Topics/Course Outline Oil Coal Natural Gas Photovoltaics Artificial Photosynthesis Batteries Fuel Cells Hydrogen Economy
|
|
- Homer O’Connor’
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Topics/Course utline il Coal Natural Gas Photovoltaics Artificial Photosynthesis Batteries Fuel Cells Hydrogen Economy
2 Bond Energies 2 H = 2 H kj (1) Think of this in three steps: 2 H = 2 H E -H - 2 E H-H - E - (5) Since (1) = (5): 4 E -H - 2 E H-H - E - = 482 kj We measure E H-H (432 kj) and E - (494 kj) directly, Hence deduce E -H = 460 kj
3 Bond Energies 2 H = 2 H kj (1) Think of this in three steps: 2 H 2 = 4 H - 2 E H-H (2) 2 H = 2 H E -H - 2 E H-H - E - (5) Since (1) = (5): 4 E -H - 2 E H-H - E - = 482 kj We measure E H-H (432 kj) and E - (494 kj) directly, Hence deduce E -H = 460 kj
4 Bond Energies 2 H = 2 H kj (1) Think of this in three steps: 2 H 2 = 4 H - 2 E H-H (2) 2 = 2 - E - (3) 2 H = 2 H E -H - 2 E H-H - E - (5) Since (1) = (5): 4 E -H - 2 E H-H - E - = 482 kj We measure E H-H (432 kj) and E - (494 kj) directly, Hence deduce E -H = 460 kj
5 Bond Energies 2 H = 2 H kj (1) Think of this in three steps: 2 H 2 = 4 H - 2 E H-H (2) 2 = 2 - E - (3) 4 H + 2 = 2 H E -H (4) 2 H = 2 H E -H - 2 E H-H - E - (5) Since (1) = (5): 4 E -H - 2 E H-H - E - = 482 kj We measure E H-H (432 kj) and E - (494 kj) directly, Hence deduce E -H = 460 kj
6 Bond Dissociation Energies H-H 432 C= 1,071 = 494 C-C 347 -H 460 C=C 611 C-H 410 C--C 519 C- 360 N= 623 C= 799 N=N 941 H-H strong, but -H stronger (more ionic) C= very strong; = weaker (π* orbitals) -H stronger than C-H C-H stronger than C-C
7 Combustion H-H 432 C= 1,071 = 494 C-C 347 -H 460 C=C 611 C-H 410 C--C 519 C- 360 N= 623 C= 799 N=N 941 CH = C H 2 C= very strong; = weaker (π* orbitals) -H stronger than C-H Reaction is exothermic (120 kj/gm CH 4 )
8 Fossil Fuels: Petroleum utline: Crude il origin composition Major petroleum products Crude oil refining Gasoline additives References : n reserve Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology; John M. Hunt, 2nd ed. Petroleum Refining; Gary & Handwerk, 2nd ed. n the web
9 rigins of Crude il The origin and formation of oil is still debated; both organic and inorganic sources have been proposed Most common and accepted theory is that oil is the organic matter of ancient oceanic plants buried in oxygen-poor sediments and cooked at low temperature (< 200 C) and high pressure over millions of years
10 Accumulation and Burial of rganic Matter rganic matter (remains of plants and animals) in sediments has two main sources: marine plankton and continental plant material. Plankton, one celled plants and animals, that live in the ocean, may settle to the bottom where they accumulate. Continental organic matter, which is mostly plant material, may be washed into oceans along with sediments. Clay rich sediments are highest in organic matter, these will eventually become lithified to form shale.
11 Plant organic matter: rigins of Crude il R R R R N N R R R N N R R R R R Chlorophylls Cyclic terpanes Carotenoids < 1% of the lipids deposited in sedimentary rocks over geologic time scales provides enough organic material to account for all known petroleum reserves
12 Petroleum Maturation The most oil is produced between the temperatures of 60 and 120 degrees C, at a depth range known as the oil window.
13 Bond Dissociation Energies H-H 432 C= 1,071 = 494 C-C 347 -H 460 C=C 611 C-H 410 C--C 519 C- 360 N= 623 C= 799 N=N 941 H-H strong, but -H stronger (more ionic) C= very strong; = weaker (π* orbitals) -H stronger than C-H C-H stronger than C-C
14 Porosity and Permeability
15 100 µm Examples of Reservoir Porosity
16 Migration and Accumulation of Crude il Petroleum is formed in porous source rocks, then migrates upward through reservoir rocks to geologic structural traps by capillary action Reservoirs are sealed by gas hydrates or nonporous rocks which prevent further vertical migration seal reservoir
17 Migration Phases separate according to density, with the most dense water on the bottom, least dense gas on top and oil between the two.
18 Structural Trap-Fold Structural traps form after the sedimentary rocks are deposited, usually by tectonic forces. An anticline is where rocks are folded or bent upwards. Hydrocarbons migrate up the flanks of the anticline and are trapped in the crest.
19 Structural Trap-Fault Faults occur where there is movement along a joint or fracture. ffset of the beds could result in an impermeable layer being on top of a permeable layer.
20 Finding il Fields: Satellite Imagery This image of the Appalachian Mountains near Harrisburg PA shows the Valley and Ridge Province, an area of folded and thrust faulted sedimentary rocks
21 Finding il Fields: Aerial Photography Little Dome, WY Doubly plunging anticline
22 Finding il Fields: Geophysical Surveys/Seismic Surveys
23 Seismogram There are two structural traps in this image
24 Seismogram Structural traps occur below the A and B.
25 Seismic Analysis of Petroleum Reservoirs The American il and Gas Reporter, July 2002 Change detection very useful
26 Fields are Highly Inhomogeneous ver 1.5 million holes in Texas!
27 % World il Reserves By Region North America 18 W. Europe 57 7 Eastern Europe 3 8 Middle East Asia & ceania C./S. America 6 Africa il Source: EIA, International Energy utlook, 2002
28 Proven il Reserves Country Proven Reserves (billions of barrels) Saudi Arabia 265 Iraq 110 United Arab Emirates 100 Kuwait 95 Iran 90 Venezuela 75 Former USSR 60 Mexico 40 Libya 30 China 25 United States 23 1 boe = 42 gallons = 6.12x10 9 J 900 billion barrels = 9x10 11 x 6 x 10 9 = 4.5 x J Current burn rate: 3x10 12 W = 1.0x10 20 J/yr (3.15x10 7 s/yr) So 50 years of supply
29 Untapped US Petroleum Reserves 24.2 million acres 10.6 billion barrels 1.9 million acres 10.4 billion barrels US consumption = 7 billion barrel/yr World consumption = 29 billion barrel/yr
30 Petroleum Products: Gasoline Commercially most important petroleum product 119 billion gallons sold/year Composed of numerous compounds to vaporize under a variety of different ambient air temperatures and humidities, engine temperatures, and driving conditions Blending is changed with weather conditions, time of year, and geographical region Gasoline Composition Chevron Motor Gasolines Technical Review, 1996
31 Industry name Crude il Composition Name Chemical formula Examples Three Major Products Paraffins Alkanes C n H 2n+2 (n = 1-20) C 4 H 10 C 10 H 22 Napthenes Cycloalkanes C n H 2n (n = 1-20) C 6 H 12 C n H 2n-2 (n = 1-20) C 9 H 16 Aromatics Aromatics C 6 H 5 - R (R usually a paraffin) (CH 2 ) 10 CH 3 ther Minor Products Alkenes, Dienes Sulfides Alkenes, Dienes Thiols C n H 2n (n = 1-20) C n H 2n-2 (n = 1-20) R-S-R S
32 Crude il Composition (CH 2 ) 10 CH 3 S Crude Nigerian Light Saudi Light Saudi Heavy Venezuela Light Venezuela Heavy West Texas Sour Paraffins (% vol) Naphthenes (% vol) Aromatics (% vol) Sulfur (% wt) ctane number North Sea All Saudi oils are considered sweet, regardless of sulfur content All West Texas oils are considered sour, regardless of sulfur content Crude oil is also contaminated with small amounts of N,, heavy metals (Ni, Fe, V, Cu, As), and chloride salts (NaCl, MgCl 2, CaCl 2 ), all < 1% (wt/wt) Processing required to improve octane number
33 Compression ratio of 8:1 to 12:1
34 ctane Rating and Knocking Since PV = nrt During Compression (pre-ignition) stroke: (P 2 V 2 /P 1 V 1 ) = T 2 /T 1 Hence compression heats up the gas; We don t want preignition: knocking
35 Bond Strengths Combustion is radical chain process: -CH- + 2 = -C- + --H etc etc. Bond Dissociation Energies: Compound Bond Energy (kj/mol) Methane H 3 C-H 427 Ethane H 3 CH 2 C-H 406 Isopropane [H 3 C] 2 HC-H 393 Tertiary Butane [H 3 C] 3 C-H 381 Methanol HH 2 C-H 393 Benzene H 5 C 5 C-H 427 Toluene H 5 C 6 H 2 C-H 326 Branched chains more stable than straight chains (more -CH 3 than -CH 2 -) Aromatic C-H more stable than aliphatic C-H
36 ctane Number and Internal Combustion Engines ctane number: test measurement of how much gasoline can be compressed before it ignites spontaneously (which results in engine knocking) Compound RN Compound RN (defined) 1) 2) ctane number is determined in a laboratory using two different methods that test gasoline at city driving conditions (research octane number, RN) and highway driving conditions (motor octane number, MN). The average of the two is defined as the anti-knock index (AKI), which is the value reported at the pump. 3) 4) Chevron Motor Gasolines Technical Review, 1996
37 Diesel Fuel and the Compression-Ignition Engine Diesel fuel is ignited by spontaneous combustion of the fuel-air mixture at high pressure Diesel engines draw in air and fuel in separate strokes This allows diesel engines to control the fuel-air ratio in the ignition step, not simply the amount of fuel-air mixture as in ICE This in turn allows diesel engines to run at up to 50% efficiency, (ICE can only achieve 33% efficiency) Fuel injected after air Chevron Diesel Fuels Technical Review, 1998
38 Compression ratio 14:1 to 25:1
39 Petroleum Products: Diesel Fuel Economically important fuel because it is linked to the manufacturing and transportation industries (25 billion gallons sold/year) Fuel for compression engines Composed of paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics with ~10-20 carbons Want facile ignition: mostly straight chain paraffins Cetane, C 16 C 34 (n-hexadecane) has a cetane number of 100, heptamethylnonane (very branched) has a cetane number of 15 Tends to form particulates because molecules near center of plume heat up before full access to 2, and carbonize (spark engine avoids this by premixing fuel and air) Chevron Diesel Fuels Technical Review, 1998
40 Beginning with 100 Barrels of Crude il
41 Fractional Distillation Gasses 20 C Representatives of all products are in all fractions, simply have different bp from fraction to fraction 40 C 100 C 200 C 400 C 500 C 600 C short hydrocarbons gasoline kerosene diesel, oil distillate heavy fuel oils asphalt, tar Crude
42 Fractional Distillation In non-polar molecules (e.g. hydrocarbons) boiling point determined by van der Waals interactions BP ( C) BP ( C) Atmospheric Distillation C 18 H Desalting Crude oil 264 Use boiling points to separate a mixture of chemically similar compounds: Distillation!
43 Beginning with 100 Barrels of Crude il Product: 6 Barrels 3 Barrels 45 Barrels 8 Barrels 22 Barrels 16 Barrels = 100 Barrels Petroleum gas - used for heating, cooking, making plastics, often liquified under pressure to make liquified petroleum gas small alkanes (1 to 4 C), commonly known by the names methane, ethane, propane, butane boiling range = less than 104 degrees Fahrenheit / 40 C Naphtha - intermediate that will be further processed to make gasoline longer alkanes (mix of 5 to 9 carbon atoms) boiling range = 140 to 212 degrees Fahrenheit / C Gasoline - mix of alkanes and cycloalkanes (5 to 12 carbon atoms) boiling range = 104 to 401 degrees Fahrenheit / 40 to 205 degrees Celsius Kerosene - fuel for jet engines and tractors; starting material for making other products mix of alkanes (10 to 18 carbons) and aromatics boiling range = 350 to 617 degrees Fahrenheit / 175 to 325 degrees Celsius Gas oil or Diesel distillate - used for diesel fuel and heating oil alkanes containing 12 or more carbon atoms boiling range = 482 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit / 250 to 350 degrees Celsius Lubricating oil - used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants long chain (20 to 50 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 572 to 700 degrees Fahrenheit / 300 to 370 degrees Celsius Heavy gas or Fuel oil - used for industrial fuel; starting material for making other products long chain (20 to 70 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 700 to 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 370 to 600 degrees Celsius Solid residuals - coke, asphalt, tar, waxes; starting material for making other products multiple-ringed compounds with 70 or more carbon atoms boiling range = greater than 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius
44 Beginning with 100 Barrels of Crude il Product: 6 Barrels 3 Barrels 45 Barrels 8 Barrels 22 Barrels 16 Barrels = 100 Barrels Petroleum gas - used for heating, cooking, making plastics, often liquified under pressure to make liquified petroleum gas small alkanes (1 to 4 C), commonly known by the names methane, ethane, propane, butane boiling range = less than 104 degrees Fahrenheit / 40 C Naphtha - intermediate that will be further processed to make gasoline longer alkanes (mix of 5 to 9 carbon atoms) boiling range = 140 to 212 degrees Fahrenheit / C Gasoline - mix of alkanes and cycloalkanes (5 to 12 carbon atoms) boiling range = 104 to 401 degrees Fahrenheit / 40 to 205 degrees Celsius Kerosene - fuel for jet engines and tractors; starting material for making other products mix of alkanes (10 to 18 carbons) and aromatics boiling range = 350 to 617 degrees Fahrenheit / 175 to 325 degrees Celsius Gas oil or Diesel distillate - used for diesel fuel and heating oil alkanes containing 12 or more carbon atoms boiling range = 482 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit / 250 to 350 degrees Celsius Lubricating oil - used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants long chain (20 to 50 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 572 to 700 degrees Fahrenheit / 300 to 370 degrees Celsius Heavy gas or Fuel oil - used for industrial fuel; starting material for making other products long chain (20 to 70 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 700 to 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 370 to 600 degrees Celsius Solid residuals - coke, asphalt, tar, waxes; starting material for making other products multiple-ringed compounds with 70 or more carbon atoms boiling range = greater than 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius
45 Beginning with 100 Barrels of Crude il Product: 6 Barrels 3 Barrels 45 Barrels 8 Barrels 22 Barrels 16 Barrels = 100 Barrels Petroleum gas - used for heating, cooking, making plastics, often liquified under pressure to make liquified petroleum gas small alkanes (1 to 4 C), commonly known by the names methane, ethane, propane, butane boiling range = less than 104 degrees Fahrenheit / 40 C Naphtha - intermediate that will be further processed to make gasoline longer alkanes (mix of 5 to 9 carbon atoms) boiling range = 140 to 212 degrees Fahrenheit / C Gasoline - mix of alkanes and cycloalkanes (5 to 12 carbon atoms) boiling range = 104 to 401 degrees Fahrenheit / C Kerosene - fuel for jet engines and tractors; starting material for making other products mix of alkanes (10 to 18 carbons) and aromatics boiling range = 350 to 617 degrees Fahrenheit / 175 to 325 degrees Celsius Gas oil or Diesel distillate - used for diesel fuel and heating oil alkanes containing 12 or more carbon atoms boiling range = 482 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit / 250 to 350 degrees Celsius Lubricating oil - used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants long chain (20 to 50 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 572 to 700 degrees Fahrenheit / 300 to 370 degrees Celsius Heavy gas or Fuel oil - used for industrial fuel; starting material for making other products long chain (20 to 70 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 700 to 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 370 to 600 degrees Celsius Solid residuals - coke, asphalt, tar, waxes; starting material for making other products multiple-ringed compounds with 70 or more carbon atoms boiling range = greater than 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius
46 Beginning with 100 Barrels of Crude il Product: 6 Barrels 3 Barrels 45 Barrels 8 Barrels 22 Barrels 16 Barrels = 100 Barrels Petroleum gas - used for heating, cooking, making plastics, often liquified under pressure to make liquified petroleum gas small alkanes (1 to 4 C), commonly known by the names methane, ethane, propane, butane boiling range = less than 104 degrees Fahrenheit / 40 C Naphtha - intermediate that will be further processed to make gasoline longer alkanes (mix of 5 to 9 carbon atoms) boiling range = 140 to 212 degrees Fahrenheit / C Gasoline - mix of alkanes and cycloalkanes (5 to 12 carbon atoms) boiling range = 104 to 401 degrees Fahrenheit / C Kerosene - fuel for jet engines and tractors; starting material for making other products mix of alkanes (10 to 18 carbons) and aromatics boiling range = 350 to 617 degrees Fahrenheit / C Gas oil or Diesel distillate - used for diesel fuel and heating oil alkanes containing 12 or more carbon atoms boiling range = 482 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit / 250 to 350 degrees Celsius Lubricating oil - used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants long chain (20 to 50 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 572 to 700 degrees Fahrenheit / 300 to 370 degrees Celsius Heavy gas or Fuel oil - used for industrial fuel; starting material for making other products long chain (20 to 70 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 700 to 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 370 to 600 degrees Celsius Solid residuals - coke, asphalt, tar, waxes; starting material for making other products multiple-ringed compounds with 70 or more carbon atoms boiling range = greater than 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius
47 Beginning with 100 Barrels of Crude il Product: 6 Barrels 3 Barrels 45 Barrels 8 Barrels 22 Barrels 16 Barrels = 100 Barrels Petroleum gas - used for heating, cooking, making plastics, often liquified under pressure to make liquified petroleum gas small alkanes (1 to 4 C), commonly known by the names methane, ethane, propane, butane boiling range = less than 104 degrees Fahrenheit / 40 C Naphtha - intermediate that will be further processed to make gasoline longer alkanes (mix of 5 to 9 carbon atoms) boiling range = 140 to 212 degrees Fahrenheit / C Gasoline - mix of alkanes and cycloalkanes (5 to 12 carbon atoms) boiling range = 104 to 401 degrees Fahrenheit / C Kerosene - fuel for jet engines and tractors; starting material for making other products mix of alkanes (10 to 18 carbons) and aromatics boiling range = 350 to 617 degrees Fahrenheit / C Gas oil or Diesel distillate - used for diesel fuel and heating oil alkanes containing 12 or more carbon atoms boiling range = 482 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit / C Lubricating oil - used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants long chain (20 to 50 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 572 to 700 degrees Fahrenheit / 300 to 370 degrees Celsius Heavy gas or Fuel oil - used for industrial fuel; starting material for making other products long chain (20 to 70 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 700 to 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 370 to 600 degrees Celsius Solid residuals - coke, asphalt, tar, waxes; starting material for making other products multiple-ringed compounds with 70 or more carbon atoms boiling range = greater than 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius
48 Beginning with 100 Barrels of Crude il Product: 6 Barrels 3 Barrels 45 Barrels 8 Barrels 22 Barrels 16 Barrels = 100 Barrels Petroleum gas - used for heating, cooking, making plastics, often liquified under pressure to make liquified petroleum gas small alkanes (1 to 4 C), commonly known by the names methane, ethane, propane, butane boiling range = less than 104 degrees Fahrenheit / 40 C Naphtha - intermediate that will be further processed to make gasoline longer alkanes (mix of 5 to 9 carbon atoms) boiling range = 140 to 212 degrees Fahrenheit / C Gasoline - mix of alkanes and cycloalkanes (5 to 12 carbon atoms) boiling range = 104 to 401 degrees Fahrenheit / C Kerosene - fuel for jet engines and tractors; starting material for making other products mix of alkanes (10 to 18 carbons) and aromatics boiling range = 350 to 617 degrees Fahrenheit / C Gas oil or Diesel distillate - used for diesel fuel and heating oil alkanes containing 12 or more carbon atoms boiling range = 482 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit / C Lubricating oil - used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants long chain (20 to 50 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 572 to 700 degrees Fahrenheit / C Heavy gas or Fuel oil - used for industrial fuel; starting material for making other products long chain (20 to 70 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 700 to 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 370 to 600 degrees Celsius Solid residuals - coke, asphalt, tar, waxes; starting material for making other products multiple-ringed compounds with 70 or more carbon atoms boiling range = greater than 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius
49 Beginning with 100 Barrels of Crude il Product: 6 Barrels 3 Barrels 45 Barrels 8 Barrels 22 Barrels 16 Barrels = 100 Barrels Petroleum gas - used for heating, cooking, making plastics, often liquified under pressure to make liquified petroleum gas small alkanes (1 to 4 C), commonly known by the names methane, ethane, propane, butane boiling range = less than 104 degrees Fahrenheit / 40 C Naphtha - intermediate that will be further processed to make gasoline longer alkanes (mix of 5 to 9 carbon atoms) boiling range = 140 to 212 degrees Fahrenheit / C Gasoline - mix of alkanes and cycloalkanes (5 to 12 carbon atoms) boiling range = 104 to 401 degrees Fahrenheit / C Kerosene - fuel for jet engines and tractors; starting material for making other products mix of alkanes (10 to 18 carbons) and aromatics boiling range = 350 to 617 degrees Fahrenheit / C Gas oil or Diesel distillate - used for diesel fuel and heating oil alkanes containing 12 or more carbon atoms boiling range = 482 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit / C Lubricating oil - used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants long chain (20 to 50 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 572 to 700 degrees Fahrenheit / C Heavy gas or Fuel oil - used for industrial fuel; starting material for making other products long chain (20 to 70 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 700 to 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / C Solid residuals - coke, asphalt, tar, waxes; starting material for making other products multiple-ringed compounds with 70 or more carbon atoms boiling range = greater than 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / > 600 C
50 Beginning with 100 Barrels of Crude il Product: 6 Barrels 3 Barrels 45 Barrels 8 Barrels 22 Barrels 16 Barrels = 100 Barrels Petroleum gas - used for heating, cooking, making plastics, often liquified under pressure to make liquified petroleum gas small alkanes (1 to 4 C), commonly known by the names methane, ethane, propane, butane boiling range = less than 104 degrees Fahrenheit / 40 C Naphtha - intermediate that will be further processed to make gasoline longer alkanes (mix of 5 to 9 carbon atoms) boiling range = 140 to 212 degrees Fahrenheit / C Gasoline - mix of alkanes and cycloalkanes (5 to 12 carbon atoms) boiling range = 104 to 401 degrees Fahrenheit / C Kerosene - fuel for jet engines and tractors; starting material for making other products mix of alkanes (10 to 18 carbons) and aromatics boiling range = 350 to 617 degrees Fahrenheit / C Gas oil or Diesel distillate - used for diesel fuel and heating oil alkanes containing 12 or more carbon atoms boiling range = 482 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit / C Lubricating oil - used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants long chain (20 to 50 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 572 to 700 degrees Fahrenheit / C Heavy gas or Fuel oil - used for industrial fuel; starting material for making other products long chain (20 to 70 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics boiling range = 700 to 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / C Solid residuals - coke, asphalt, tar, waxes; starting material for making other products multiple-ringed compounds with 70 or more carbon atoms boiling range = greater than 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / > 600 C
51 Desalting Crude oil Atmospheric Distillation Gasses Gas Plant Light naphtha Heavy naphtha Kerosene Middle and heavy distallates Tower residue Separated Gasses Light crude distallate Isomerization Reforming Cracked gasses Cracking Alkylation Isomerate Reformate Alkylate Light cracked hydrocarbons Heavy cracked hydrocarbons Fuel Gases Gasoline Distallate Aviation gasoline Automotive gasoline Light Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Kerosene Jet Fuels Diesel Fuel Heavy Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distallates Tower residue Coking Asphalt Deasphalted oils Deasphalting Dewaxed oils Dewaxing Waxes Residual Residual fuel oils Lubricants Greases
52 Desalting Crude oil Atmospheric Distillation Gasses Gas Plant Light naphtha Heavy naphtha Kerosene Middle and heavy distallates Tower residue Separated Gasses Light crude distallate Isomerization Reforming Cracked gasses Cracking Alkylation Isomerate Reformate Alkylate Light cracked hydrocarbons Heavy cracked hydrocarbons Fuel Gasses Gasoline Distallate Aviation gasoline Automotive gasoline Light Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Kerosene Jet Fuels Diesel Fuel Heavy Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distallates Tower residue Coking Asphalt Deasphalted oils Deasphalting Dewaxed oils Dewaxing Waxes Residual Residual fuel oils Lubricants Greases
53
54 Desalting Crude oil Atmospheric Distillation Gasses Gas Plant Light naphtha Heavy naphtha Kerosene Middle and heavy distallates Tower residue Separated Gasses Light crude distallate Isomerization Reforming Cracked gasses Cracking Alkylation Isomerate Reformate Alkylate Light cracked hydrocarbons Heavy cracked hydrocarbons Fuel Gasses Gasoline Distallate Aviation gasoline Automotive gasoline Light Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Kerosene Jet Fuels Diesel Fuel Heavy Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distallates Tower residue Coking Asphalt Deasphalted oils Deasphalting Dewaxed oils Dewaxing Waxes Residual Residual fuel oils Lubricants Greases
55 Desalting Crude oil Atmospheric Distillation Gasses Gas Plant Light naphtha Heavy naphtha Kerosene Middle and heavy distallates Tower residue Separated Gasses Light crude distallate Isomerization Reforming Cracked gasses Cracking Alkylation Isomerate Reformate Alkylate Light cracked hydrocarbons Heavy cracked hydrocarbons Fuel Gasses Gasoline Distallate Aviation gasoline Automotive gasoline Light Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Kerosene Jet Fuels Diesel Fuel Heavy Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distallates Tower residue Coking Asphalt Deasphalted oils Deasphalting Dewaxed oils Dewaxing Waxes Residual Residual fuel oils Lubricants Greases
56 Vacuum Distillation Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distallates Tower residue Increase vapor pressure of heavy, non-volatile hydrocarbons by heating under vacuum Feed is residue from atmospheric distillation tower -- Hydrocarbons with 70 or more carbons, usually many-ringed compounds -- Boiling points greater than 600 C
57 Desalting Crude oil Atmospheric Distillation Gasses Gas Plant Light naphtha Heavy naphtha Kerosene Middle and heavy distallates Tower residue Separated Gasses Light crude distallate Isomerization Reforming Cracked gasses Cracking Alkylation Isomerate Reformate Alkylate Light cracked hydrocarbons Heavy cracked hydrocarbons Fuel Gasses Gasoline Distallate Aviation gasoline Automotive gasoline Light Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Kerosene Jet Fuels Diesel Fuel Heavy Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distallates Tower residue Coking Asphalt Deasphalted oils Deasphalting Dewaxed oils Dewaxing Waxes Residual Residual fuel oils Lubricants Greases
58 Desalting Crude oil Atmospheric Distillation Gasses Gas Plant Light naphtha Heavy naphtha Kerosene Middle and heavy distallates Tower residue Separated Gases Light crude distallate Isomerization Reforming Cracked gasses Cracking Alkylation Isomerate Reformate Alkylate Light cracked hydrocarbons Heavy cracked hydrocarbons Fuel Gases Gasoline Distallate Aviation gasoline Automotive gasoline Light Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Kerosene Jet Fuels Diesel Fuel Heavy Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distallates Tower residue Coking Asphalt Deasphalted oils Deasphalting Dewaxed oils Dewaxing Waxes Residual Residual fuel oils Lubricants Greases
59 Alkylation Gas Plant Separated Gasses Alkylation Alkylate Combine low FW molecules to form longer, heavier molecules that can be blended to form gasoline Basic Formula: R + R R-R Examples: + Δ catalyst Propane (C 3 H 8 ) and butane (C 4 H 10 ) are important fuel gases, but comprise a much smaller portion of the petroleum market than gasoline. They can be combined in the process of alkylation to make heptane (C 7 H 16 ), which is mixed with other longer-chain hydrocarbons to make gasoline.
60 Alkylation Gas Plant Separated Gasses Basic Formula: R + R Alkylation Alkylate R-R Combine low FW molecules to form longer, heavier molecules that can be blended to form gasoline Examples: + Δ catalyst Propane (C 3 H 8 ) and butane (C 4 H 10 ) are important fuel gases, but comprise a much smaller portion of the petroleum market than gasoline. They can be combined in the process of alkylation to make heptane (C 7 H 16 ), which is mixed with other longerchain hydrocarbons to make gasoline. + Δ catalyst = a big mess, sent back to the refinery for further processing
61 Desalting Crude oil Atmospheric Distillation Gasses Gas Plant Light naphtha Heavy naphtha Kerosene Middle and heavy distallates Tower residue Separated Gasses Light crude distallate Isomerization Reforming Cracked gasses Cracking Alkylation Isomerate Reformate Alkylate Light cracked hydrocarbons Heavy cracked hydrocarbons Fuel Gasses Gasoline Distallate Aviation gasoline Automotive gasoline Light Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Kerosene Jet Fuels Diesel Fuel Heavy Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distallates Tower residue Coking Asphalt Deasphalted oils Deasphalting Dewaxed oils Dewaxing Waxes Residual Residual fuel oils Lubricants Greases
62 Desalting Crude oil Atmospheric Distillation Gasses Gas Plant Light naphtha Heavy naphtha Kerosene Middle and heavy distallates Tower residue Separated Gasses Light crude distallate Isomerization Reforming Cracked gasses Cracking Alkylation Isomerate Reformate Alkylate Light cracked hydrocarbons Heavy cracked hydrocarbons Fuel Gasses Gasoline Distallate Aviation gasoline Automotive gasoline Light Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Kerosene Jet Fuels Diesel Fuel Heavy Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distallates Tower residue Coking Asphalt Deasphalted oils Deasphalting Dewaxed oils Dewaxing Waxes Residual Residual fuel oils Lubricants Greases
63 Isomerization Light crude distallate Isomerization Isomerate Convert molecules into structural isomers of the same or nearly the same FW Δ catalyst Starting materials are distallates or products from alkylation or cracking Relatively uninteresting short-chain hydrocarbons can be isomerized, or reformed, to produce important gasoline additives with higher octane numbers or better volatility
64 Desalting Crude oil Atmospheric Distillation Gasses Gas Plant Light naphtha Heavy naphtha Kerosene Middle and heavy distallates Tower residue Separated Gasses Light crude distallate Isomerization Reforming Cracked gasses Cracking Alkylation Isomerate Reformate Alkylate Light cracked hydrocarbons Heavy cracked hydrocarbons Fuel Gasses Gasoline Distallate Aviation gasoline Automotive gasoline Light Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Kerosene Jet Fuels Diesel Fuel Heavy Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distallates Tower residue Coking Asphalt Deasphalted oils Deasphalting Dewaxed oils Dewaxing Waxes Residual Residual fuel oils Lubricants Greases
65 Desalting Crude oil Atmospheric Distillation Gasses Gas Plant Light naphtha Heavy naphtha Kerosene Middle and heavy distallates Tower residue Separated Gasses Light crude distallate Isomerization Reforming Cracked gasses Cracking Alkylation Isomerate Reformate Alkylate Light cracked hydrocarbons Heavy cracked hydrocarbons Fuel Gasses Gasoline Distallate Aviation gasoline Automotive gasoline Light Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Kerosene Jet Fuels Diesel Fuel Heavy Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distallates Tower residue Coking Asphalt Deasphalted oils Deasphalting Dewaxed oils Dewaxing Waxes Residual Residual fuel oils Lubricants Greases
66 Reforming Reforming Reformate Polymerize and cyclize low FW alkenes + Δ catalyst + Although many reactions occur simultaneously in reforming, certain products can directed based on the reaction conditions (ie temperature and catalyst used)
67 Desalting Crude oil Atmospheric Distillation Gasses Gas Plant Light naphtha Heavy naphtha Kerosene Middle and heavy distallates Tower residue Separated Gasses Light crude distallate Isomerization Reforming Cracked gasses Cracking Alkylation Isomerate Reformate Alkylate Light cracked hydrocarbons Heavy cracked hydrocarbons Fuel Gasses Gasoline Distallate Aviation gasoline Automotive gasoline Light Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Kerosene Jet Fuels Diesel Fuel Heavy Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distallates Tower residue Coking Asphalt Deasphalted oils Deasphalting Dewaxed oils Dewaxing Waxes Residual Residual fuel oils Lubricants Greases
68 Desalting Crude oil Atmospheric Distillation Gasses Gas Plant Light naphtha Heavy naphtha Kerosene Middle and heavy distallates Tower residue Separated Gasses Light crude distallate Isomerization Reforming Cracked gasses Cracking Alkylation Isomerate Reformate Alkylate Light cracked hydrocarbons Heavy cracked hydrocarbons Fuel Gasses Gasoline Distallate Aviation gasoline Automotive gasoline Light Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Kerosene Jet Fuels Diesel Fuel Heavy Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distallates Tower residue Coking Asphalt Deasphalted oils Deasphalting Dewaxed oils Dewaxing Waxes Residual Residual fuel oils Lubricants Greases
69 Cracking Light cracked hydrocarbons Heavy cracked hydrocarbons Cracking 1) Cleave (or crack ) complex, high FW molecules into smaller hydrocarbons that can be blended to form gasoline 2) Ring-open napthenes 1) 2) CH 3 (CH 2 ) 18 CH 3 Δ catalyst Δ catalyst 2 Many possible products - can direct cracked products by tuning reaction conditions Products are separated by fractional distillation and sent either to be blended or to be reformed cracking is the most important process in crude oil refining
70 A Word About Catalysts Catalysts allow petroleum refining to take place at lower temperatures and direct the production of specific products The primary catalysts used in refining are platinum and rhodium metals and silica-alumina (zeolite) catalysts. These are solids over the large temperature ranges used in petroleum refining (up to 1000 F) and so can be removed from the reactors easily. Catalysts are poisoned as heavy hydrocarbons (coke), sulfides, and trace metal impurities deposit on the surface of the solid. Catalysts have to be regenerated to remove these deposits and expose a fresh catalyst surface. --remove catalyst from reactor to burn off coke at very high T --steam-striping reduces inorganic impurities so they can be rinsed off the catalyst
71 Zeolite Catalysts for Cracking Si 2 /Al 2 3 networks: an acidic solid matrix Si - Al H + H + H + Si - Al Si - Al Si -H 2 + Si Al + Si Al + Si Al + Si Brønsted Acid Lewis Acid Matrix assembles into a 3D structure: Cavity sizes vary: ~7 Å
72 Zeolite Catalysts for Cracking Zeolites catalyze formation of products based on size selectivity zeolite + hydride transfer Al H + Si H -H 2 H H
73 Desalting Crude oil Atmospheric Distillation Gasses Gas Plant Light naphtha Heavy naphtha Kerosene Middle and heavy distallates Tower residue Separated Gasses Light crude distallate Isomerization Reforming Cracked gasses Cracking Alkylation Isomerate Reformate Alkylate Light cracked hydrocarbons Heavy cracked hydrocarbons Fuel Gasses Gasoline Distallate Aviation gasoline Automotive gasoline Light Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Kerosene Jet Fuels Diesel Fuel Heavy Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distallates Tower residue Coking Asphalt Deasphalted oils Deasphalting Dewaxed oils Dewaxing Waxes Residual Residual fuel oils Lubricants Greases
74 Desalting Crude oil Atmospheric Distillation Gasses Gas Plant Light naphtha Heavy naphtha Kerosene Middle and heavy distallates Tower residue Separated Gasses Light crude distallate Isomerization Reforming Cracked gasses Cracking Alkylation Isomerate Reformate Alkylate Light cracked hydrocarbons Heavy cracked hydrocarbons Fuel Gasses Gasoline Distallate Aviation gasoline Automotive gasoline Light Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Kerosene Jet Fuels Diesel Fuel Heavy Solvents and Petrochemical Feedstocks Vacuum Distillation Vacuum distallates Tower residue Coking Asphalt Deasphalted oils Deasphalting Dewaxed oils Dewaxing Waxes Residual Residual fuel oils Lubricants Greases
75 Solvent Purification Deasphalted oils Deasphalting Dewaxing Dewaxed oils Separate asphalts and waxes from coke residues through recrystallization Just as boiling point increases with molecular weight, freezing point decreases with molecular weight -- van der Waals interactions Find examples of molecules in Aldrich - arrange similarly to distillation slide Waxes and asphalts are less branched than lubricating oils, and crystallize at higher T
76 Solvent Purification Strategy: dissolve tower residue in solvent, lower temperature of solution, collect waxes and asphalts as they crystallize out (CH 2 ) 40 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 40 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 40 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 40 CH 3 Cool (CH 2 ) 40 CH 3 Filter (CH 2 ) 40 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 40 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 40 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 40 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 40 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 40 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 40 CH 3 Solvents: Propane Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)
77 A real refinery is actually much more complicated Chevron Motor Gasolines Technical Review, 1996
78 Emission Considerations: Reformuated Gasoline Initially Et 4 Pb or Me 4 Pb shown to reduce knocking by quenching radical formation from paraffins Pb not so good for humans to breathe Replaced by blending to generate higher octane BTX primarily through introduction of benzene Benzene is carcinogenic Xylene reacts with H radicals to help form smog better than benzene So now use oxygenates
79 Emission Considerations: xygenated Gasoline Fuel additives: oxygenates that improve combustion to increase C 2 :C ratio Helps on cold starts, also better for anti-knock BUT: lower fuel efficiency because compounds with high content have lower combustion enthalpies Two most common additives are ethanol and methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) CH 3 CH 2 H Regulated: must be 2% by weight (15% MTBE by vol, 7.6% EtH) Ethanol common in the midwest (distilled from corn) MTBE was used in California until recently - has contaminated groundwater in much of the state But ethanol is not appropriate to use in California because it is too volatile California requested, and has been denied, oxygenate exception With MTBE, remove butanes to get volatility target, ethanol requires removal of pentanes; more expensive Next additive could be ethyl t-butyl ether (ETBE)
Distillation process of Crude oil
Distillation process of Crude oil Abdullah Al Ashraf; Abdullah Al Aftab 2012 Crude oil is a fossil fuel, it was made naturally from decaying plants and animals living in ancient seas millions of years
More informationModule8:Engine Fuels and Their Effects on Emissions Lecture 36:Hydrocarbon Fuels and Quality Requirements FUELS AND EFFECTS ON ENGINE EMISSIONS
FUELS AND EFFECTS ON ENGINE EMISSIONS The Lecture Contains: Transport Fuels and Quality Requirements Fuel Hydrocarbons and Other Components Paraffins Cycloparaffins Olefins Aromatics Alcohols and Ethers
More informationUnit 7 Part 2 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Crude Oil: Sources and Uses of Alkanes UNIT 7 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Unit 7 Part 2 Introduction to Organic hemistry rude Oil: Sources and Uses of Alkanes UNIT 7 INTRODUTION TO ORGANI EMISTRY PART 2 RUDE OIL: SOURES AND USES OF ALKANES ontents 1. rude Oil 2. ombustion of
More informationConversion Processes 1. THERMAL PROCESSES 2. CATALYTIC PROCESSES
Conversion Processes 1. THERMAL PROCESSES 2. CATALYTIC PROCESSES 1 Physical and chemical processes Physical Thermal Chemical Catalytic Distillation Solvent extraction Propane deasphalting Solvent dewaxing
More informationPhysical Properties of Alkanes
Physical Properties of Alkanes The common physical properties that we will focus on are: Melting point Boiling point Solubility However, any inferences drawn on these may also extend to other properties
More informationFig:1.1[15] Fig.1.2 Distribution of world energy resources. (From World Energy Outlook 2005, International Energy Agency.)[16,17]
Introduction :Composition of petroleum,laboratory tests,refinery feedstocks and products Fig:1.1[15] Fig.1.2 Distribution of world energy resources. (From World Energy Outlook 2005, International Energy
More informationOil & Gas. From exploration to distribution. Week 3 V19 Refining Processes (Part 1) Jean-Luc Monsavoir. W3V19 - Refining Processes1 p.
Oil & Gas From exploration to distribution Week 3 V19 Refining Processes (Part 1) Jean-Luc Monsavoir W3V19 - Refining Processes1 p. 1 Crude Oil Origins and Composition The objective of refining, petrochemical
More informationTHE OIL & GAS SUPPLY CHAIN: FROM THE GROUND TO THE PUMP ON REFINING
THE OIL & GAS SUPPLY CHAIN: FROM THE GROUND TO THE PUMP ON REFINING J. Mike Brown, Ph.D. Senior Vice President Technology BASICS OF REFINERY OPERATIONS Supply and Demand Where Does The Crude Oil Come From?
More informationWhere We Are. Today: Finish up Chapter 4, hopefully! Discussion: Alternative fuels, the benefits of conservation Where to go next?
Where We Are Today: Finish up Chapter 4, hopefully! Discussion: Alternative fuels, the benefits of conservation Where to go next? Thursday: Start in on Chapter 5, The Water We Drink. Quiz! NEXT Thursday:
More informationRefinery Maze Student Guide
Refinery Maze Student Guide Petroleum Refining Student Text Distillation In its crude form, petroleum is of little use to us. To make it into products we know and use, petroleum must be refined or separated
More informationCrude Distillation Chapter 4
Crude Distillation Chapter 4 Gases Gas Sat Gas Plant Polymerization LPG Sulfur Plant Sulfur Alkyl Feed Alkylation Butanes Fuel Gas LPG Gas Separation & Stabilizer Light Naphtha Heavy Naphtha Isomerization
More information1-3 Alkanes structures and Properties :
1-3 Alkanes structures and Properties : The simplest family of organic molecules is the (Alkanes). Alkanes are relatively unreactive and not often involved in chemical reactions, but they nevertheless
More information3.2 The alkanes. Isomerism: Alkanes with 4 or more carbons show a type of structural isomerism called chain isomerism
3.2 The alkanes Prior knowledge: Types of formula general, empirical, molecular, structural, displayed and skeletal. Nomenclature Structural isomers chain and position isomers Free radicals Aliphatic Alkanes
More informationGaseous fuel, production of H 2. Diesel fuel, furnace fuel, cracking
ALKANES Introduction Hydrocarbons, as the name implies are compounds whose molecules contain only carbon and hydrogen. They are extracted from petroleum, natural gas and coal. Straight chain alkanes take
More informationoil and its derivates
speech transcript Liceo Scientifico Isaac Newton oil and its derivates in accordo con il Ministero dell Istruzione, Università, Ricerca e sulla base delle Politiche Linguistiche della Commissione Europea
More informationLecture 3: Petroleum Refining Overview
Lecture 3: Petroleum Refining Overview In this lecture, we present a brief overview of the petroleum refining, a prominent process technology in process engineering. 3.1 Crude oil Crude oil is a multicomponent
More informationOn-Line Process Analyzers: Potential Uses and Applications
On-Line Process Analyzers: Potential Uses and Applications INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to provide ideas for application of Precision Scientific process analyzers in petroleum refineries.
More informationPetroleum Refining Fourth Year Dr.Aysar T. Jarullah
Catalytic Reforming Catalytic reforming is the process of transforming C 7 C 10 hydrocarbons with low octane numbers to aromatics and iso-paraffins which have high octane numbers. It is a highly endothermic
More informationWhy do we study about Fuel for IC Engine? Because fuel properties affect the combustion process in engine and its operation
FUELS 1 Introduction 2 Why do we study about Fuel for IC Engine? Because fuel properties affect the combustion process in engine and its operation Engines are designed to run on fuels that meet certain
More informationPRACTICE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR 1.6 ALKANES (includes some questions from 1.5 Introduction to Organic Chemistry)
PRACTICE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR 1.6 ALKANES (includes some questions from 1.5 Introduction to Organic Chemistry) 1. (a) Name the process used to separate petroleum into fractions....... Give the molecular
More informationFundamentals of Petroleum Refining Refinery Products. Lecturers: assistant teachers Kirgina Maria Vladimirovna Belinskaya Natalia Sergeevna
Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining Refinery Products Lecturers: assistant teachers Kirgina Maria Vladimirovna Belinskaya Natalia Sergeevna 1 Refinery Products Composition There are specifications for over
More informationBottom of Barrel Processing. Chapters 5 & 8
Bottom of Barrel Processing Chapters 5 & 8 Gases Gas Sat Gas Plant Polymerization LPG Sulfur Plant Sulfur Alkyl Feed Alkylation Butanes Fuel Gas LPG Gas Separation & Stabilizer Light Naphtha Heavy Naphtha
More informationHowstuffworks "How Gasoline Works"
Page 1 of 5 Search HowStuffWorks and the Auto Stuff Science Stuff Health Stuff Entertainment Stuff People St Computer Stuff Electronics Stuff Home Stuff Money Stuff Travel Stuff S Main > Science > Earth
More informationHOW OIL REFINERIES WORK
HOW OIL REFINERIES WORK In order to model oil refineries for model railroads some research was conducted into how they operate and what products a refinery produces. Presented below is a basic survey on
More informationTopic 1.6 PETROLEUM AND ALKANES. Fractional Distillation Cracking Combustion
Topic 1.6 PETROLEUM AND ALKANES Fractional Distillation racking ombustion RUDE OIL 1. Introduction The vast majority of carbon-containing compounds in widespread use have been made from crude oil. rude
More informationPetroleum Refining Fourth Year Dr.Aysar T. Jarullah
Catalytic Operations Fluidized Catalytic Cracking The fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) unit is the heart of the refinery and is where heavy low-value petroleum stream such as vacuum gas oil (VGO) is
More informationCHAPTER 3 OIL REFINERY PROCESSES
CHAPTER 3 OIL REFINERY PROCESSES OUTLINE 1. Introduction 2. Physical Processes 3. Thermal Processes 4. Catalytic Processes 5. Conversion of Heavy Residues 6. Treatment of Refinery Gas Streams INTRODUCTION
More informationCoking and Thermal Process, Delayed Coking
Coking and Thermal Process, Delayed Coking Fig:4.1 Simplified Refinery Flow Diagram [1,2] Treatment processes : To prepare hydrocarbon streams for additional processing and to prepare finished products.
More informationOrganic Chemistry, 5th ed. Marc Loudon. Chapter 2 Alkanes. Eric J. Kantorows ki California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, CA
Organic Chemistry, 5th ed. Marc Loudon Chapter 2 Alkanes Eric J. Kantorows ki California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, CA Chapter 2 Overview 2.1 Hydrocarbons 2.2 Unbranched Alkanes 2.3
More informationAlkylation & Polymerization Chapter 11
Alkylation & Polymerization Chapter 11 Petroleum Refinery Schematic Gasses Polymerization Sulfur Plant Sulfur Gas Sat Gas Plant Alkyl Feed Butanes LPG Fuel Gas Alkylation LPG Gas Separation & Stabilizer
More informationHOW OIL REFINERIES WORK
HOW OIL REFINERIES WORK In order to model oil refineries for model railroads some research was conducted into how they operate and what products a refinery produces. Presented below is a basic survey on
More informationPetroleum Refining Fourth Year Dr.Aysar T. Jarullah
Oil Products 1- Gaseous Fuels. Natural gas, which is predominantly methane, occurs in underground reservoirs separately or in association with crude oil. The principal types of gaseous fuels are oil (distillation)
More informationCatalytic Reforming for Aromatics Production. Topsoe Catalysis Forum Munkerupgaard, Denmark August 27 28, 2015 Greg Marshall GAM Engineering LLC 1
Catalytic Reforming for Aromatics Production Topsoe Catalysis Forum Munkerupgaard, Denmark August 27 28, 2015 Greg Marshall GAM Engineering LLC GAM Engineering LLC 1 REFINERY CONFIURATION LPG NAPHTHA HYDROTREATING
More informationChapter 2 Outline: Alkanes
Chapter 2 Outline: Alkanes 1. Structure of Alkanes & Cycloalkanes 2. Nomenclature overview 3. Newman Projections - Conformations of Alkanes in 3-D space 4. Chair Conformations - Conformations of Cycloalkanes
More informationAnnex A: General Description of Industry Activities
Annex A: General Description of Industry Activities 65. The EHS Guidelines for Petroleum Refining cover processing operations from crude oil to finished liquid products, including liquefied petroleum gas
More informationHOW OIL REFINERIES WORK
HOW OIL REFINERIES WORK In order to model oil refineries for model railroads some research was conducted into how they operate and what products a refinery produces. Presented below is a basic survey on
More informationEdexcel GCSE Chemistry. Topic 8: Fuels and Earth science. Fuels. Notes.
Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Topic 8: Fuels and Earth science Fuels Notes 8.1 Recall that Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only 8.2 Describe crude oil as: A complex mixture of hydrocarbons
More informationAlkylate. Alkylate petrol has been used in many years as an environmentally and healthy adjusted fuel for forest workers and other. WHY?
Alkylate Alkylate petrol has been used in many years as an environmentally and healthy adjusted fuel for forest workers and other. WHY? In various ways we affect our surroundings and our environment. If
More informationFundamentals of Petrochemical Industry
Fundamentals of Petrochemical Industry Akil Sahiwala Marketing Manager Dow Polyurethanes The Dow Chemical Company AGENDA Petrochemical Value Chain Overview Feedstocks to the Industry Chemical Value Chains
More informationPETE 203: Properties of oil
PETE 203: Properties of oil Prepared by: Mr. Brosk Frya Ali Koya University, Faculty of Engineering, Petroleum Engineering Department 2013 2014 Lecture no. (3): Classification of Crude oil 6. Classification
More informationPetroleum Refining Overview
Petroleum Refining Overview Topics Energy consumption & petroleum s place Size of U.S. industry Major refiners Petroleum products Basic petroleum economics Trends for crude oil & gasoline prices When do
More informationSandstone Shale Limestone. Water. Section Resources
22.5 1 FOCUS Objectives 22.5.1 Identify three important fossil fuels and describe their origins. 22.5.2 Describe the composition of natural gas, petroleum, and coal. 25.5.3 Describe What happens when petroleum
More informationEnergy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity of Petroleum Products at U.S. Refineries
Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity of Petroleum Products at U.S. Refineries Amgad Elgowainy, a Jeongwoo Han, a Hao Cai, a Michael Wang, a Grant S. Forman, b Vincent B. DiVita c a Systems
More informationGTC TECHNOLOGY WHITE PAPER
GTC TECHNOLOGY WHITE PAPER Refining/Petrochemical Integration FCC Gasoline to Petrochemicals Refining/Petrochemical Integration - FCC Gasoline to Petrochemicals Introduction The global trend in motor fuel
More informationCUSTOMS TARIFF - SCHEDULE V - 1
V - 1 Section V MINERAL PRODUCTS 27 - i Chapter 27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION; BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; MINERAL WAXES Notes. 1. This Chapter does not cover: (a) Separate
More informationA Balanced Approach to Octane Replacement
A Balanced Approach to Octane Replacement Policy Development Meeting on Clean Fuels and Vehicles for the Middle East and North Africa 24 May 2006 Cairo, Egypt Lee Chook Khean Communications Director http://www.acfa.org.sg
More informationQ1. Useful fuels can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Q. Useful fuels can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. (a) The table shows the boiling points of four of these hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon Boiling point in C methane, CH
More informationCUSTOMS TARIFF - SCHEDULE. Chapter 27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION; BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; MINERAL WAXES
CUSTOMS TARIFF - SCHEDULE 27 - i Chapter 27 MINERAL FUELS, MINERAL OILS AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR DISTILLATION; BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES; MINERAL WAXES Notes. 1. This Chapter does not cover: (a) Separate chemically
More information(Syn)Gas to Fuel HIGH QUALITY GASOLINE FROM METHANOL
(Syn)Gas to Fuel HIGH QUALITY GASOLINE FROM METHANOL Public N. Ringer/ R. Rakoczy Business Unit Catalysts 09.09.2013 2 Agenda Introduction MTG: History & Chemistry The Catalysts CAC s STF Process Conclusions
More informationStandard Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube Furnace Combustion
IAS Accreditation Number Company Name Address Contact Name Telephone +966-14-398-2118 Effective Date of Scope May 1, 2018 Accreditation Standard ISO/IEC 17025:2017 TL-743 Yanbu Industrial Area Yanbu, Madina
More informationQ1. The table shows how much carbon dioxide is produced when you transfer the same amount of energy by burning coal, gas and oil.
Q1. The table shows how much carbon dioxide is produced when you transfer the same amount of energy by burning coal, gas and oil. (a) (b) Use the information from the table to complete the bar-chart. The
More informationWhite Paper.
The Advantage of Real Atmospheric Distillation Complying with the ASTM D7345 Test Method in the Distillation Process Introduction / Background In the past, refiners enjoyed a constant supply of the same
More informationFuel Related Definitions
Fuel Related Definitions ASH The solid residue left when combustible material is thoroughly burned or is oxidized by chemical means. The ash content of a fuel is the non combustible residue found in the
More informationUnit 1. Naphtha Catalytic Reforming. Assistant lecturers Belinskaya Nataliya Sergeevna Kirgina Maria Vladimirovna
Unit 1. Naphtha Catalytic Reforming Assistant lecturers Belinskaya Nataliya Sergeevna Kirgina Maria Vladimirovna Introduction Catalytic reforming of heavy naphtha and isomerization of light naphtha constitute
More informationCo-Processing of Green Crude in Existing Petroleum Refineries. Algae Biomass Summit 1 October
Co-Processing of Green Crude in Existing Petroleum Refineries Algae Biomass Summit 1 October - 2014 1 Overview of Sapphire s process for making algae-derived fuel 1 Strain development 2 Cultivation module
More informationPPG NOVAGUARD 650 Chemical Resistance Guide
Validity of this list This resistance list supersedes all earlier issues. The information provided in this resistance list is to the best of our knowledge correct and given in good faith. It is not intended
More informationLearning Guide for Chapter 4 - Alkanes
Learning Guide for Chapter 4 - Alkanes I. Introduction to Alkanes - p 1 II. Physical Properties, sources, uses and spectroscopy of alkanes - p 3 III. Reactions of alkanes - p 5 IV. Nomenclature of alkanes
More informationOIL REFINERY PROCESSES
OIL REFINERY PROCESSES 1 Types of hydrocarbons Types of hydrocarbons (parafffins, naphthenes, and aromatics). This rating is important to the refinery since the value of the crude oil decreases from classification
More informationHydrocarbons 1 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016
Hydrocarbons 1 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Hydrocarbons 2 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What are hydrocarbons? 3 of 29 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Some compounds only contain the elements carbon and hydrogen. They are
More informationCHAPTER 2 REFINERY FEED STREAMS: STREAMS FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC AND VACUUM TOWERS
CHAPTER 2 REFINERY FEED STREAMS: STREAMS FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC AND VACUUM TOWERS About This Chapter The previous chapter introduced crude oil as a mixture of compounds. The characteristics of these compounds
More informationAALTO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY KE Introduction to biorefineries and biofuels
AALTO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY KE-40.4120 Introduction to biorefineries and biofuels Assignment 11: Comparison of biofuels vs. fossil fuels Aino Siirala 309141 Assignment submitted 8.12.2013
More informationCHAPTER 1 THE NATURE OF CRUDE PETROLEUM
CHAPTER 1 THE NATURE OF CRUDE PETROLEUM About This Chapter For most of history crude oil was a nuisance. It had no widespread commercial application, although evidence for water proofing and cement can
More informationFuel. Any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy and to heat or to move an object
Fuel Any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy and to heat or to move an object Fuel releases its energy either through a chemical reaction means, such as combustion, or nuclear
More informationStudy on Relative CO2 Savings Comparing Ethanol and TAEE as a Gasoline Component
Study on Relative CO2 Savings Comparing Ethanol and TAEE as a Gasoline Component Submitted by: Hart Energy Consulting Hart Energy Consulting 1616 S. Voss, Suite 1000 Houston, Texas 77057, USA Terrence
More informationRefining/Petrochemical Integration-A New Paradigm Joseph C. Gentry, Director - Global Licensing Engineered to Innovate
Refining/Petrochemical Integration-A New Paradigm Introduction The global trend in motor fuel consumption favors diesel over gasoline. There is a simultaneous increase in demand for various petrochemicals
More informationPreface... xii. 1. Refinery Distillation... 1
Preface... xii Chapter Breakdown... xiii 1. Refinery Distillation... 1 Process Variables... 2 Process Design of a Crude Distillation Tower... 5 Characterization of Unit Fractionation... 11 General Properties
More informationChallenges and Solutions for Shale Oil Upgrading
Challenges and Solutions for Shale Oil Upgrading Don Ackelson UOP LLC, A Honeywell Company 32 nd Oil Shale Symposium Colorado School of Mines October 15-17, 2012 2012 UOP LLC. All rights reserved. UOP
More informationRefining/Petrochemical Integration-A New Paradigm
Refining/Petrochemical Integration-A New Paradigm Introduction The global trend in motor fuel consumption favors diesel over gasoline. There is a simultaneous increase in demand for various petrochemicals
More informationSupply of Services for Detailed OEB Crude Assay Analysis
Tender Number [9900009229] Supply of Services for Detailed OEB Crude Assay Analysis SCOPE OF WORK SCOPE OF WORK 1. Introduction Orpic is the brand name for Oman Oil Refineries and Petroleum Industries
More informationTypes of Oil and their Properties
CHAPTER 3 Types of Oil and their Properties Oil is a general term that describes a wide variety of natural substances of plant, animal, or mineral origin, as well as a range of synthetic compounds. The
More informationEthanol and the Economics of Octane The Superior Solution
Ethanol and the Economics of Octane The Superior Solution Geoff Cooper Renewable Fuels Association October 20, 2017 Today s Presentation What is octane and why is it important? Options for boosting octane
More informationSoftening point by Ring & Ball. Density and relative density of liquids by Hubbart pycnometer
Softening point by Ring & Ball Density and relative density of liquids by Hubbart pycnometer Distillation of petroleum Melting point of petroleum wax Precipitation number of lubricating oils Saponification
More informationMaximizing Refinery Margins by Petrochemical Integration
Topic Maximizing Refinery Margins by Petrochemical Integration Presented by : Rajeev Singh Global Demand for Refined Products 29% 29% 29% 29% 30% 30% 33% 10% 10% 10% 9% 8% 8% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 7% 22% 22%
More informationSOLVENT DEASPHALTING OPTIONS How SDA can increase residue upgrading margins
SOLVENT DEASPHALTING OPTIONS How SDA can increase residue upgrading margins ME Tech Dubai, February 18 & 19, 2014 Steve Beeston - Vice President, Technology Business Environment Requirements Improve refinery
More informationCHEMSYSTEMS. Report Abstract. Petrochemical Market Dynamics Feedstocks
CHEMSYSTEMS PPE PROGRAM Report Abstract Petrochemical Market Dynamics Feedstocks Petrochemical feedstocks industry overview, crude oil, natural gas, coal, biological hydrocarbons, olefins, aromatics, methane
More informationChapter 2. Alkanes. Table of Contents
hapter 2 Table of ontents Introduction 1. Alkanes 2. Alkyl Groups 3. Nomenclature of Alkanes 4. Isomerism in Alkanes 5. Physical Properties of Alkanes 6. hemical Properties of Alkanes 7. Preparation of
More informationMaking Crude Oil Useful Revision Pack (C1)
Fossil Fuels: There are three main types of fossil fuels: - Coal (made from dead plants that lived millions of years ago) - Natural Gas (made from dead sea creatures that lived millions of years ago) -
More informationChapter 4: Alkanes. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen; they consist of saturated and unsaturated compounds:
Chapter 4 Outline: Alkanes 1. Structure of Alkanes & Cycloalkanes (cover mostly on your own) 2. Physical Properties of Alkanes & Cycloalkanes (cover on your own) 3. Nomenclature overview 4. Newman Projections
More informationPETROLEUM WAX & VASELINE PLANT
PETROLEUM WAX & VASELINE PLANT Seoul, Korea Q_iso s Activities OPTIMUM SOLUTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT FRONT-END ENGINEERING PROCESS & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INSTALLATION & CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
More informationANALYSIS OF ENERGY USE AND CO 2 EMISSIONS IN THE U.S. REFINING SECTOR, WITH PROJECTIONS OF HEAVIER CRUDES FOR 2025 SUPPORTING INFORMATION
ANALYSIS OF ENERGY USE AND CO 2 EMISSIONS IN THE U.S. REFINING SECTOR, WITH PROJECTIONS OF HEAVIER CRUDES FOR 2025 SUPPORTING INFORMATION MathPro Inc. P.O. Box 34404 West Bethesda, Maryland 20827-0404
More informationCharacterization of crude:
Crude Oil Properties Characterization of crude: Crude of petroleum is very complex except for the lowboiling components, no attempt is made by the refiner to analyze for the pure components that contained
More informationAnnex to the Accreditation Certificate D-PL according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005
Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle GmbH Annex to the Accreditation Certificate D-PL-17640-01-00 according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 Period of validity: 18.12.2017 to 04.11.2018 Holder of certificate: Haltermann
More informationSolvent Deasphalting Conversion Enabler
Kevin Whitehead Solvent Deasphalting Conversion Enabler 5 th December 2017 Bottom of the Barrel Workshop NIORDC, Tehran 2017 UOP Limited Solvent Deasphalting (SDA) 1 Natural Gas Refinery Fuel Gas Hydrogen
More informationNew Topic Fuels and Climate Chemistry. Think what is the connection between a leaf and coal?
New Topic Fuels and Climate Chemistry Think what is the connection between a leaf and coal? S3 Chemistry Fuels and Climate Chemistry Lesson 1 REVISION By investigating renewable energy sources and taking
More informationWhite Paper. Improving Accuracy and Precision in Crude Oil Boiling Point Distribution Analysis. Introduction. Background Information
Improving Accuracy and Precision in Crude Oil Boiling Point Distribution Analysis. Abstract High Temperature Simulated Distillation (High Temp SIMDIS) is one of the most frequently used techniques to determine
More informationInternational Association of Certified Practicing Engineers
www.iacpe.com Knowledge, Certification, Networking Page: 1 60 November, 2016 IACPE No 19, Jalan Bilal Mahmood 80100 Johor Bahru Malaysia CERTIFIED CRUDE OIL ANALYST The International is providing the introduction
More informationPETROLEUM: CHEMISTRY, REFINING, FUELS AND PETROCHEMICALS - Petroleum: Chemistry, Refining, Fuels and Petrochemicals Refining - James G.
PETROLEUM: CHEMISTRY, REFINING, FUELS AND PETROCHEMICALS -REFINING James G. Speight 2476 Overland Road,Laramie, WY 82070-4808, USA Keywords: Dewatering, desalting, atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation,
More informationGeneral Guide of Lubricants Recycle
General Guide of Lubricants Recycle This paper is a disscution on waste/used lubricating oil recycling. For Equipment & Solution Enquiry: solution@wpenvironmental.com For More Information: www.wpenvironmental.com
More informationDKK 3343 Gas Technology & Petroleum Refining
DKK 3343 Gas Technology & Petroleum Refining 1 Gas Technology & Petroleum Refining DKK3343 SEM 1 2006/2007 Instructor: Engr. Mohd. Kamaruddin Abd. Hamid Room: N01-203 Tel.: 07-5535517/013-7417808 Email:
More informationRefining/Petrochemical Integration A New Paradigm. Anil Khatri, GTC Technology Coking and CatCracking Conference New Delhi - October 2013
Refining/Petrochemical Integration A New Paradigm Anil Khatri, GTC Technology Coking and CatCracking Conference New Delhi - October 2013 Presentation Themes Present integration schemes focus on propylene,
More informationEngine Exhaust Emissions
Engine Exhaust Emissions 1 Exhaust Emission Control Particulates (very challenging) Chamber symmetry and shape Injection characteristics (mixing rates) Oil control Catalyst (soluble fraction) Particulate
More informationA New Refining Process for Efficient Naphtha Utilization: Parallel Operation of a C 7+ Isomerization Unit with a Reformer
A New Refining Process for Efficient Naphtha Utilization: Parallel Operation of a C 7+ Isomerization Unit with a Reformer Authors: Dr. Cemal Ercan, Dr. Yuguo Wang and Dr. Rashid M. Othman ABSTRACT Gasoline
More informationA summary of national and global energy indicators. FEDERAL RESERVE BANK of KANSAS CITY
THE U.S. Energy DATABOOK A summary of national and global energy indicators JULY 1, 17 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK of KANSAS CITY SUMMARY OF CURRENT ENERGY CONDITIONS The number of total active drilling rigs
More informationUSES FOR RECYCLED OIL
USES FOR RECYCLED OIL What happens to your recycled used oil? Used oil, or 'sump oil' as it is sometimes called, should not be thrown away. Although it gets dirty, used oil can be cleaned of contaminants
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report No. 158A OCTANE IMPROVERS FOR GASOLINE (February 1992)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 158A OCTANE IMPROVERS FOR GASOLINE (February 1992) Lead phaseout in the United States has brought about a strong interest in oxygenated octane improvers for
More informationUnit 4. Fluidised Catalytic Cracking. Assistant lecturers Belinskaya Nataliya Sergeevna Kirgina Maria Vladimirovna
Unit 4. Fluidised Catalytic Cracking Assistant lecturers Belinskaya Nataliya Sergeevna Kirgina Maria Vladimirovna Introduction Catalytic cracking is the process in which heavy low-value petroleum stream
More informationProduct Blending & Optimization Considerations. Chapters 12 & 14
Product Blending & Optimization Considerations Chapters 12 & 14 Gases Polymerization Sulfur Plant Sulfur Gas Sat Gas Plant LPG Butanes Fuel Gas Gas Separation & Stabilizer Light Naphtha Isomerization Alkyl
More informationTechnology Development within Alternative Fuels. Yves Scharff
Technology Development within Alternative Fuels Yves Scharff 1 Agenda Introduction Axens and Alternative Fuels Axens Renewable Iso-paraffins Route 2 Why Alternative Fuels? Environmental Regulation By 2020,
More informationMini refinery feasibility study
Mini refinery feasibility study Introduction The first part of any study into a mini-refinery application is an initial assessment of its economic feasibility. This requires an understanding of what a
More informationChapter 11 Gasoline Production
Petroleum Refining Chapter 11: Gasoline Production Chapter 11 Gasoline Production INTRODUCTION Convert SR naphtha to motor gasoline stocks through 1. Reforming 2. Isomerization Production of motor gasoline
More information