Chapter III PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS USED IN TEST ENGINE. The general morphology of oil plants and seeds and availability of oils are

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1 66 Chapter III PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS USED IN TEST ENGINE 3.1 INTRODUCTION The general morphology of oil plants and seeds and availability of oils are explained. Combustion parameters such as density, viscosity, flash point, fire point, cetane number and calorific value of all types of chosen oils and their blends with diesel oil are presented in this chapter. Effect of blending vegetable oil with diesel on viscosity is discussed. Effect of heating on viscosity of oils and their blends with diesel is studied in this chapter GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF PLANTS AND THEIR SEEDS Linseed oil: Linseed oil, other wise known as flax seed oil or simply flax oil. Its scientific name is Linum usitatissimum, (or)linaceae. The yellowish drying oil is derived from dried ripe seeds of flax plant through pressing and extraction. It is available in varieties such as Cold Pressed, alkali refined, sun Bleached, sun thickened, and polymerized (stand oil) marketed as flaxseed oil. Linseed oil is the most commonly used carrier in oil paint. Several coats of linseed oil acts as the traditional protective coating for the raw willow of a cricket bat. Fresh, refrigerated and unprocessed, linseed oil is used as nutritional supplement. It is available in Asian countries.

2 Castor oil: Castor oil (or) ricinus oil is non-volatile fatty oil extracted from Castor bean seeds. It varies in colour from colour less to greenish. It has two derivatives known as blown castor and hydrogenated oil. Hydrogenated castor oil is used in textiles, paints, varnishes, plastics, cosmetics, fibers, hair oils and drying oils. It is also used in traditional medical purpose. This oil also serves as a pregnant woman during delivery.it is available in India and African countries Palm Stearin oil: Palm oil has pleasant odour and taste. It is stable and resistant to rancidity. The colour of palm oil varies from yellow to deep orange. Inter esterification of palm oil produces two fractions. Palm oil obtained at low melting point called Olein and the oil obtained at high melting point called Stearin. Oil palm fruits are oval-shaped sessile drupes. Palm oil contains some triglyceride species, which are completely saturated. The iodine value of palm oil is lower (44-58) when compared to other vegetable oils because of high proportion of saturated fatty acids. Palm oil is solid at ambient temperature and fluid in tropical and subtropical climates with certain fractions held in crystalline form. It is used in manufacturing plastics, fibers and soaps. It is available in Asia, Africa, Indonesia, Nigeria and Malaysia Mahua oil: Scientific name of Mahua oil is Madhuka indica, botanical name is Madura long folia. It is derived from a tropical tree

3 68 belonging to the family Sapotaceae. The other Vernacular names of Mahua are Madhukha in Sanskrit, Maduca or butter tree in English, Mohua in Hindi, Mahuva In Urdu, Ireppa (or) Elippa in Malayalam, Ippa (or) Ippachittu in Telugu, Monda in Marathi. Almost all parts of this tree, which includes leaves, flowers, roots, bark, latex juice, seed and are known to possess medicinal properties. So, it is widely used in traditional medicine. The leaves of Mahua are astringent and they are used in embrocation. The bark is used for rheumatism, ulcers and diabetic mellitus. It is used to cure burning sensation in the body, debility emaciation, respiratory diseases, rheumatism and thirst. It is considered useful in snake bite and fish poison cases. Flowers can be used to treat cough, cold and bronchitis. Flowers are largely used in processing distilled liquors. The roots are applied to cure ulcers. In vetenary medicine, it is used to treat stomach ache in horses. Leaves are used as cattle fodder and green manure. The last, but not least is the bio-diesel properties of Mahua seed oil. The methanolic extract of flowers, leaves, stem and stem bark has been reported to posses antibacterial activity against B anthracis, B pumilus, viz Cholera, xanth etc. It is available in Asian and western countries Neem oil: The scientific name of Neem is azadirachta indica. It belongs to the family meliaceae. The kernels contain 40% to 50% of an acrid bitter greenish yellow to brown oil with strong disagreeable garlic like odour. This bitter taste is

4 69 due to the presence of sulphur containing compounds like Nimbin, Nimbidin and Nimbosterol. It is rich in oleic acid, followed by Stearic, Palmitic and Linolenic acids. The oil is used for illumination, soap making, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and medicinal fields (Ayurvedic medicine).the purified oil is used in manufacturing disinfect able and emulsifying agents which are used as insecticidal sprays. Neem oil is available in India and West Africa CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETABLE OILS The important physical and chemical properties of Linseed oil, Castor oil, Palm stearin oil, Mahua oil and Neem oils are determined by using Indian Standard(IS:1448) instrumentation in fuels and lubricants laboratory of Mechanical engineering department. Determination of density, calorific value, viscosity, flash point, fire point are carried out using Hydrometer, Bomb calorimeter, Red wood viscometer and Able s apparatus respectively. Table 3.1 shows the comparison of combustion parameters of vegetable oils used at 40 0 C. Density for all types of oils used is higher than that of diesel. Density of castor oil is gm/cc, which is higher than that of other types of oils used. The lowest density among all chosen oils is gm/cc. Viscosity of all types of oils used is higher than that of diesel. In which Viscosity of castor oil is highest (52 cst) followed by palm stearin, Mahua, Neem and Linseed oil compared to Diesel.

5 70 Flash point and fire point of all types of oils used are higher than that of Diesel. The flash and fire point of Castor oil is C and C respectively, which is the highest compared to other types of oils used. Calorific value of all types of oils used is lower than that of Diesel. Calorific value of vegetable oil under test is in the range of 85%- 95% to that of Diesel. Cetane numbers of all oils chosen are lower than that of Diesel oil EFFECT OF BLENDING VEGETABLE OILS WITH DIESEL ON VISCOSITY All types of vegetable oils are blended with diesel in 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 100/0 percent on volume basis and the mixture is stirred well to get a homogeneous stable mixture. Variation of density, viscosity and percentage reduction in viscosity of blends at 40 0 C for Linseed, Castor, Palm sterin, Mahua and Neem oils are given in the Table respectively. The density and viscosity of blends reduce with the increase in percentage of diesel in blends. Blends contain 25% vegetable oil and 75% diesels have density and viscosity close to those of Diesel. 3.5 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON VISCOSITY OF VEGETABLE OIL AND ITS BLENDS WITH DIESEL The graphs from Fig.3.1 to 3.5 shows that the viscosity of vegetable oils reduces with increase in temperature from 30 0 C to 80 0 C according to the percentage of neat vegetable oil mixed with diesel.

6 71 The blend containing 25% of all types of neat vegetable oils with 75% diesel does not require any pre heating before entering into the combustion chamber as per the analysis of graphs from fig.3.1 to 3.5. It is evident from the graphs of Viscosity Vs Temperature that the drop in viscosity of neat oils and their blends with increase in temperature is more compared to that of pure diesel oil. 3.6 Conclusions The general morphology of all five types of vegetable oils, their availability and combustion parameters of all types of non-edible vegetable oils and their blends with diesel oil are presented. Effect of blending vegetable oil with diesel on viscosity is discussed. Effect of temperature on viscosity of vegetable oils and their blends with diesel are studied and presented. From the above investigations the following conclusions are drawn: The properties such as density, viscosity, flash point and fire point of all used vegetable oils are higher and calorific values are lower compared to diesel. Calorific values of oils are in the range of 85%- 95% to that of diesel. The density and viscosity of all used vegetable oil blends reduce with increase in percentage of diesel in blend. The blends containing 25% vegetable oil and 75% diesel have density and viscosity close to that of diesel at 40 0 C. Hence the oil doesn t require any heating before entering into the combustion chamber.

7 72 To reduce the viscosity of all types of oils, the blends such as 50%,75%,100% vegetable oil with diesel are heated ranging from 70 0 C to C before entering into the combustion chamber. To reduce the viscosity of all types of oil and their blends, they are heated to the following temperature before entering into the combustion chamber 50% blends : 70 0 C 80 0 C 75% blends : 80 0 C 90 0 C 100 % vegetable oil (Neat oils) : 95 0 C C. Table 3.1 Comparison of combustion parameters of vegetable oils used in test Engine. property Linseed Castor Palm Mahua Neem Diesel stearin Density(gm/cc)at 40 0 C Viscosity(cst) Flash point( 0 C) Fire point( 0 C) Calorific values(kj/kg) Cetane number

8 73 Table.3.2. Properties of Linseed oil diesel blends Linseed Diesel (%) Density(gm/cc) Viscosity(cst) Viscosity oil (%) at 40 0 C at 30 0 C reduction (%) Table.3.3. Properties of Castor oil diesel blends Castor oil Diesel (%) Density(gm/cc) Viscosity(cst) Viscosity (%) at 40 0 C at 30 0 C reduction (%)

9 74 Table.3.4. Properties of Palm Sterin oil diesel blends Palm Diesel (%) Density(gm/cc) Viscosity(cst) Viscosity Sterin oil at 40 0 C at 30 0 C reduction (%) (%) Table.3.5. Properties of Mahua oil diesel blends Mahua oil Diesel (%) Density(gm/cc) Viscosity(cst) Viscosity (%) at 40 0 C at 30 0 C reduction (%)

10 75 Table.3.6. Properties of Neem oil diesel blends Neem oil Diesel (%) Density(gm/cc) Viscosity(cst) Viscosity (%) at 40 0 C at 30 0 C reduction (%) Fig Variation of Viscosity of Linseed oil and its blends with Temperature.

11 76 Fig Variation of Viscosity of Castor oil and its blends with Temperature. Fig Variation of Viscosity of Palm Stearin oil and its blends With Temperature

12 77 Fig Variation of Viscosity of Mahua oil and its blends With Temperature Fig Variation of Viscosity of Neem oil and its blends with Temperature

CHAPTER - 3 PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF

75 CHAPTER - 3 PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESEL FROM NON-EDIBLE VEGETABLE OILS Table of Contents Chapter 3: PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESEL FROM NON-EDIBLE VEGETABLE OILS S.