, DR = 30

23 Conclusions Wide primary particle diameter range 7 to 60 nm Indicative of heterogeneous fuel and air mixing Other speed and load points should be examined Small primary size relative to diesel for minimum PN injection point 10 to 15 nm Fuel and air mixing enhanced in some zones Presence of single solid particles smaller than 23 nm TEM number concentration data consistent with SMPS for this size range May be of health concern since can deposit in alveolar region and have greater percent surface area 23 Managed by UT-Battelle

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