RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT

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1 RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT MODELING OF LIQUID FUEL PRODUCTION VIA CATALYTIC CRACKING OF PALM OIL USING MCM-41 AS CATALYST PROPOSED BY: HENGKY KURNIAWAN IVAN YARED DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING WIDYA MANDALA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SURABAYA 2007

2 APPROVAL SHEET ii APPROVAL SHEET The RESEARCH entitled : Modelling of Liquid Fuel Production Via Cacalytic Cracking of Palm Oil which is prepared and submitted by : Name : Hengky Kurniawan NRP : Using MCM-41 As Catalyst presented as partial fulfillment of the requirements for SarjtiiUI Telmik degree at Department of Surabaya, has beejbj=fe: December 1,.:.11\JI/1' ~ Ayli~ ST. MStjPh.D NIK I I OF UQUm FUEL VIA CATALY17C CRACKING OF PALM OIL USING MCM-41 AS CATAL.Y.ST

3 APPROVAL SHEET ii APPROVAL SHEET The RESEARCH entitled : Modelling of liquid Fuel Production Via Catalytic Cracking of Palm Oil Using MCM-41 As Catalyst which is prepared and submitted by : Name :Ivan Yared NRP : presented as partial fulfillment of the requirements for Sarjana Teknik degree at Department of December 1, M~ Aylianaw~. ~Ph.D NIK ! i OF UQUID FUEL PRODUCTION na CATALYTIC CRACKING OF PALM OIL USING MCM-41 AS CATALYST

4 DECLARATION SHEET 1!l DECLARATION SHEET I hereby declare that this research report is my own work and not an act of plagiarism in any part or as a whole, except referenced in the text. If it is known that this research report is not my own work, I am aware and willing to accept the consequences that this research report cannot be used as one of the requirements to achieve Bachelor of Engineering (Sarjana Teknik) degree. Su.rabaya, December 1st / Hengky Kurniawan NRP MODELLING OF LIQUID J<(JEL PRODUCTION VIA CATALYTIC CR4CKJNG OF PAL'-.! OIL USINGMCM-41 AS CATALYST

5 DECLARATION SHEET Ill DECLARATION SHEET I hereby declare that this research report is my own work and not an act of plagiarism in any part or as a whole, except referenced in the text. If it is known that this research report is not my own work, I am aware and willing to accept the consequences that this research report cannot be used as one of the requirements to achieve Bachelor of Engineering (Sarjana Teknik) degree. Surabaya, December I st 2007 The undergraduate student NRP MODELLING OF LIQUID FUEL PRODUCTION VIA CATALYTIC CRACKING OF PALM OIL USING MCM-41 AS CATALYST

6 PREFACE IV PREFACE Praise the God for the guidance and wisdom to let the authors finish this research report entitled Modelling of Liquid Fuel Production Via Catalytic Cracking of Palm Oil Using MCM-41 As Catalyst. This research report was made to fulfill one of the requirements needed in achieving Bachelor of Engineering (Sarjana Teknik) degree in Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University. The authors would like to acknowledge these people for their support and role in the construction of this research report, 1. Suryadi Ismadji, lr., M.T., Ph.D. and Yohanes Sudaryanto, lr., M.T as the supervisors of this research. 2. Richard Ruskit Gunawan, S.T., Ph.D, Aylianawati, S.T., M.Sc., Ph.D., and Herman Hindarso, S.T., M.T. as the exantiners of this research. 3. Professor Subhash Bhatia and Dr. Farouq Twaiq from Universiti Sains Malaysia for their explanation about their journals. 4. Nico Wibisono, S.T. for his help in preparing the catalyst. 5. Dessy Yovita and Giyanto Wijaya Salim for their help in finishing this research project. 6. Martina, ST. for helping in analyze our product experiments. 7. Other lecturers who helped the author in conducting this research. 8. The authors' parents for giving support and blessing. 9. The authors' colleagues for their support and inspiration. 10. Other persons, who were not mentioned, for their help. The authors realize that this research report is still imperfect. Therefore, the authors will gladly accept any critics and recommendations to further perfect this report. In the end, the authors hope that this report will be useful for all the readers. Surabaya, December 1st 2007 The authors MODELLJNG OF LIQUJD FUEL PRODUCTION VIA CATALYTIC CRACKING OF PALM OIL USING MCM-41 AS CATALYST

7 ABSTRACT v ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the reaction kinetics of the catalytic apaacracking of palm oil over MCM-41 as a catalyst at the higher C/0 ratio and WHSV. The kinetic values obtained from this study can be used further for industrial purpose. In this study, palm oil was cracked using MCM-41 as a catalyst in a fixed bed micro-reactol The experiment was conducted at the atmospheric pressure; with reaction temperature of K, , and K, Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) of , 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, and 30 h- 1, and C/0 (catalyst/oil) ratio of I :32.5. The kinetic model used in this study was the three-lump model developed by Weekman, which involves parallel cracking of palm oil to Organic Liquid Product (OLP) and gas plus coke, with consecutive cracking of the OLP to gas plus coke. The model can represent the experimental data fairly well. From the study, the rate constant values k~o kz, k 3 for reaction temperature of K were found to be 9.3%4; and h- 1 ; respectively. For reaction temperature of K, the rate constant values were , and h- 1. For reaction temperature of K, the rate constant values were , and h- 1. Using the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy is 41.49, and kj/mol for E 1, E 2, andes, respectively. MODElLING OF liquid FUEL PRODUCTION VIA CATALYTIC CRACKING OF PAlM OIL USINGMCM-41 AS CATALYST

8 LIST OF FIGURES vi CONTENTS Approval Sheet... ii Declaration Sheet...iii Preface...iv Abstract... v Contents... vi List of Figures... viii List of Tables... x Abbreviations... xi Nomenclatures... xii Chapter I. Introduction... I I.l. Background... I I.2. Problem Formulation... 3 I.3. Aim of The Study... 3 I.4. Problem Limitations... 4 Chapter II. Literature Review... 5 ILl. Palm Oil II.2. Catalytic Cracking ofpalm Oil... 9 II.3. MCM ll.4. Cracking Model... l5 Chapter III. Research Methodology III.l. Experimental Design III.2. Process Variables... l9 III.2.1. Fixed Variables... l9 MODElLING OF LIQUID FUEL PRODUCTION VIA CATALYTIC CRACKING OF PAIMOIL USINGMCM-4I AS CATALYST

9 LIST OF FIGURES VII III.2.2. Dependant Variables III.3. Materials III.3.1. Synthesis of MCM III.3.2. Catalytic Cracking of Palm Oil III.4. Equipments IV.4.1. Synthesis ofmcm IV.4.2. Catalytic Cracking ofpalm Oil III.5. Experimental methods III.5.1. Material Preparations III Synthesis ofmcm III Palm Oil Analysis III.5.2. Catalytic Cracking ofpalm Oil Chapter IV. Results and Discussion IV.I. Catalytic Cracking ofpalm Oil Chapter V. Conclusion Bibliography Appendix A. Composition of Palm Oil Appendix B. Liquid Product Appendix C. Concentration Data for Various WHSV and Temperatures...40 Appendix D.Calculation of Flow Rate of Palm Oil and Maximum Run Time...41 Appendix E.Algorithm of Gauss Jordan Method Using Mathlab 7.I. Program...42 Appendix F.Algorithm ofrunge-kutta Method Using Mathlab 7.1. Program...43 Appendix G. Calculation Method Appendix H. Predicted Concentration Data For Various WHSV and Reaction Temperatures MODElLING OF LIQUID FUEL PRODUCTION VIA CATALYTIC CRACKING OF PALM OIL USING MCM-41 AS CATALYST

10 LIST OF FIGURES Vlll LIST OF FIGURES Figure II.l. Production and Total Consumption Palm Oil in the World... 6 Figure Consumption Palm Oil in the World... 6 Figure Production and Total Consumption Palm Oil in Indonesia... 7 Figure Proposed Reaction path-way for Cracking ofpalm Oil over HZSM Figure SEM Image of The Catalyst Figure XRD Pattern of The Catalyst Figure Nitrogen Sorption Isotherm and Pore Size Distribution ofthe Catalyst Figure XRD Pattern ofmcm Figure Nitrogen Sorption Isotherm ofmcm Figure Three-Lump Model Figure III. I. A Set of Catalytic Cracking Apparatus Figure IV.1. Burning of Liquid Product Figure IV.2. Burning of Gas Product Figure IV.3. Concentration ofupo,olp and Gas+Coke for Various Reaction Temperature and WHSV Figure IV.9. Comparison of Experimental Concentration Yield ofupo, OLP, and Gas+coke Figure G. I. Charts of First Order and Second Order Kinetic for Reaction Temperature of K Figure G.2. Charts of First Order and Second Order Kinetic for Reaction Temperature of K...48 Figure G.3. Charts of First Order and Second Order Kinetic for Reaction Temperatureof K MODElLING OF LIQUID FUEL PRODUCTION VIA CATALYTIC CRACKING OF PALM OIL USING MCM-4I AS CATALYST

11 LIST OF FIGURES IX Figure G.4. Plot ofcolp and 't for Different Reaction Temperatures... Sl Figure G.S. Plot of Cgas+coke and 't for Different Reaction Tempemtures Figure G.6. Plot of Arrhenius Equation MODElLING OF LIQUfiJ FUEL PRODUCTION VIA CATALYTIC CRACKING OF PALM OIL USING MCM-41 AS CATALYST

12 ABBREVIATIONS X LIST OF TABLES Table II.l. Production of Oil in The World... 5 Table II.2. Fatty Acids Content in Palm Oil... 8 Table II.3. Fatty Acids Content in Palm Kernel Oil... 8 Table II.4. The Properties of Palm Oil Before and After Purification... 9 Table IV.l. Kinetic Constants for Three-Lump Model at Various Reaction Temperatures Table IV.2. Increment of Rate Constants for Different Reaction Temperatures Table IV.3.Comparison of Activation Energies with Gas Oil Cracking from Literatures Table B.l. Liquid Product's Mass for Reaction Temperature of K Table B.2. Liquid Product's Mass for Reaction Temperature of K Table B.3. Liquid Product's Mass for Reaction Temperature of723.l5 K Table C.l. Concentration Data for Reaction Temperature of623.l5 K Table C.2. Concentration Data for Reaction Temperature of K Table C.3. Concentration Data for Reaction Temperature of K Table H.l. Predicted Data for Reaction Temperature of K Table H.2. Predicted Data for Reaction Temperature of K... 5~ Table H.3. Predicted Data for Reaction Temperature of K MOfJEIJJNG OF UQUJD FUEL PRODUCTION VIA CATALYTIC CRACKING OF PALM oil USING MCM-4/ AS CATALYST

13 ABBREVIATIONS xi ABBREVIATION UP0 =Unconverted Palm Oil C/0 = catalyst to oil weight ratio OLP = Organic Liquid Product WHSV =Weight Hourly Space Velocity ~Q.().EILJNG QF Ll,QUID FUEL PRODUCTION VlA CATALYTIC CRACKING OF P.AJ.#:(.){L f!sjng #CM-41 AS CATALYST

14 NOMENCLATURES xn NOMENCLATURES WHSV =Weight Hourly Space velocity (h- 1 ) ' CoLP Cr =holding time (h) =Concentration of organic liquid product(% weight) = Concentration of unconverted palm oil (% weight) Cgas+coke =Concentration of gas+ coke(% weight) k1 =palm oil cracking rate constant to OLP (hr- 1 ) k2 =palm oil cracking mte constant to gas+ coke (hr- 1 ) k3 = OLP cmcking mte constant to gas + coke (hr- 1 ) E T = activation energy (kj/mol) = tempemture (K) kw =Arrhenius constant for palm oil cmcking to OLP (k 1 ) k2o =Arrhenius constant for palm oil cmcking to gas+ coke (hr- 1 ) k3o =Arrhenius constant for OLP cracking rate constant to gas+ coke (hr- 1 ) MODELLJN(] OF LIQUID FUEL PRODUCTION VIA CATALYTIC CRACKING OF PALM OIL USJN6MCM-4I AS CATALYST

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