Inventor Survey on Innovation (US-Japan Comparative Tables, by technology class) Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI) May 2009

Transcription

1 Inventor Survey on Innovation (US-Japan Comparative Tables, by technology class) Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI) May 2009 Explanation: The following tables provide detailed technology by technology comparisons of the results of the inventor survey in Japan and the US. The survey in Japan was conducted by RIETI (Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry) between January and May in It collected information on 3,658 triadic patents, with priority years from 1995 to The survey in the US was conducted by the Georgina Institute of Technology between June and November 2007, in collaboration with RIETI, and collected information on 1,919 patents, with priority years. Interested persons are invited to refer to RIETI discussion papers for the analysis of the innovation process based on the survey results. For details on the survey methodology, please refer to Appendix 1 of the discussion papers, "The R&D process in the US and Japan: Major findings from the RIETI-Georgia Tech inventor survey" or "Commercialization and other use of patents in Japan and the US: Major findings from the RIETI-Georgia Tech inventor survey". Contents: There are 6 sections: A: DEMOGRAPHY, B: EDUCATION, C: EMPLOYMENT AND MOBILITY, D: PURPOSE & PROCESS OF THE INVENTION, INVENTORS MOTIVATIONS and F: USE OF THE INVENTION AND THE PATENT. Contributors These tables are prepared by Sadao Nagaoka (RIETI and Institute of Innovation Research of Hitotsubashi University), John P. Walsh (School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology), Naotoshi Tsukada (Hitotsubashi University), Wang Tingting (Hitotsubashi University), Tsai Yung-yun (Hitotsubashi University), Hsin-I Huang (Georgia Institute of Technology), Taehyun Jung (Georgia Institute of Technology) and Yeonji No (Georgia Institute of Technology). <1>

2 Notes on the tables: 1.The Japanese data is on the left-hand side and the US data is on the right-hand side for most equivalent questions. The corresponding question number in the Japanese questionaire or in the US questionaire is indicated in each page. 2. Technology classes are categorized using the NBER technology classes (2-digit). For details on the NBER patent classification, see ( Because of the small number of cases, the NBER classes, amusement devices (62) and Other (99), were collapsed into Miscellaneous- Others (69). In addition, because of the interest in software patenting, computer hardware and software (22) was split into computer hardware (22) and computer software (77). Computer software contains USPC classes , 725 and 726. Thus, there are 36 technology classifications in the tables. 3. We report two summary averages for comparison, the overall (simple) average ( All ) and a US- JP weighted average ( [NBER] Weighted ). For the Japanese responses, we also include a JP weighted average which is the overall average weighted by the selection probability of respondents (i.e., taking into account the sampling strategy). The US-JP weighted average is calculated by weighting each response by the relative frequency of that technology class in the respondent s country, relative to the overall common frequency across the two countries (using the NBER class of the full sample as the index number). More specifically, in order to reduce the impact of the difference of distributions of patents across technology classes of the two countries, as well as differences in response rates by technology sector by country, we construct a set of common technology sector weights for each country. The weights are constructed by averaging the two population distributions (giving equal weight to each country). This becomes the standardized technology distribution against which we will adjust each country s sample by the inverse of the relative frequency of that technology class in that country. To do this, we create a set of common technology-class weights, using the following formula: Wij=Pi./pij Where: Wij is the weight for class i for country j Pi. is the average (across US and Japan) proportion of triadic patents in class i [i.e. standard technology distribution ] pij is the proportion of the response population in country j from technology class i For estimating NBER weighted country means for comparison, we use the formula: XBarj=(1/Nj) Wij*Xijk <2>

3 Where XBarj is the (nber weighted) mean for country j Nj is number of respondents in country j Wij is the weight for class i in country j Xijk is the value of X for respondent k in class i in country j This is the US-JP Weighted mean for each country. Comparing the simple average and weighted average allows comparisons of the effect of technology composition differences in explaining the country difference. 4. In general, we report cell counts for all the answer categories for each question, including missing/no-response, don t know, and skipped (for questions with skip logic). We also report percent distributions across answer categories. These percentages are calculated on valid responses, excluding missing/no-response, don t know, and skipped from the denominator. 5. In addition to cell counts, for interval variables, we report means (unweighted and weighted), standard deviations (s.d.), median (the middle value), p90 (the 90th percentile value, i.e., the value for which 90% of respondents have a lower score), and the inter-quartile range (the difference between the value of the 75th percentile and the 25th percentile). 6. In order to protect respondent confidentiality, we report only aggregated figures. For some questions, the number of valid responses in the US was so few (less than four) that disclosing the answers would violate this confidentiality. This is especially likely for when dividing the answers by technology class and when there are skip logics. Therefore, in cases where there were fewer than four answers in any row of a table, we masked all the answers with "XX". Because the rows sum to the All totals, we always masked at least two rows. If only one row had insufficient responses, we chose Miscellaneous-Others as the second row to mask. Fortunately, for the Japanese data, due to the larger sample size, there were no cases of rows with less than 4 respondents. <3>

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5 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHY Question 1-1 Age at patent application sectionabc 2,4 JP section ABC 3,5 US Reference: Country of Birth only in the US survey section ABC 7 US(Home v.s. Foreign Birth) Question 1-3 Gender sectionabc 8 JP sectionabc 9 US Reference: Children only in the US survey sectionabc 11 US SECTION B: EDUCATION Question 2-1 Highest degree at the time of research sectionabc 12 JP sectionabc 13 US Reference: In which year this degree was earned? sectionabc 14 JP sectionabc 15 US SECTION C: EMPLOYMENT AND MOBILITY Question 3-1 Employment at the time of invention sectionabc 16 JP Question 3-2 Type of the organization sectionabc 18, 20 JP sectionabc 21 US Question 3-3 Is the organization one of the applicants? sectionabc 22 JP sectionabc 23 US Question 3-4 How many years passed till your invention since you joined this organization or started your business if self-employed? sectionabc 24 JP sectionabc 25 Question 3-4(2) Years of your first patent application? sectionabc 27 Question 3-4(3) At the time of the focal patent application, how many years had you worked in the technical field of the patent? sectionabc 29 US Question 3-4(4) What is the approximate number of invention disclosures that you made to your firm in the last three years? <5>

6 sectionabc 31 US Question 3-5 Type of unit at the time of the invention sectionabc 32 JP sectionabc 33 US Question 3-6 Within 5 prior years, did you work for another employer? sectionabc 34 JP sectionabc 35 US Question 3-6(2) Is this organization less than 5 years old? sectionabc 37 US Question 3-7 If Yes above, did the experience in any of the above organizations play an important role in your invention? sectionabc 38 JP Question 3-7(2) If Yes, how did your experience in the most relevant other organization contribute to your invention? You can check all relevant boxes. sectionabc 40 JP Question 3-8 For how long did you work in the above previous organization which contributed importantly to your invention? sectionabc 42 JP Question 3-9 Previous organization if moved sectionabc 44 JP sectionabc 45 US SECTION D: OBJECTIVE & PROCESS OF THE INVENTION Question 4-1 What would best describe the business objective of your research leading to this invention? sectiond 2 JP sectiond 3 US Question 4-1 (2) What would best describe the type of the innovation your research was expected to realize? sectiond 4 JP sectiond 5 US Question 4-2 What is the scope of your research leading to the invention? You can check all relevant boxes. sectiond 6 JP Question 4-2(2) At the time of the research leading to the focal patent, approximately what percentage of your R&D effort was for each stage of research? sectiond 9,11 US <6>

7 Question 4-3 What was the main motivation of your research leading to the invention? You can check all relevant boxes. sectiond 12 JP Question 4-4 How many months of the research led up to this patent application? sectiond 14,16 JP sectiond 15,17 US Question 4-5 Which of the following scenarios best describes the creative process that led to your invention? sectiond 18 JP sectiond 19 US Question 4-6 What would best describe the type of the invention? sectiond 20 JP sectiond 21 US Question 4-7 Did the invention build in a substantial way on any prior patent that you were aware of? sectiond 22 JP Question 4-8 Has this invention led to any improvement inventions afterwards? sectiond 24 JP Question 4-9 Please indicate whether the co-inventor exists, according to the type of the following organizations. You can check all relevant boxes. sectiond 26 JP sectiond 27 US Question 4-9 (2) # of inventors, sole-invention, any external co-invention and multiple-assignee sectiond 28,30 JP sectiond 29,31 US Question 4-10 Was there any (formal or informal) collaboration between your employer and other partners (excluding co-inventors)? You can check all relevant boxes. sectiond 32,34 JP sectiond 33 US Question 4-11 Were the interactions (discussions, meetings, sources of ideas, etc.) with the following types of people (apart from co-inventors) important during the research that led to the patented invention? (1 = not important, 5 = very important) sectiond 36,38 JP <7>

8 Question 4-12 Excluding co-inventors, how important were the following sources of knowledge for suggesting the research that led to the patented invention? (1 = not important, 5 = very important) sectiond 40,42,44,46,48,50,52,54 JP sectiond 41,43,45,47,49,51,55 US Question 4-13 Excluding co-inventors, how important were the following sources of knowledge for contributing to the completion of the research that led to the patented invention? (1 = not important, 5 = very important) sectiond 56,58,60,62,64,66,68,70 JP sectiond 57,59,61,63,65,67,71 US Question 4-14 What was the relative importance of the following sources of knowledge of foreign countries compared to those in Japan for your research that led to the patented invention as a whole? (-2 = much less important, 0= equal, 2 = much more import) sectiond 72,74,76,78,80,82,84 JP Question 4-15 Including this patent, how many domestic patent grants do you expect your research would generate directly for your firm, including those with joint ownership? sectiond 86 JP Question 4-16 How many man-months did the research leading to the patent require, including those of co-inventors? sectiond 88,90 JP sectiond 89,91 US Question 4-16(2) At the time of the invention, about how many hours did you work in a typical week? sectiond 93 US Question 4-16(3) Please tell us the share of overall working time that you spent on "inventing" or on R&D actives at the time of the invention. sectiond 95 US Question 4-17 Funding sources. (% in shares) You can check all relevant boxes. sectiond 96,98 JP sectiond 97,99 US Question 4-18 Did the availability of funds constrain the research leading to the invention? You can check all relevant boxes. sectiond 100 JP SECTION E: INVENTORS MOTIVATIONS Question 5-1 How important were the following motivations for your invention? (1 = not important, 5 = very important) <8>

9 sectionef 2,4,6,8,14 JP sectionef 3,5,7,9,11,13,15 SECTION F: USE OF THE INVENTION AND THE PATENT Question 6-1 Economic value of the patent sectioef 16 JP sectionef 17 US Question 6-1(2) Technical significance sectionef 19 US Question6-2 How important were the following reasons for patenting this invention? (1 = not important, 5 = very important)? sectionef 20,22,24,26,28,30 JP sectionef 21,23,25,27,31 US Question 6-3 Internal commercialization. Has the applicant/owner ever used this patent for its product or for its production? sectionef 32 JP sectionef 33 US Question 6-3(2) Pure in house or not sectionef 34 JP sectionef 35 US Refefence:While many innovations involve a combination of products, processes, and services, would you characterize the commercial application of the focal patent as primarily involving a new product, process, or service? sectionef 37 US Question 6-4. How long did it take from the application to the use of the invention? sectionef 38 JP Question 6-5 How many domestic patents (including the other firms patents) are jointly used in the commercial application of the invention? sectionef 40 JP sectionef 41,43 US Question 6-6 Has this patent been licensed by (one of ) the patent-holder(s)? sectionef 44 JP sectionef 45 US Question 6-6(2) If Yes, does it include cross-license? sectionef 46 JP sectionef 47 US <9>

10 Question 6-6(3) How many licensees have got the license? sectionef 48 JP sectionef 49 US Reference: Did the licensing contracts include exclusivity clauses? sectionef 51 US Question 6-7 Has this patent been exploited commercially by yourself or any of your co-inventors for starting a new company? sectionef 52 JP sectionef 53 US Question 6-3,6,7 summary (1) Any commercialization either through internal (or in-house) use, license or startup sectionef 54 JP sectionef 55 US Question 6-3,6,7 summary (2) From the commercial launch of your product/process/service, approximately how long was it until another firm introduced a competing alternative? sectionef 57 US Question 6-8 If this patent is used neither internally within the applicant firm, licensing nor for starting a new company, what are the important reasons for that? You can check all relevant boxes. sectionef 58 JP sectionef 59 US Question 6-9 Did you publish a scientific/technical paper describing this invention? sectionef 60 JP Reference: In the three years prior to the focal patent, how many articles did you publish in scientific journals? sectionef 61 US Question 6-10 In your opinion, how important are the following corporate strategies for the successful commercialization of this invention? (1 = not important, 5 = very important) sectionef 62,64,66,68,70 JP sectionef 63,65,67,69 US Question 6-10 Summary sectionef 72 JP sectionef 73 US <10>

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12 Japan Question 1-1 Age at patent application All years old years old years old years old years old years old years old years old years old years old years old years old All Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others No response % N years old years old years old years old years old years old years old years old years old years old years old years old All Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others US-JP weighted JP weighted Total section ABC-2

13 US (1/3) Question 1-1 Age at patent application D12 age All years old years old years old years old years old NBER All 1, Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others years old years old years old years old years old years old years old 80 years older missing % N years old years old years old years old years old NBER All 1, Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others US-JP weighted years old years old years old years old years old years old years old 80 years older Total section ABC-3

14 Japan Question 1-1 Age at patent application Mean S.D N Median P90 Interquartil e Range No response All Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others US-JP weighted JP weighted section ABC-4

15 US (2/3) Question 1-1 Age at patent application D12 Year of birth mean(age) S.D N median p90 Interquartile Range NBER All Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others US-JP weighted missing section ABC-5

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17 US (3/3) Reference: Country of Birth D13 Country of Birth All US Foreign missing NBER All 1,919 1, Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others % N US(%) Foreign(%) Total NBER All Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others US-JP weighted section ABC-7

18 Japan Question 1-3 Gender All All Male Female No response All Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others % N Male Female Total All Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others US-JP weighted JP weighted section ABC-8

19 US (1/2) Question 1-3 Gender D14 Gender All Male Female missing NBERAll 1, Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others % N Male(%) Female(%) Total NBERAll 1, Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others US-JP weighted section ABC-9

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21 US (2/2) Reference: Children D15 Did you have children at the time of the patent? All Yes No missing NBER All 1, Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others % N Yes(%) No(%) Total NBER All 1, Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others US-JP weighted section ABC-11

22 Japan (1/2) Question 2-1 Highest degree at the time of research All High school or lower Tech college or junior college University Master Ph.D. No response All Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others % N High school or lower Tech college or junior college University Master Ph.D. Total All Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others US-JP weighted JP weighted section ABC-12

23 US (1/2) Question 2-1 Highest degree at the time of research D1A Education All High school or lower Technical college or Junior college University or college Bachelor's University Master's J.D Ph.D, M.D. or equivalent other Missing NBER All 1, Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX 65 Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX % N High school or lower Technical college or Junior college University or college Bachelor's University Master's J.D Ph.D, M.D. or equivalent NBER All Agriculture, Food, Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous-chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Medical Instruments Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX 65 Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX US-JP weighted other total section ABC-13

24 Japan (2/2) Reference: In which year this degree was earned? Interquartile mean(year) S.D N Median p90 Range No response All Agriculture,Food,Textiles Coating Gas Organic Compounds Resins Miscellaneous chemical Communications Computer Hardware Computer Software Computer Peripherals Information Storage Drugs Surgery & Med Inst Biotechnology Miscellaneous-Drug&Med Electrical Devices Electrical Lighting Measuring & Testing Nuclears & X-rays Power Systems Semiconductor Devices Miscellaneous-Elec Materials Processing & Handling Metal Working Motors, Engines & Parts Optics Transportation Miscellaneous Mechanical Agriculture, Husbandry, Food Apparel & Textile Earth Working & Wells Furniture, House Fixtures Heating Pipes & Joints Receptacles Miscellaneous-Others US-JP weighted JP weighted Note: We dropped records if year of degree < birth year + 21 section ABC-14