GCSE BITESIZE Examinations

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1 GCSE BITESIZE Examinations General Certificate of Secondary Education AQA SCIENCE A CHY1B Unit Chemistry C1b (Oils, Earth and Atmosphere) AQA Chemistry Unit Chemistry C1b (Oils, Earth and Atmosphere) HIGHER TIER Specimen Paper Time allowed: 30 minutes Maximum marks: 36 Instructions Answer all of the questions for the Tier you are attempting. Record your answers on a separate answer sheet only. Do all rough work in this book - not on your answer sheet. Advice Do not choose more responses than you are asked to. You will lose marks if you do. 1

2 HIGHER TIER SECTION ONE Questions ONE and TWO In these questions, match the letters A, B, C and D with the numbers 1-4. Use each answer only once. Mark your choice on the answer sheet. QUESTION ONE Ethanol can be produced either through the fermentation of plant material or by reacting ethene with steam. Match the statements A, B, C and D to numbers 1-4 in the table. A B C D A positive aspect of producing ethanol by fermentation A negative aspect of producing ethanol by fermentation A positive aspect of producing ethanol from ethene A negative aspect of producing ethanol from ethene 1 Produced from a renewable resource 2 A continuous process 3 Produces lower grade ethanol with more impurities 4 Reduces the amount of land available for food crops 2

3 QUESTION TWO Vegetable oils can be extracted from fruits, nuts and seeds. The flow chart below shows the stages of rapeseed oil extraction. Match statements A, B, C and D with the numbers 1-4 in the flow chart. A B C D The mixture is separated by heating in a distillation flask. The rapeseed is crushed to break the cells. The mixture is allowed to stand, to allow the oils to dissolve. The rapeseed is pressed. Rapeseed is harvested from fields. 1 2 A solvent called hexane is added to remove any remaining oil. 3 4 Hexane evaporates, leaving the extracted rapeseed oil behind. 3

4 SECTION TWO Questions THREE to NINE Each of these questions has four parts. In each part, choose only one answer. Mark your choices on the answer sheet. QUESTION THREE In 1915, a German scientist named Alfred Wegener proposed a theory that all of the Earth s continents were once joined together as a single landmass. He initially based his theory on the complementary shapes that he observed between the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America. He then studied the distribution of ancient fossil remains across the globe and found the pattern shown below: 3A Which of the four species was distributed across most continents? 1 Mesosaurus 2 Lystrosaurus 3 Glossopteris 4 Cynognathus 4

5 3B What name did Wegener give to his theory? 1 Continental expansion theory 2 Continental drift theory 3 Tectonic plate theory 4 Tectonic expansion theory 3C What other piece of evidence did Wegener use to support his theory? 1 He found matching layers of rock on different continents. 2 He found matching weather patterns on different continents. 3 He found that people had distant relatives on different continents. 4 He found that the ocean bed was the same age as the continents. 3D Why was Wegener s theory not accepted by scientists until 50 years after it was proposed? 1 He could not explain how the continents had moved apart. 2 The initial evidence he used in support of his theory was invalid. 3 His theory contradicted the commonly held religious beliefs of the time. 4 His evidence relating to the distribution of fossils could not be repeated by other scientists. 5

6 QUESTION FOUR A student investigated how the length of a molecule is related to its viscosity. She timed how long it took for a drop of the polymer to travel down a 15cm slope. She repeated the experiment with four other polymers made of different-length molecules. 4A Which is the independent variable in this investigation? 1 The length of the ramp 2 The polymer sample 3 The angle of the ramp 4 The time taken by the drop to travel 15cm. 4B The student carried out her experiment over several days. Which of the following variables would she have found the most difficult to control? 1 Temperature of the room 2 Composition of the polymer samples 3 Friction of the ramp 4 Angle of the ramp 6

7 4C Which of these columns is the correct order of these samples? Shortest carbon chain Middle-sized carbon chain Longest carbon chain 1 A E C 2 E C A 3 C A E 4 A C E 4D In evaluating the experiment, the student stated that the pipette produced different-sized drops. This would have affected the 1 sensitivity of her results. 2 reliability of her results. 3 accuracy of her results. 4 precision of her results. 7

8 QUESTION FIVE Many of the fractions that we get from the fractional distillation of crude oil are not very useful. To increase profits, they are cracked into smaller fractions. 5A Which molecule correctly completes the equation? C 10 H 22 C 5 H C 2 H 4 1 C 3 H 8 2 C 3 H 6 3 C 6 H 3 4 C 8 H 6 5B What is the first stage of the cracking process? 1 Passing the reactant over a catalyst 2 Heating the reactant to vaporise it 3 Decomposition of the reactant 4 Distillation of crude oil 5C Which condition is required for efficient industrial cracking? 1 High levels of oxygen 2 Exposure to UV light 3 A catalyst 4 High pressure 8

9 5D What is the correct structural formula for propene (C 3 H 6 )? 1 2 H H H I I I H C = C = C H I I I H H H H H I I H H C C = C I H H 3 4 H H I I H H C C C I H H H H I I H H C C = C I I H H H 9

10 QUESTION SIX The Earth has changed over billions of years. The surface has cooled and solidified, and the composition of the atmosphere has changed as well. 6A The Earth s early atmosphere contained gases such as methane and ammonia. Where did these gases come from? 1 The oceans 2 Volcanic eruptions 3 Space 4 Rocks on the surface of the Earth 6B The Earth s early atmosphere also contained high levels of carbon dioxide. Over a period of approximately 3.5 billion years, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reduced substantially. Which of these statements does not explain this reduction in carbon dioxide? 1 Carbon became locked up in rocks. 2 Carbon dioxide dissolved in oceans. 3 Carbon dioxide dissolved in molten magma. 4 Carbon dioxide was used by plants during photosynthesis. Over many millions of years, the continents moved apart into the positions they are in today. These continuing movements can cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. 6C Which regions are most likely to suffer from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions? 1 Regions near to the boundaries between tectonic plates. 2 Regions in the centre of tectonic plates. 3 Regions where the Earth s crust is shrinking due to more rapid cooling down. 4 Regions where the Earth s crust is most dense. 10

11 6D People are sometimes caught up in volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Which of the statements below is not a plausible reason why communities of people could still be in the area at the time of an eruption or quake? 1 It is still difficult to predict exactly when an earthquake or eruption will occur. 2 People do not want to leave their homes and belongings. 3 It is difficult to move and find homes for many people at short notice. 4 Communities wish to witness the changes. 11

12 QUESTION SEVEN Fat 'crucial' in children's diet Over a third of a child's energy intake should come from fat, researchers at Pennsylvania State University have said - a recommendation that is in line with UK requirements. Despite this, many parents and children restrict their fat intake for health reasons. Yet sufficient fat must be included in children s diets to support normal growth and development. This is especially true of unsaturated fats. All of the participants in a recent study - ten children and ten adults - were put on the same diet, adjusted to estimate the calorie requirements of each of them. UK nutritionists have stressed that fat should as far as possible come from healthy sources such as oily fish. Too much saturated fat in your diet - for example, from cakes, biscuits, pastries and fatty meats - should be avoided. From BBC News 7A The article warns against eating certain foods, as they contain saturated fats. What are saturated fats? 1 Fats with double bonds between two carbons 2 Fats without double bonds between carbon atoms 3 Fats that are of animal origin 4 Fats that are of vegetable origin 7B Which of these statements is true? 1 Unsaturated fats turn bromine water clear. 2 Unsaturated fats turn bromine water orange. 3 Saturated fats turn bromine water clear. 4 Saturated fats turn bromine water orange. 12

13 7C Fats can have their structures changed by being passed over a hot nickel catalyst. The fats produced by this process are now... 1 unsaturated. 2 homogenised. 3 hydrogenated. 4 hydrated. 7D The difference between fats and oils is that a fat is solid at room temperature. This is because... 1 fats have higher melting points. 2 fats have mainly single bonds. 3 oils contain more water. 4 oils contain more double bonds. 13

14 QUESTION EIGHT New polymer glue binds broken bone A newly developed polymer can be injected as a gel into a diseased joint, where it is cured into a rubbery substance that can bear the load and remove pain, while cells carried in the polymer repair the injury. The raw materials to manufacture the polymer are obtained from crude oil. The goal is to reduce the use of instruments in the body to little more than a syringe and needle containing a liquid gel. Applied at the fracture, the gel sets into a polymer that glues the fractured bone together and supports it while the polymer aids the healing process. Rather than needing follow-up surgery to remove pins, the polymer breaks down naturally at a rate that coincides with the healing process. From Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 8A Polymers are made from repeating units called monomers. For the polymer below, what is the correct formula of its monomer? H H H H H H H I I I I I I I C C C C C C C I I I I I I I H H H H H H H 1 C 2 H 6 2 C 2 H 8 3 C 2 H 4 4 CH 4 8B According to the information, one suggested problem is that the substances used to manufacture the polymer glue are? 1 too dangerous to use. 2 obtained from a non-renewable raw material. 3 obtained from a renewable raw material. 4 too expensive. 14

15 8C There are many positives to using this gel, but which of the following properties of polymers is undesirable in medical treatments? 1 Polymers react readily with a range of substances. 2 Polymers are hardwearing. 3 Polymers are chemically inert. 4 Polymers are lightweight. 8D The article states that the polymer glue breaks down within the body over time. This means it has a property that most other polymers such as nylon and PVC do not. What is this? 1 It has a high melting point. 2 It is non-biodegradable. 3 It is unreactive. 4 It is biodegradable. 15

16 QUESTION NINE This question is about biodiesel. Read the article below: Biodiesel: Fuel for the future? - Current consumption of crude oil-derived fuels stands at 1,236 billion litres per year for petrol, and 1,087 billion litres for diesel. - Biodiesel - made by mixing vegetable oils with a small quantity of alcohol - is an alternative to this. - Biodiesel has the advantage of not requiring any modification to car engines which already use diesel. Plus, it reduces carbon emissions which are contributing to global warming. - Many of the oil crops can also be grown without the need for irrigation or agrochemicals. - Biodiesel, together with a number of other biofuels, has been endorsed by governments around the world as a future solution to our dependence on crude oil. The EU has stated that all fuels must be blended with 5.75 per cent biofuels (including biodiesel) by A It has been estimated that using biodiesel from vegetable oils could reduce carbon emissions from vehicles by 41 per cent compared with crude oilderived fuels such as petrol and diesel. This is because 1 Biodiesel is a more efficient burning fuel, allowing drivers to do more miles to the gallon than with petrol or diesel. 2 Biodiesel emissions are offset by the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as the crops produce vegetable oils. 3 Biodiesel contains fewer hydrocarbon chains than petrol or diesel, thereby producing less carbon dioxide when burnt. 4 Biodiesel contains shorter chain hydrocarbons, which contain less carbon than the longer chain hydrocarbons found in petrol or diesel. 16

17 Not everyone agrees that biodiesel is a promising fuel for the future. There are several disadvantages to using it - not least of which is the amount of land that would be required to produce the vegetable crops in sufficient quantity. The graph below shows the percentage of agricultural land that would be required to produce enough biodiesel to replace 10 per cent of the crude oil-based fuels in different countries. 9B In 2006, Canada had 167,010,491 acres of land devoted to agriculture. To the nearest acre, how much of this land would be required if Canada were to replace 10 per cent of the crude oil-derived fuels with fuels such as biodiesel that are derived from crops? 1 16,701,049 acres 2 60,123,777 acres 3 74,375,982 acres 4 106,886,714 acres 17

18 9C The graph shows that the percentage of agricultural land required varies dramatically from country to country. Which of these factors does not explain this difference? 1 Differences in the type of vegetable crops grown. 2 Differences in the quantity of crude oil-based fuels used. 3 Differences in the amount of land devoted to farming in different countries. 4 Differences in the price of petrol and diesel in different countries. 9D In 2005, Indonesia announced plans to convert 1.8 million hectares of forest in Borneo to the production of palm oil, to meet the growing demand for biodiesel. A major disadvantage of doing this is that 1 it is likely to endanger rare plants and animals. 2 millions of people are likely to suffer starvation. 3 it will result in higher prices for palm oil. 4 it will lead to extensive flooding. END OF QUESTIONS 18

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