ISOMERIZATION OF PARAFFINS FOR GASOLINE

Transcription

1 Report No. 91 ISOMERIZATION OF PARAFFINS FOR GASOLINE by EARL D. OLIVER and RYOSUKE HASHIMOTO OCTOBER 1974 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA

2 CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS... GLOSSARY.,... xv xvii INTRODUCTION. 1 SUMMARY... General Aspects... Current Situation... Processes. Summary of Evaluations... Technical Aspects... Chemistry. Processes. INDUSTRY STATUS... History and Prospects for Isomerization... Capacities.. Production, Consumption, and Operating Rates. Raw Materials PROCESS COMPARISONS AND ANALYSIS LOW-TEMPERATURE ISOMERIZATION Chemistry.. Kinetics.. Poisons.. Review of Processes... UOPPene# BP Isomerizatio;... Process Description... Process Discussion... Cost Estimates SRIDesign. UOPDesign. BPDesign. ISOMERIZATION OVER ZEOLITE CATALYSTS... Review of Processes... Process Description... Process Discussion... Cost Estimates vii

3 CONTENTS 7 ISOMERIZATION WITH RECYCLE OF NORMAL PENTANE Review of Processes... Process Description... Process Discussion... Cost Estimates ISOMERIZATION WITH RECYCLE OF nc5, nc6, and MP Review of Processes... Process Description... Process Discussion... Cost Estimates ISOMERIZATION WITH RECYCLE OF NORMAL PARAFFINS Chemistry.. Review of Processes... Union Carbide Total Isomerization Process. BP Normal Paraffin Extraction... UOP Molex@ Process... Process Description... Process Discussion... Cost Estimates ISOMERIZATION OF BUTANE Chemistry.. Review of Processes... British Petroleum Process. Universal Oil Products: Butameg Process. Process Description... Process Discussion... Cost Estimates APPENDIX A DESIGN AND COST BASIS APPENDIX B PHYSICAL DATA... APPENDIX C HANDLING AND SAFETY. CITED REFERENCES. PATENT REFERENCES BY COMPANY viii

4 Cost, Capacity, and Octane Gain Cost of Octane Gain Equilibrium Composition: Vapor Phase., , BP Isomerization Process with Cs/C, or Ce Feedstock...., ,, Isomerization dver Zeolite Catalyst..,..... Isomerization with Recycle of nc,, nc,, and BP...,.,. Isomerization with Recycle of ncr, nc,, and MP on Production Cost....., Equilibrium Composition of Butanes: Vapor Phase IX

5 TABLES Summary of Evaluations... Plants for Normal Paraffin Isomerization.. Plants for Butane Isomerization... Various Octane Gains and Costs... Friedel-Crafts Isomerization of Normal Paraffins Patent Summary.... Hydroisomerization of Normal Paraffins... Design Bases and Assumptions StreamFlows Summary of Waste Products. Total Capital Investment.. Production Costs... BP Isomerization Process Material Balance... BP Isomerization Process Capital and Operation Cost Estimates, Utilities and Chemical Requirements for 8,400 BSD C,/C, Unit... Design Bases and Assumptions Stream Flows Summary of Waste Products. Total Capital Investment xi

6 TABLES Production Costs Patent Summary Design Bases and Assumptions Major Process Equipment and Utilities Summary StreamFlows Summary of Waste Products Total Capital Investment Production Costs. i Isomerization with Recycle of ncs, ncs, and MP Patent Summary , Isomerization with Recycle of nc,, nc,, and MP Design Bases and Assumptions Isomerization with Recycle of nc,, ncs, and MP Major Process Equipment and Utilities Summary Isomerization with Recycle of ncs, nc,, and MP StreamFlows 161 Isomerization with Recycle of ncs, ncs, and MP Summary of Waste Products Isomerization with Recycle of ncs, ncs, and IMP Total Capital Investment , Isomerization with Recycle of ncs, nce, and MP Production Costs Patent Summary Design Bases and Assumptions xii

7 TABLES B.1 B.2 StreamFlows Summary of Waste Products. Total Capital Investment.. Production Costs... Costs of Total Isomerization Process from the Literature.. Friedel-Crafts Patent Summary.... Hydroisomerization of Butane Patent Summary.... Design Bases and Assumptions StreamFlows Summary of Waste Products. Total Capital Investment.. Production Costs... Properties of Hydrocarbons. Composition of Feedstock Xiii