AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BIODIESEL PRODUCTION OF COTTON SEED OIL THROUGH CONVENTIONAL METHOD

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1 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BIODIESEL PRODUCTION OF COTTON SEED OIL THROUGH CONVENTIONAL METHOD 1.Vineet Kumar, 2.Manish Jain, 3.Amit Pal 1. Research Scholar, RJIT, BSF Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, MP 2.Asst. Prof., Mechanical Engineering Department, RJIT, BSF Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, MP 3.Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, DTU, Delhi ABSTRACT Now a days as we are seeing that consumption of fossil fuels is increasing day by day and these fossils fuels are present in limited quantity on earths surface, With the depletion of oil resources as well as the negative environmental impact associate with the use of fossil fuels, there is a renewed interest in alternate energy sources. As world reserves of fossil fuels and raw materials are limited, it has stimulated active research interest in non petroleum, renewable, and non polluting fuels. Biofuels are the only viable source of energy for the foreseeable future and can still form the base for sustainable development in terms of socio economic and environmental concerns. Biodiesel and bioethanol appear to be promising future energy sources. Biodiesel, derived from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with simple alcohols, has attracted more and more attention recently. As a cleaner burning diesel alternative, biodiesel has many attractive features including: biodegradability, nontoxicity, renewability and low emission profiles. Biodiesel is comprised of long chains of fatty acids (methyl-esters or ethyl-esters) that are oxygenated, which results in a higher flash point than that of conventional diesel. With a high flash point, biodiesel is safer to transport, and handle. Although cottonseed oil was the first commercial cooking oil in the U.S, it has progressively lost its market share to some vegetable oils that have larger production and less cost. However, regarding the active researches on biodiesel production from vegetable oils, there is a promising prospective for the cottonseed oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production, which may enhance the viability of the cottonseed industry. Keywords: Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum (cottonseed oil), Biodiesel, C.I. Engine, Emission, Performance. INTRODUCTION New and renewable alternative fuels as a substitute for petroleum-based fuels have become increasingly important, due to environmental concerns, unstable costs and transportation problems. One of the renewable alternative fuels is biodiesel, which is domestically produced from new or used vegetable oil and animal fat. Oil or fat is reacted with alcohol (methanol or ethanol). This reaction is called transestrification. The reaction requires heat and a strong catalyst (alkalies, acids, or enzymes) to achieve complete conversion of the vegetable oil into the separated esters and glycerine. During the transestrification reaction, glycerine is 178 Vineet Kumar, Manish Jain, Amit Pal

2 obtained as a by-product. It is used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other industries. Biodiesel not only can be used alone in neat form but also can be mixed with petroleum diesel fuel in any unmodified diesel engines. Diesel fuel is very important for countries economy because it has wide area of usage such as long haul truck transportation, railroad, agricultural and construction equipment. Diesel fuel contains different hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylenes, etc.), sulphur and contamination of crude oil residues. But chemical composition of biodiesel is different from the petroleumbased diesel fuel. Biodiesel hydrocarbon chains are generally carbons in length and contain oxygen at one end. Biodiesel contains about 10% oxygen by weight. Biodiesel does not contain any sulfur, aromatic hydrocarbons, metals and crude oil residues. These properties improve combustion efficiency and emission profile. Biodiesel fuel blends reduce particulate material (PM), hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and sulphur oxides. However, NOx emissions are slightly increased depending on biodiesel concentration in the fuel.due to the lack of sulphur biodiesel decrease, levels of corrosive sulphuric acid accumulating in engine crank case oil. Cotton seed oil is derived from the seeds of various species of cotton that are grown primarily for their fibres. The oil and protein contents of the seeds vary with the variety and agroclimatic conditions. Some varieties may have up to 25% oil content. Refined cotton seed oil is used mainly for edible purposes such as salad and cooking oils, shortening, margarine and to a lesser extent in the packing of fish and cured meat. Low grade oil is used in the manufacture of soaps, lubricants and protective coatings. The byproduct of the proposed plant is expeller cake which is used for animal feed. Cotton seed oil is a resource based product that will substitute the imported vegetable oil. THE WORLD ENERGY SCENARIO The present energy scenario has stimulated active research interest in nonpetroleum, renewable, and nonpolluting fuels. The world reserves of primary energy and raw materials are, obviously, limited. According to an estimate, the reserves will last another 218 years for coal, 41 years for oil, and 63 years for natural gas, under a business- as-usual scenario (Agarwal, 2007). Oil has no equal as an energy source for its intrinsic qualities of extractability, transportability, versatility, and cost. Being the product of the burial and transformation of biomass over the last 200 million years, the amount of underground oil is inite. Hence, there is an urgent need to understand the world energy crisis and the underlying science behind it, and of course, to transition to sustainable energy sources. Concerns have arisen in recent years about the relationship between the growing consumption of oil and the availability of oil reserves, as well as the impact of the potentially dwindling supplies and rising prices on the world s economy and social welfare. Oils can be derived from conventional and nonconventional sources of energy. A conventional source is one that uses the present mainstream technologies, whereas nonconventional sources are those that require more complex or more expensive technologies. The additional cost and technological challenges surrounding the production of the nonconventional sources make these resources more uncertain world demand for oil is uncertain because it depends on economic growth and government policies throughout the world. Rapid economic growth in China and India could significantly increase world demand for oil, while environmental concerns, including oil s contribution to global warming, may spur conservation or the adoption of alternative fuels that would reduce future demand for oil. Being the fifth largest energy consumer, India imported nearly 70% of its crude oil requirement (90 million tonnes) during Estimates indicate that this figure will rise to 95% by 2030 (World Energy Outlook 2005) 179 Vineet Kumar, Manish Jain, Amit Pal

3 Figure 5.1. The unopened boll of Gossypium hirsutum L is shown on left and an opened boll with exposed lint appears on the right. LaForest, BIODIESEL PROCESS 3.1Process Flow Chart Methanol Raw CSO Filtered CSO+Catalyst CSO Filtration and Heating Trans-esterification Reactor Water Wash and Separate Ester Layer Phase Separator Water by-product(glycerol) Figure 5. Biodiesel Manufacturing Flow Sheet from Cotton seed Oil (CSO). PROCESS DETAILS Filtration and Heating of Raw CSO Non-oil components of the CSO were removed by separation using filter and moisture was removed by heating the oil at about 120 o C for 30 to 45 minutes.heating with electric heater is usually the easiest way to bring the oil up to required temperature. Determination of FFA In order to determine the percent of FFA in the oil, a process called titration is used. The vegetable oil is first mixed with methanol. Next, a mixture of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and water is added until all of the FFA 180 Vineet Kumar, Manish Jain, Amit Pal

4 has been reacted. This is confirmed by checking the ph of the mixture. A ph of about 9 signifies all of the FFA has been reacted. Figure.Determination of FFA Figure.Alcohol and CSO mixture One gram of NaOH was dissolved in 1 litre of distilled water (0.1%NaOH) solution. Phenolphthalein solution was used to get the end point. In a smaller beaker, 1ml of CSO oil is dissolved in 10ml of methanol. The mixture was stirred gently until all the oil dissolves in the alcohol and the mixture turns clear. Two to three drops of phenolphthalein solution was added. Using a burette, 0.1% NaOH solution was added drop by drop to the oil alcohol phenolphthalein solution, stirring all the time, until the solution stays pink. The number of ml of 0.1% NaOH solution gives the amount of NaOH to be used per litre of oil and FFA percentage. Table: FFA information ml titration %FFA NAOH (grams) per gallon Vineet Kumar, Manish Jain, Amit Pal

5 The percentage of FFA cottonseed oil data is three samples is- Table : FFA cottonseed oil data S. No Ml titration % FFA On above table we get the percentage free fatty acid is approximate in cottonseed oil is up to 0.66 which is below 2.5 so apply one step transesterification process. Mixing of Methanol and Catalyst The purpose of mixing methanol and the catalyst (NaOH) is to react the two substances to form Methoxide. The amount of Methanol used should be 20% of the volume of the oil. Methanol and KOH are dangerous chemicals by themselves, with Methoxide even more so. None of these substances should ever touch skin. Vapours should not be inhaled. Gloves and ventilation are required at all times when working with these substances. Transesterification (Biodiesel reaction) The methanol in excess is added to the oil in a beaker serving as a batch reactor. The mixture is then agitated for about 60 to 90 minutes and then left overnight for phase separation to take place due to gravity. Draining of Glycerol After the transesterification reaction, one must wait for the glycerol to settle to the bottom of the container. This happens because Glycerol is heavier then biodiesel. The settling will begin immediately, but the mixture should be left for minimum of eight hours to 12 hours. Washing of Biodiesel The purpose of washing is to wash out the remnants of the catalyst and other impurities. Generally water washing is preferred in which lukewarm water (about one third of raw biodiesel) is added to raw biodiesel, stirred for a short duration and then impurities are allowed to settle down at bottom with water. 182 Vineet Kumar, Manish Jain, Amit Pal

6 EXPERIMENTAL WORK OF BIO-DIESEL PRODUCTION BY MECHANICAL STIRRER TECHNIQUE The experiments are performed with alcohol to oil molar ratio as 6:1, 4.5:1 & 3:1. The amount of oil, alcohol and catalyst taken is shown in Table. Table 5.Time and yield (%) of Cotton seed oil for different molar ratio and catalyst percentage Percentage of catalyst Molar ratio 6:1 Molar ratio 4.5:1 Molar ratio 3:1 Time (min) Yield % Time (min) Yield % Time (min) Yield % % % % Vineet Kumar, Manish Jain, Amit Pal

7 Yield Yield Yield Percentage % International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences MOLAR RATIO 6: Reaction time in minutes 0.5 % KOH 0.75 % KOH 1 % KOH Figure 1. Time v/s Yield (%) for molar ratio 6:1 and different catalyst percentage MOLAR RATIO Reaction time in 0.5 % KOH 0.75 % KOH 1 % KOH Figure 2. Time v/s Yield (%) for molar ratio 4.5:1 and different catalyst percentage. 90 MOLAR RATIO 3: % KOH 0.75 % KOH 1 % KOH Reaction time in Figure 3. Time v/s Yield (%) for molar ratio 3:1 and different catalyst percentage. 184 Vineet Kumar, Manish Jain, Amit Pal

8 Results & Discussion Figure 1,2 and 3 shows the graphical representation of Biodiesel yield with respect to time for 6:1 and 4.5:1 and 3:1 molar ratio respectively at different percentage of catalyst (KOH). It has been observed that there is higher yield in case of 6:1 molar ratio as compared to 4.5:1 and 3:1 molar ratio. It may be because of alcohol using for 6:1 molar ratio is more than that of 4.5:1 and 3:1 molar ratio. The yield for 0.5% KOH is less as compare to 0.75% and 1% KOH in all the cases. It may be because of 0.5% KOH is not sufficient to enhance the reaction. The maximum yield obtained is at 1% KOH for 6:1 molar ratio. Conclusion Cotton seed has huge capability for biodiesel production. The most important feature of this cotton seed is that it grows in the form of climbing plant in sandy soil with in a six month crop cycle. As we know that availability of the raw material controls the economics of the product. So, there should be a proper management for the plantation of neglecting trees and their usage to investigate the benefits from this cotton seed Oil Plant. Bio-diesel is found better substitute for petroleum diesel and also most advantageous over petro-diesel for its environmental friendliness. The quality of biodiesel fuel was found to be considerable for its doing well use on compression ignition engines and ensuing replacement of non-renewable fossil fuels. Biodiesel produce from cotton seed oil also yield comparable results with petroleum diesel. The important conclusions are as follows: * It is found that in mechanical stirring the yield obtained at 1% KOH is higher. * Maximum yield up to 97.90% is obtained from cotton seed oil by mechanical stirrer technique. * From results of experimental investigation of cotton seed Biodiesel, it is found that it is having the properties similar to diesel. So blends are having the potential to reduce the over burden of the imports of diesel fuel. Finally, it is concluded that cotton seed Biodiesel can be made successfully by mechanical stirring method and can be suitably used in vehicles as Alternative of diesel fuel. References [1] Ramesh D and Sampatraja A, Investigation on Performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine with jatropha biodiesel and its blends. Agric Engg Int: CIGR e-j Sci Res Develop, 10 (2008) EE [2] /oil-import-from-iran-slashed-by-7/article ece March [3] Stavarache C, Vintaoru M, Nishimura R and Maeda Y, Fatty acids methyl ester from vegetable oil by means of ultrasonic energy, Ultrason Sonchem 12 (2005) [4] A.C. Lokesh and N. S. Mahesh Centre for Manufacturing, Dept of Mechanical and Automotive Engg. Strategies for the Sustainability of Bio Diesel Production from Feed Stock in India [5] Altin, Recep, Selim Cetinkaya and Huseyin Serdar yucesu, The potential of using vegetable oil fuels as diesel engines. Energy Conversion and Manage. 42(5): [6] Dunn RO. Alternative jet fuels from vegetable-oils. Trans ASAE 2001; 44: [7] M. Naik a, L.C. Meher, S.N. Naik, L.M. Das, Production of biodiesel from high free fatty acid Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil, Biomass and Bio energy 32 (2008) [8] [9] Economic Research-India 1 May 28, 2008 focus, JPMorgan Chase Bank, Singapore, (65) and JPMorgan Chase Bank, Mumbai (9122) , Syamasundar Joshi, Simarouba Paradise [10] [11] Sarin, R & Sharma, M Jatropha Palm biodiesel blends: An optimum mix for Asia. Fuel.Vol. 86: Vineet Kumar, Manish Jain, Amit Pal

9 [12] Agarwal, D., Agarwal, A.K., Performance and emissions characteristics of Jatropha oil (preheated and blends) in a direct injection compression ignition engine. Appl. Therm. Eng. 27, [13] Asakuma, Y., Maeda, K., Kuramochi, H., Fukui, K., Theoretical study of the transesterification of triglycerides to biodiesel fuel. Fuel 88, [14] Rao G Lakshmi Narayana, Sampath S., Rajagopal K. Experimental Studieson the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelledwith Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester and its Diesel Blends. InternationalJournal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 4: pp [15] Nabi Md. Nurun, Rahman Md. Mustafizur, Akhter Md. Shamim. Biodiesel from cotton seed oil and its effect on engine performance and exhaustemissions. Applied Thermal Engineering29 (2009), pp Vineet Kumar, Manish Jain, Amit Pal