PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE COOKING OIL PRODUCED BIODIESEL/DIESEL FUEL BLENDS

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2017, pp , Article ID: IJMET_08_07_162 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE COOKING OIL PRODUCED BIODIESEL/DIESEL FUEL BLENDS Ravi Patel Pursuing M.Tech., Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara (Punjab), India. Sandeep Kumar Duran Asst. Professor, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara (Punjab), India. ABSTRACT The objectives of this research work are to determine the optimal values of molar ratio for maximum biodiesel yield and determine performance characteristics of engine at various loads for respective biodiesel. Fatty acid profile of Waste mustard oil determined by gas chromatography method after that transesterification process used in laboratory scale setup for fresh mustard oil (MO) and waste mustard oil (WMO), in that process methanol and KOH are worked as alcohol and base catalyst respectively. The produced biodiesel blends with diesel are run in IC engine at various loads to determining the performance characteristics. Finally in this research study we concluded that in transesterification process MO and WMO gives maximum yield percentage for biodiesel production at temperature limits C, 1-2 hr time, 2 wt of KOH and 1:9 molar ratio of methanol to oil. We also concluded that in engine testing mustard biodiesel (MB) and Waste mustard biodiesel (WMB) have higher indicated power and brake power than commercial diesel fuel. MB and WMB shows considerably similar results in engine testing and yield testing so we can replace MO with WMO for production of biodiesel and for engine test. Key words: Biodiesel, Mustard oil, Waste mustard oil, Waste cooking oil, Transesterification, Performance characteristics. Cite this Article: Ravi Patel and Sandeep Kumar Duran Performance Characteristics of Waste Cooking Oil Produced Biodiesel/Diesel Fuel Blends. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(7), 2017, pp INTRODUCTION Globally use of petroleum based fuel during past thirty years or so has greatly increased due to human population explosion and growth of industrialization. Which has caused in diminish editor@iaeme.com

2 Performance Characteristics of Waste Cooking Oil Produced Biodiesel/Diesel Fuel Blends of petroleum based fuel reserve and that petroleum based fuel is also responsible for global warming by increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Because of those outcomes, a step is move towards for replacement, substitute and renewable source of energy which has lesser impact on environment. Biodiesel is the one of the best choice as alternative source or blending component of diesel for compression ignition engine and it can work in engine without any major modification needed [1].Because of some characteristic issues with biodiesel, so that we cannot entirely replaced by diesel fuels, otherwise there are also some different benefits of biodiesel over diesel fuel [2]. Biodiesel is biodegradable (Substance which have capability to being decompose by bacteria) and will not discharge toxic gas because of lower aromatic and sulfur content than petroleum based diesel fuel and it also have higher combustion efficiency than diesel fuel [3]. Biodiesel has lower exhaust gas emission such as unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and particulate matter except NOx so lower the greenhouse effect [4]. Generally the sources for production of biodiesel are edible and nonedible oil, animal fats, microalgae and even by used waste or fried cooking oil [5, 6, 7]. In our study we produced biodiesel from fresh MO and WMO at different-different molar ratio of methanol to oil for find the optimal values to maximize the yield of biodiesel. Finally we tested performance characteristics at various load for both fresh MO and WMO. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY 2.1. Material For Transesterification Process Fresh MO used in this research work was obtained from a grocery store in jalandhar, Punjab and WMO obtained from street seller in phagwara, Punjab. The KOH (Potassium hydroxide) and Methanol had 99.9 purity and provided by the university. In the transesterification process KOH used as base catalyst and methanol used as alcohol. The fatty acid profile of WMO was obtained from Punjab Biotechnology incubator, Mohali (Punjab) and that is given in table 1. Sr.No. Parameter Chemical formula Table 1 Fatty Acid Profile of MO and WMO Molecular mass (gm/moles) Result () I Saturated Fatty Acids Waste Mustard Oil Mustard Oil [8] 1 Butyric Acid C4: ND ND 2 Lauric acid C12: ND ND 3 Myristic acid C14: Pentadecanoic acid C15: Palmitic acid C16: Heptadecanoic acid C17: Stearic acid C18: Arachidic acid C20: Heneicosanoic acid C21: Behenic acid C22: ND Tricosanoic acid C23: ND Lignoceric acid C24: II Mono unsaturated Fatty Acids 1 Palmetoleic acid C16: Cis-10 Heptadecanoic acid C17: ND ND editor@iaeme.com

3 Ravi Patel and Sandeep Kumar Duran Sr.No. Parameter Chemical formula Molecular mass (gm/moles) Result () 3 Oleic acid C18: Cis-11-ecosanoic acid C20: Erucic acid C22: Nervonic Acid C24: III Poly Unsaturated fatty acids 1 Linoleic acid C18: Y-linolenic acid C18: ND 3 Linolenic acid C18: Cis-11,14,-Eicosadenoic acid C20: Cis-8,11,14-Eicosatrinoic acid C20: Cis-13,16-docosadenoic acid C22: IV Trans fatty acids 1 Trans Elaidic acid C18: ND 2 Trans Linolelaidic acid C18: ND ND Others Transesterification process The transesterification process was carried out in laboratory scale setup. In that process sample of 500ml MO or WMO was taken in RB flask having 2 liter capacity, which has three necks, so thermometer, Stirrer and condenser were connected respectively in RB flask neck and the RB flask was situated on heating mantle having 2 liter capacity of 450 watt. The arrangement of setup is shown in figure 2. Figure 2 Arrangement of laboratory scale setup The preparation of biodiesel was carried out on that setup in which methanol of having different-different molar ratio such as 1:3, 1:6, 1:9 respectively were mixed separately with editor@iaeme.com

4 Performance Characteristics of Waste Cooking Oil Produced Biodiesel/Diesel Fuel Blends homogeneous base catalyst KOH with 2wt. When methanol and KOH was mixed in glass container, some amount of heat was produced because of the exothermic process. This mixer is known as methoxide that is corrosive in nature and also harmful for living tissues. So safety precaution should be taken when methoxide is produced. Transesterification process was carried out at temperature range between C for 1-2hr generally, condenser is situated to control the unusual wastage of methanol because methanol get evaporated at 50 0 C. Glycerol is generally a byproduct in that transesterification process. Time to time sample was taken from that mixer and pour warm water into that sample if two separate layers of biodiesel and glycerol is form than stop the process otherwise continue the process. If two layers are formed than pour this mixer in separatory funnel and warm water is added for washing process. After washing process rest the mixer for a day, than two layers are formed glycerol is settled in lower layer and biodiesel on upper layer. Figure 3 shows the separated layer of biodiesel and glycerol in separatory funnel. Figure 3 Separation of layer after 24 hr in separatory funnel 2.3. Engine Performance Characteristic The performance characteristic was evaluated in internal combustion Engine at various load(0,50 and 100) test is held on KirloskarTV1 consisting power 5.20 kw at 1500 rpm which is Four stroke, 1 Cylinder, Constant Speed, Water Cooled diesel Engine. The compression ratio of IC engine is set to 18. The effect on performance characteristic of engine by using of MB or WMB and diesel blends, and pure diesel as fuel in engine. Performance parameters such as indicated power, brake power, mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, fuel consumption, indicated thermal efficiency, brake thermal efficiency etc. were evaluated. Eddy current dynamometer is used in engine assembly to run the engine at different loads. The engine performance parameters at No load,50 and 100 load is shown in table editor@iaeme.com

5 Ravi Patel and Sandeep Kumar Duran Table 2 Engine performance characteristic of MB, WMB and Petroleum diesel Load Fuel IP (KW) BP (KW) Air Flow (mmwc) Fuel Flow (cc/min) Indicated Thermal Efficiency Brake Thermal Efficiency Fuel Consumption (Kg/h) Mech. Eff. Vol. Eff Diesel MO MO WMO WMO Diesel MO MO WMO WMO Diesel MO MO WMO WMO EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 3.1. Effect of Molar Ratio on Yield of Biodiesel Transesterification process was held at temperature C for 1-2 hr at 2wt of base catalyst KOH and various molar ratio of methanol to oil for find the optimal value of molar ratio to maximize the yield of biodiesel production. Both fresh MO and WMO were converted into biodiesel by transesterification process. It was found that in transesterification process fresh MO shows yield and WMO shows yield at 1:9 molar ratios with 2wt KOH. Both results show that fresh MO and WMO gives approximately same. So we can replace entirely fresh mustard oil by waste mustard oil for production of biodiesel to overcome the problem of food versus fuel. Figure 1 shows the effect of molar ratio on yield of biodiesel editor@iaeme.com

6 Performance Characteristics of Waste Cooking Oil Produced Biodiesel/Diesel Fuel Blends Yield of Biodiesel Produced :3 Molar Ratio 1:6 Molar Ratio 1:9 Molar Ratio Molar Ratio of Oil and Methanol MO-2wt KOH WMO-2wt KOH Figure 1 Graphical representation of yield of biodiesel at different molar ratio 3.2. Effect on Performance Characteristics of Engine Blends and of MB and WMB were used as a fuel in IC engine at various loads. Diesel was also run in that engine at various loads for final comparing the data with MB and WMB blends. After comparing the data which shown in table 2 it shows that MB and WMB blends have higher indicated power and brake power than commercial diesel fuel. At 50 and 100 loads mechanical and volumetric efficiency of MB and WMB have higher than commercial diesel fuel and WMB shows approximately same results than MB. Fuel consumption is higher than commercial diesel fuel due to lower calorific value but biodiesel has low sulphur contents than diesel so that emission of biodiesel will low. The results shows that WMB has approximately equal and greater performance parameters than MB and diesel fuel so we can easily replace MB with WMB and use waste mustard oil for biodiesel production to overcome the debates on fuel versus food. 4. CONCLUSION In this research work, MO and WMO were processed by transesterification process to convert into biodiesel at different-different molar ratio to find the optimal values to maximize the yield percentage for biodiesel production. Then produced MB and WMB blends with commercial diesel fuel separately and that blends, were investigated on IC engine to find the performance characteristic. Finally from this research work we concluded that the optimal values of molar ratio and catalyst contain for transesterification of MO and WMO are 1:9 and 2wt respectively for maximum yield percentage of biodiesel production. In engine testing of MB and WMB blends with commercial diesel we concluded that the WMB has approximately equal and greater performance parameters than MB and diesel fuel so we can easily replace MB with WMB and use WMO for biodiesel production to overcome the debates on fuel versus food. REFERENCES [1] B. Sajjadi, A. Aziz, A. Raman, and H. Arandiyan, A comprehensive review on properties of edible and non-edible vegetable oil-based biodiesel : Composition,specifications and prediction models, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 63, pp , editor@iaeme.com

7 Ravi Patel and Sandeep Kumar Duran [2] D. Y. C. Leung, X. Wu, and M. K. H. Leung, A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification, Appl. Energy, vol. 87, no. 4, pp , [3] Sajjadi B, Abdul Aziz AR, Ibrahim S. Investigation, modelling and reviewing the effective parameters in microwave-assisted transesterification. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2014;37(0): [4] Knothe G, Sharp CA, Ryan TW. Exhaust emissions of biodiesel, petrodiesel, neat methyl esters, and alkanes in a new technology engine. Energy Fuels 2006;20: [5] F. Guo, N. Wei, Z. Xui, Z. Fang, Transesterification mechanism of soybean oil to biodiesel catalyzed by calcined sodium silicate,fuel 93 (2012) [6] E.F. Aransiola, M.O. Daramola, T.V. Ojumu, M.O. Aremu, S.K.Layokun, B.O. Solomon, Nigerian jatropha curcas oil seeds:prospect for biodiesel production in Nigeria, Int. J. Renew. EnergyRes. 2 (2) (2012) [7] E.F. Aransiola, M.O. Daramola, V.T. Ojumu, S.K. Layokun, B.O.Solomon, Homogeneously catalyzed transesterification of Nige-rian Jatropha curcas oils to biodiesel: a kinetic study, Modern Res.Catal. (MRC) 2 (2013) [8] A. B. Fadhil and W. S. Abdulahad, Transesterification of mustard (Brassica nigra) seed oil with ethanol: Purification of the crude ethyl ester with activated carbon produced from de-oiled cake, Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 77, pp , [9] S.K. SShaharma, Dr.. D D.D. Shuklkla, Khatri and nd Nitesh Singh Rajput, put. Comparative Analysis of Performance of C.I. Engine Fuelled with Different Blends of Biodiesel Derived from Waste Cooking Oils of Two Different Sources. International of Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(6), 2017, pp editor@iaeme.com