Prepared by: Dr. Assim Adaraje
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1 Air-standard cycles Prepared by: Dr. Assim Adaraje CH. 2 ۱
2 Cold-air-standard assumptions: When the working fluid is considered to be air with constant specific heats at room temperature (25 C). Air-standard cycle: A cycle for which the air-standard assumptions are applicable. Air-standard analysis is a ۲ simplification of the real cycle
3 Air-standard assumptions: 1.The working fluid is air, which continuously circulates in a closed loop and always behaves as an ideal gas. 2.All the processes that make up the cycle are internally reversible. 3.The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition process from an external source. 4.The exhaust process is replaced by a heatrejection process that restores the working fluid to its initial state. ۳
4 AN OVERVIEW OF RECIPROCATING ENGINES Compression ratio Mean effective pressure 4
5 Four-stroke cycle:1 cycle = 4 stroke = 2 revolution Two-stroke cycle:1 cycle = 2 stroke = 1 revolution 5 T-s diagram of the ideal Otto cycle.
6 ٦ The thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle increases with the specific heat ratio k of the working fluid.
7 ۷ Thermal efficiency of the ideal Otto cycle as a function of compression ratio (r).
8 ۸ Air-Standard Otto cycle
9 ۹
10 ۱۰
11 ۱۱
12 ۱۲
13 DIESEL CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES In diesel engines, only air is compressed during the compression stroke, eliminating the possibility of auto ignition (engine knock). Therefore, diesel engines can be designed to operate at much higher compression ratios than SI engines, typically between 12 and 24. In diesel engines, the spark plug is replaced by a fuel injector, and only air is compressed during the compression process. 13
14 ۱٤ Air standard Diesel Cycle for Diesel Engine
15 ۱٥
16 ۱٦
17 ۱۷
18 v 4 v 3 = v 4 v 2 v 2 v 3 v 1 1 v v3 2 v2 = r ρ, since v 1 = v 4 ۱۸
19 ۱۹ for the same compression ratio
20 Dual cycle: A more realistic ideal cycle model for modern, high-speed compression ignition engine. ۲۰
21 Dual Cycle Process 1 2 Isentropic compression Process 2 X Constant volume heat addition Process X 3 Constant pressure heat addition Process 3 4 Isentropic expansion Process 4 1 Constant volume heat rejection The use of the Dual cycle requires information about either: i) the fractions of constant volume and constant pressure heat addition (common assumption is to equally split the heat addition), or ii) maximum pressure P 3. Transformation of r, r c and r p into more natural variables yields ۲۱
22 ۲۲
23 ۲۳
24 ۲٤
25 ۲٥
26 For the same initial conditions P 1, V 1 and the same compression ratio: η > η > η Otto For the same initial conditions P 1, V 1 and the same peak pressure P 3 (actual design limitation in engines): η > η > η Diesel Dual Dual Diesel otto ۲٦
27 S.No Petrol Engine Diesel Engine 1. The petrol engine works on Otto cycle i.e. Heat Added on constant volume. 2. The air and petrol are mixed in the carburetor before they enter into the cylinder. 3. The petrol engine compresses a mixture of air and petrol which is ignited by an electric spark. The diesel engine works on diesel cycle i.e. Heat Added on constant pressure. The fuel is fed into the cylinder by a fuel injector and is mixed with air inside the cylinder. The diesel engine compresses only a charge of air and ignition is done by the heat of compression. 4. Compression ratio is low. Compression ratio is higher in diesel engine. 5. Less power is produced due to lower compression ratio. 6. Petrol engine is fitted with a spark plug ۲۷ Due to higher compression ratio more power is produced. It is fitted with a fuel injector.
28 Burns fuel that has high volatility. Burns fuel that has low volatility. They are used in light vehicles which requires less power Eg: car, jeep, motorcycle, scooters etc. Fuel consumption in petrol engine is high. ۲۸ cost. They are used in heavy vehicles which require high power. Eg: bushes, trucks, locomotive etc. Fuel consumption in diesel engine is less. Lighter Heavier Petrol engine requires Overhauling of diesel frequent overhauling. engine is done after a long time. Lesser starting problem. Greater starting problem. Lower initial cost. Higher initial cost. Lower maintenance Higher maintenance cost.
29 OTTO CYCLE DIESEL CYCLE Heat addition takes place at constant volume. Petrol engines work on this cycle. At constant volume, heat rejection takes place. Heat addition takes place at constant pressure. Diesel engines work on this cycle. in diesel cycle also the heat rejection takes place at constant volume. Compression ratio is less. It is 7:1 to 10:1. Efficiency is less. Adiabatic expansion takes place during the complete backward stroke of the Compression ratio is more. It is 11:1 to 22:1. Efficiency is more. After the heat addition is cutoff in the backward stroke, the adiabatic expansion takes
30 ۳۰
31 ۳۱
32 ۳۲
33 ۳۳
34 ۳٤
35 ۳٥
36 ۳٦
37 ۳۷
38 ۳۸
39 ۳۹
40 ٤۰
41 ٤۱
42 Problem-3: Calculate the air standard Diesel cycle efficiency of the engine with a compression ratio of 11:1; if the fuel supply is cut-off at 6% of the stroke (or swept or displacement volume). ٤۲
43 ٤۳
44 EX: 4 An air-standard Dual cycle operates with a compression ratio of 14. The conditions at the beginning of compression are 100 kpa and 300 K. The maximum temperature in the cycle is 2200 K and the heat added at constant volume is twice the heat added at constant pressure. Determined, (a) The pressure, temperature, and specific volumeat each corner of the cycle, (b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle, and (c) The mean effective pressure. ٤٤
45 ٤٥
46 ٤٦
47 ٤۷
48 ٤۸
49 ٤۹
(v) Cylinder volume It is the volume of a gas inside the cylinder when the piston is at Bottom Dead Centre (B.D.C) and is denoted by V.
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