COVENANT UNIVERSITY NIGERIA TUTORIAL KIT OMEGA SEMESTER PROGRAMME: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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1 COVENANT UNIVERSITY NIGERIA TUTORIAL KIT OMEGA SEMESTER PROGRAMME: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING COURSE: MCE 320
2 DISCLAIMER The contents of this document are intended for practice and leaning purposes at the undergraduate level. The materials are from different sources including the internet and the contributors do not in any way claim authorship or ownership of them. The materials are also not to be used for any commercial purpose. 2
3 MCE 320: INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING Contributor: Dr. S.A Adeosun 1. A pickup truck has a five-liter, V6, SI engine operating at 2400 RPM. The compression ratio rc = 10.2:1, the volumetric efficiency Tlv = 0.91, and the bore and stroke are related as stroke S = 0.92 B. Calculate: (a) Stroke length. [cm] (b) Average piston speed. [m/sec] (c) Clearance volume of one cylinder. [cm3] (d) Air flow rate into engine. [kg/see] 2. A construction vehicle has a diesel engine with eight cylinders of inch bore and 8.0- inch stroke, operating on a four-stroke cycle. It delivers 152-shaft horsepower at 1000 RPM, with a mechanical efficiency of Calculate: (a) Total engine displacement. [in.3] (b) Brake mean effective pressure. [psia] (c) Torque at 1000RPM. [lbf-ft] (d) Indicated horsepower. (e) Friction horsepower. 3. Methanol is burned in an engine with air at an equivalence ratio of = Exhaust pressure and inlet pressure are 101 kpa. Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. Calculate: (a) Air-fuel ratio. (b) Dew point temperature of the exhaust if the inlet air is dry. [0C] (c) Dew point temperature of the exhaust if the inlet air has a relative humidity of 40% at 25 C. [0C] (d) Antiknock index of methanol. 4. Compute the indicated power generated at WOT by a three-liter, four-cylinder, four stroke cycle SI engine operating at 4800 RPM using either gasoline or methanol. For each case, the intake manifold is heated such that all fuel is evaporated before the intake ports, and the air-fuel mixture enters the cylinders at 60 C and 100 kpa. Compression ratio rc = 8.5, fuel equivalence ratio = 1.0, combustion efficiency 'T/c = 98%, and volumetric efficiency 'T/v = 100%. Calculate the indicated specific fuel consumption for each fuel. [gm/kw-hr] 5. A six-cylinder, four-stroke cycle SI engine with multipoint fuel injection has a displacement of 204 liters and a volumetric efficiency of 87% at 3000 RPM, and operates on ethyl alcohol with an equivalence ratio of Each cylinder has one port injector which delivers fuel at a rate of 0.02 kg/sec. The engine also has an auxiliary injector upstream in the intake manifold which delivers fuel at a rate of kg/sec to change the air-fuel ratio and give a richer mixture when needed. When in use, the auxiliary injector operates continuously and supplies all cylinders. Calculate: (a) Time of one injection pulse for one cylinder for one cycle. [sec] (b) AF if the auxiliary injector is not being used. (c) AF if the auxiliary injector is being used. 6. A 3.6-liter, V6 SI engine is designed to have a maximum speed of 7000 RPM. There are two intake valves per cylinder, and valve lift equals one-fourth valve diameter. Bore and stroke are related as S = 1.06B. Design temperature of the air-fuel mixture entering the cylinders is 60 C. Calculate! (: (a) Ideal theoretical valve diameter. [cm]. (b) Maximum flow velocity through intake valve. [m/sec] (c) Do the valve diameters and bore size seem compatible? 7. A 6.8-liter, in-line, eight-cylinder CI engine has a compression ratio rc = 18.5 and a crevice volume equal to 3% of the clearance volume. During the engine cycle pressure ill. The 3
4 crevice volume equals combustion chamber pressure while remaining at the cylinder wall temperature of 190 C.Cylinder conditions at the start of compression are 75 C and 120kPa, and peak pressure is 11,000kPa. Cutoff ratio is f3 = 2.3. Calculate: (a) Crevice volume of one cylinder. [em3] (b) Percent of air-fuel mixture in the crevice volume at the end of compression. [%] (c) Percent of air-fuel mixture in the crevice volume at the end of combustion. [%] 8. A 2.6-liter, four-cylinder, stratified charge SI engine with a compression ratio of 10.5:1 operates on an Otto cycle. The engine has divided combustion chambers, with a secondary chamber containing 18% of the clearance volume in each cylinder. A 1-cm2 orifice connects the secondary chamber with the main combustion chamber. AF = 13.2 in the secondary chamber where the spark plug is located, and AF = 20.8 in the main chamber. The fuel is gasoline with a 98% combustion efficiency. When operating at 2600 RPM, the conditions in both chambers at the start of combustion are 700 K and 2100 kpa. Combustion can be modeled as an instantaneous heat addition in the secondary chamber, followed by a gas expansion into the main chamber which lasts for about 7 of engine rotation. Additional heat is then added from combustion in the main chamber. Calculate: (a) Overall AF. (b) Peak temperature and pressure in the secondary chamber. r o C, kpa] (c) Approximate velocity of gas flow into the main chamber immediately after combustion in the secondary chamber. [m/sec] 9. A CI engine with a 3.2-inch bore and 3.9-inch stroke operates at 1850 RPM. In each cycle, fuel injection starts at 16 btdc and lasts for second. Combustion starts at 8 btdc. Due to the higher temperature, the ignition delay of any fuel injected after combustion starts is reduced by a factor of two from the original ID. Calculate: (a) ID of first fuel injected. [see] (b) ID of first fuel injected in degrees of engine rotation. (c) Crank angle position when combustion starts on last fuel droplets injected. 10. The engine in Problem 7-7 has a volumetric efficiency of 92%, an overall combustion efficiency of 99%, an indicated thermal efficiency of 52%, and a mechanical efficiency of 86% when operating at 3500 RPM. Calculate: (a) Brake power at this condition. [kw] (b) bmep. [kpa] (c) Amount of unburned fuel exhausted from the engine.[kglhr] (d) bsfc. [gmlkw-hr] 4
5 QUESTION 1: SOLUTION 5
6 QUESTION 2: The engine in Example Problem 2-1 is connected to a dynamometer which gives a brake output torque reading of 205 N-m at 3600 RPM. At this speed air enters the cylinders at 85 kpa and 6
7 60 C, and the mechanical efficiency of the engine is 85%. Calculate: 7
8 Extracted from example problem 2-2 8
9 QUESTION 3: The engine in Example Problem 2-2 (Question 2) is running with an air-fuel ratio AF = 15, a fuel heating value of 44,000kJ/kg, and a combustion efficiency of 97%. Calculate: Extracted from example problem
10 QUESTION 4: 10
11 Extracted from example problem 4-1 &
12 QUESTION 5: B) The four-cylinder engine of a light truck owned by a utility company has been converted to run on propane fuel. A dry analysis of the engine exhaust gives the following volumetric 12
13 percentages: Extracted from example problem 4-3 & 4-4 QUESTION 6: A) A 2.8-liter four-cylinder square engine (bore = stroke) with two intake valves per cylinder is designed to have a maximum speed of 7500 RPM. Intake temperature is 600C. Calculate: 13
14 B) A six-cylinder, 3.6-liter SI engine is designed to have a maximum speed of 6000RPM. At this speed the volumetric efficiency of the engine is The engine will be equipped with a twobarrel carburetor, one barrel for low speeds and both barrels for high speed. Gasoline density can 14
15 be considered to be 750kg/m3. Calculate: Extracted from example problem 5-1 & 5-2 QUESTION 7: 15
16 16
17 C) The diesel engine of Example Problem 5-4 (Question 6B) has a compression ratio of 18:1 and operates on an air-standard Dual cycle. At 2400 RPM, combustion starts at 7 btdc and lasts for 42 of engine rotation. The ratio of connecting rod length to crank offset is R = 3.8. Calculate: Extracted from example problem
18 QUESTION 8: QUESTION 9: 18
19 Extracted from example problem 6-2 QUESTION 10: A) The spark plug is fired at 18 btdc in an engine running at 1800 RPM. It takes 8 of engine rotation to start combustion and get into flame propagation mode. Flame termination occurs at 12 atdc. Bore diameter is 8.4 cm and the spark plug is offset 8 mm from the centerline of the cylinder. The flame front can be approximated as a sphere moving out from the spark plug. Calculate the effective flame front speed during flame propagation. 19
20 Rotational angle during flame propagation is from 10 btdc to 12 atdc, which equals 22. Time of flame propagation: t = (22 )/ [(360 /rev)(1800/60 rev/sec)] = sec Maximum flame travel distance: Dmax = bore/2 + offset = (0.084/2) + (0.008) = m Effective flame speed: Vf = Dmax/t = (0.050 m)/( sec) = 24.5 m/sec B) The engine in Example Problem 1A is now run at 3000RPM. As speed is increased in this engine, greater turbulence and swirl increase the flame front speed at a rate such that VI <X 0.85 N. Flame development after spark plug firing still takes 8 of engine rotation. Calculate how much ignition timing must be advanced such that flame termination again occurs at 12 atdc. Flame speed: Vf = (0.85) (3000/1800) (24.5m/sec) = 34.7m/sec With flame travel distance the same, the time of flame propagation is t = Dmax / Vf = (0.050m)/ (34.7 m/sec) = sec Rotational angle during flame propagation: angle = (3000/60rev/sec) (3600/rev) ( sec) = Flame propagation starts at btdc, and spark plug firing is at btdc. Ignition timing must be advanced
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