Transformer oils - Production, performance and in-service behaviour
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1 Transformer oils - Production, performance and in-service behaviour Johan Grövik Nynas AB TRANSFORM Partner
2 Nynas Nynas AB founded 1928 Swedish based company Approximately 850 employees Turnover 2 billion EURO 28 Sales channels More than 18 TRO depots Market leader of transformer oils with market share of 25 % Johan Grövik M.Sc Chemical Engineering M.Sc Business Administration Market Manager Electrical Industry johan.grovik@nynas.com Page 2
3 Outline Oil demand in the world 2012 versus transformer oil Manufacturing of a transformer oil Failure statistics Selection of insulating oil Maintenance of an insulating oil Summary Page 3
4 Naphthenic crude supply Proven Naphthenic crude reserves for the next 70 years TOTAL= 4442 million Mt BASE OIL= 36 million Mt TRO = 1,2 Million Mt Page 4
5 Basic: -Chemical composition of crude oil Mineral insulating oil is made from crude oil by different refining processes. The constituents are hydrocarbons combined in various structures and sizes Page 5
6 Trends in the world of refining Technical trend - Development of base oils with high VI Focus on lubrications - Market >36 Mt Key driver for engine oils - To minimize friction - Fuel efficiency TRO oils do not have that technology driver! It require a low VI oil for best performance Page 6
7 What are the requirements of an insulating oil? Provide good cooling Act as an electrical insulator Have an excellent cold start property Material compatibility Last the lifetime of transformer Act as an information carrier Page 7
8 Production of insulation oil Page 8
9 A modern hydrotreatment refinery Page 9
10 Distillation Page 10
11 Hydro-treating processes Page 11
12 Degree of refining Before hydrotreatment Before HT (%) C A (IR) C A 25% 25 C N 30 C C N 30 P 45 Sulphur C P 45 2 IP346 Sulphur 2 10 IP After hydrotreatment After HT (%) A T B NSC S C A (IR) C A C N C N C P C Sulphur P < IP346 Sulphur <1 IP <1 Carbon type distribution determined with IR analysis Page 12
13 Failure statistics Page 13
14 Failure rates of substation transformers Failures / population info kv kv kv kv >700 kv ALL Failures Transformer - years Failure rate 0,96% 0,46% 0,32 0,32% 3,20% 0,43% Failure rate for step up transformers = 0,46 % Ref; April 2012 Electra Page 14
15 Failure rate conclusion Preliminary results; (data collection still in progress) I. Study based on unit years II. Totally 685 failures III. Data from 48 utilities Old study from 1983 (failures occurring ) Concluded a failure rate benchmark of 2% Average failure rate = 0,44% Main fault locations (*=GSU transformer) 45-49* % of failures related to windings 26-11* % of failures related to tap changers 9*-17 % of failures related to bushings 7-19* % of failures related to lead exits Ref; April 2012 Electra Page 15
16 Generic failure model; 2 perspective methodology Stress / Strength Strength Stress encountered Damage from incidents Maintenance Failure Transformer quality Analysis => information Maintenance actions Incidents Grid design Operations Protection equipment Time Page 16
17 What is the lifetime of a transformer dependent on? Operating conditions Design / Manufacturing / Material Ambient temperature Design and materials Manufacturing and installation Follow up and maintenance Electricity quality/protection equipment Operations e.g. load Maintenance Page 17
18 Selection of insulating oil Page 18
19 Product Data Sheets Page 19
20 Values and benefits - life cycle perspective Low viscosity oils Good oxidation stability High solvency Lower operating temperatures Low acid values and low sludge production Keep sludge dissolved in oil Better circulation properties Less maintenance over time Slow degradation of oil and paper Longer transformer life Page 20
21 Values and benefits daily operations Low pour point Good flow properties at very low temperatures Transformer can be energized in low temperatures Excellent insulator Can withstand very high electrical stress Excellent compatibility with cellulose Very strong and stable insulation system enable compact design and high voltages Information carrier Record & store fault gases Allow to detect electrical & thermal faults Diagnostic tool to prevent failures and avoid outages Page 21
22 Selection of transformer oil Page 22
23 Maintenance Page 23
24 Antioxidant molecule and specification limits DBPC IEC Edition Uninhibited Not detectable Trace Max 0,08 Inhibited Max 0,40 Di-tert-butyl-para-cresol ASTM D 3487 Type I Max 0,08 Type II Max 0, Page 24
25 Acidity level and inhibitor content 0,4 Inhibitor (%) 0,3 0,2 0,1 Acidity (mg KOH/g) oil immersed power transformers No of samples (increased inhibitor content to the right) Page 25
26 Maintenance strategy Historical data Oil status Analysis DGA status What? How? Diagnostic Who? Why? Information Decisions Maintenance New investment Upgrade etc. Risk level Page 26
27 Summary; Standards for insulating oils IEC Fluids for electrotechnical applications Unused mineral insulating oils for transformers and switchgear IEC Before filling into a transformer IEC Mineral insulating oils in electrical equipment Supervision and maintenance guidance IEC After filling into a transformer IEC Insulating liquids Determination of breakdown voltage at power frequency test method Test & Measuring methods Page 27
28 Summary Transformer oil quality Excellent insulator Low Viscosity & VI Superior long term stability Operations Cooling - As low temperature as possible Oxygen - Protection systems Loading - Do not over load Maintenance Antioxidant levels - Monitor and top up Page 28
29 Nynas Group Head Office P.O. Box SE Stockholm Sweden Transformer oils My contact details; - Production, performance and in-service behaviour Johan Grövik johan.grovik@nynas.com Phone: johan.grovik@nynas.com Page 29
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