Tracking EU Corporate and Financial Links to the Palm Oil Industry in Indonesia

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1 Tracking EU Corporate and Financial Links to the Palm Oil Industry in Indonesia Summary * Indonesia produces around million tons of palm oil, with around three quarters being exported (valued at US$ billion), making Indonesia both the world's top palm oil producer and exporter. * Around 8-15 million hectares of land in Indonesia are planted with palm oil, with estimates that planting could reach up to 28 million hectares by * Europe is the second largest importer of Indonesian palm oil, accounting for 22% of total imports in 2014, with estimated figures placing Germany as the biggest importer by volume, followed by Netherlands, Spain, Italy & the United Kingdom. * There are links to Europe all along the palm oil supply chain from direct company involvement, product sourcing and direct and indirect investment. * Various issues have been raised with regard to Indonesian palm oil, primarily environmental issues around deforestation and forest fires, land conflicts and land grabbing, human rights and labour violations. How has the palm sector developed over time? Palm oil was first introduced to Indonesia by the Dutch colonial government in Palms were originally planted at the Botanical Gardens in Bogor. In 1911, palm oil plantations began to be cultivated and grown commercially, and in the Dutch colonial period palm oil plantations spread rapidly, mainly in Sumatra, later challenging African dominance of supplies. In 1940 the Dutch colonial government exported 250,000 tons of crude palm oil (CPO), with little benefit accrued to those working in the plantations at that time. i The Indonesian government of Sukarno acquired and nationalised the oil palm plantations from During that period, Indonesia s position as the world s largest supplier of palm oil began to shift to Malaysia. After the 1965 coup, the New Order Government of General Suharto promoted the expansion of palm oil production, so that in 1980 palm oil plantations expanded to 294,560 hectares and produced 721,172 tons of CPO. In 1985, 600,000 hectares of forest area were converted to palm oil plantations. ii By the year 2000 production had reached 8.3 million tons, rising to an estimated million tons in 2015, which makes Indonesia once again the world s top palm oil producer, with around 44% of the global production. iii CPO production is predicted to increase up to 78 million tons by iv An Indonesia palm oil association (GAPKI) spokesperson recently claimed that the oil palm industry is a strategic sector which had contributed $19 billion in 2015, far more than $12 billion from oil and gas sector v (although palm oil ranks only third behind oil and coal in total export value) vi. President Jokowi has stated that "palm oil is a national strategic sector and must be maintained." vii How much land is planted with palm oil? According to an EU paper accurate data on the area planted with oil palm in Indonesia is not easily obtainable. viii The current Ministry of Agriculture estimates that palm oil cultivation in Indonesia ranges from 8.1 million hectares to 11.5 million hectares ix (with US statistics quoting 8.9 million hectares in 2015, up from 2.9 million hectares in 2000). x In a recent statement the government claimed that oil palm plantations already cover 11.4 million hectares, but the Indonesian NGO Sawit Watch claims that there were already more than 15 million hectares of palm oil planted in xi In August 2014 the Indonesian government announced plans to clear 14 million hectares of forest by 2020, creating an estimated planted area of 28 million hectares. xii This is larger than the entire United Kingdom. xiii There are approximately 84 companies that have applied for permits for forest conversion to create palm oil plantations, covering over 2 million hectares. Of these, some 35 companies have been granted permits by the government. xiv

2 Historically the majority of oil palm plantations have been situated in the easily accessible lowlands of Sumatra and Kalimantan, with up to 95% of plantations located there in 2006, down to 75% in xv Key Indonesian provinces for palm oil production include the Sumatran provinces of Riau, North Sumatra, South Sumatra, West Sumatra and Jambi. Plantations continue to expand in the north western Sumatran province of Aceh. xvi Last March they covered 393,270 hectares of land, nearly 7% of Aceh s total area. xvii However, as new land for oil palm expansion becomes more scarce in traditional growing areas, new frontiers are being opened up. The majority of the applications for forest conversion mentioned above are in the contested province of Papua, which has become a major target for oil palm expansion. xviii Data from the Ministry of Agriculture also notes that more than 35-40% of the total Indonesian palm oil production comes from smallholder plantations, most of whom are highly vulnerable to downturns in global palm oil prices. In Riau Province, the province with the largest area of palm oil cultivation, about 1.1 million hectares of palm oil plantations are managed by small farmers, 76% of which are managed by independentfarmers (petani swadaya). However the data from Govt are not reliable and we suspect that official smallholder figures may include many medium growers with up to 1000 ha each. xix How much palm oil is processed and consumed in the domestic market? In 2015 around a quarter (8.6 million tons) of CPO was consumed within Indonesia, down from over a third in 2000 (3.3 million tons). xx Approximately half of Indonesia CPO production is exported in an unprocessed format. Most of the remainder is processed into cooking oil, although approximately half of this is exported as well. The rest is consumed locally. xxi Indonesian companies engaged in palm oil are planning large investments to expand palm oil refining capacity. This is in line with the government's ambition to extract more revenue from Indonesian resources. The country has historically focused on the export of raw palm oil (and other raw commodities), but is trying to shift its priority to refined products higher up the value chain. Fiscal attempts to stimulate this are struggling (partly thanks to low commodity prices). xxii How much palm oil is exported and to where? In 2015 Indonesia exported the majority, around 75%, of its palm oil production ( million tons), which is a proportion that has sharply increased from around 50% in the 1990s. xxiii In terms of value 2015 exports were worth US$ billion (estimated at 50.4% of global palm oil exports by dollar value). xxiv The latest data from GAPKI (February 2016) shows that India is largest single importer of Indonesia palm oil (at 428 thousand tons that month), with the European union second (360 thousand tons) and China third (264 thousand tons). xxv What is the proportion exported to European Union countries? Indonesia is the largest supplier of palm oil to Europe, accounting for 22% of total imports in xxvi Being the dominant players in the international market for palm oil, Indonesia and Malaysia have collectively accounted for most of the European (EU27) imports in recent history. xxvii Palm oil is by far the most significant vegetable oil imported into Europe in terms of both value and volume. With around 4.7 million tonnes of palm oil imports in 2014 ( 3.4 billion), Europe has displayed an average annual decrease of 3.5% in volume but remained stable in terms of value since xxviii It is extremely difficult to break down figures within the EU for palm oil imports for specific countries. That is because it is often mixed or blended when it reaches interim or final destinations, and because some EU countries, particularly Netherlands, count as exporters within the EU, as they act as an interim hub, which significantly alters the figures. (Some sources attempt to produce net figures, after this re-exporting has been taken into account, but even this is fraught with difficulties and necessary assumptions). The following are gross figures for Indonesian palm oil exports to EU countries for 2015 in millions of Euros, so they will be distorted by inflating figures on the country where goods entered the EU.

3 Indonesia Jan-Dec 2015 Country Millions of Euros Percentage Italy Netherlands Spain Germany France Greece Denmark United Kingdom Sweden Belgium Others Total In terms of net figures we can produce an estimate based on known imports from Indonesia, and the general percentage of CPO imported (based on 2015 statistics produced by FEDIOL, for thousands of tons). xxix Country CPO (,000 tons) Percentage (total) Germany Netherlands Spain Italy UK Sweden Belgium

4 Poland France Greece Portugal Ireland Total According to a report from FERN which looked at the role of European countries' consumption in driving deforestation, Indonesian palm oil was singled out and their attempt at net figures in terms of Euros (in 2014), placed the Netherlands as the top importer of palm oil which was sourced from Indonesian palm oil resulting from illegal deforestation ( 414 million, 23.28%); Italy was second ( 369 million, 20.75%); then Germany ( 347, 19.52%); France ( 168, 9.45%); and finally UK (8.27%). What is the EU business connection to palm oil supply chains in Indonesia? Generally palm oil is produced in supply chains that are complex. They involve multiple changes of corporate ownership as the palm oil passes from growers to mills, refiners, traders, chemical processors, manufacturers, and finally, to brand-name products. Definitively confirming that a given product contains palm oil from a specific, single plantation is impossible unless the palm oil is certified at every step along the supply chain. xxx There is a commitment to improve the situation, and the first completed FEDIOL monitoring of certified sustainable palm oil shows that 46.73% of palm oil entering the refining plants in 2014 was already certified sustainable, with a commitment from European private sector organizations join forces for a first time to ensure a fully sustainable palm oil supply chain in Europe by xxxi Although many companies in Indonesia are either controlled by Indonesian tycoons (e.g. Sinar Mas Group, including Golden Agri-Resources Ltd (GAR), and Salim Group) or are Southeast Asian (e.g. KLK from Malaysia, and Wilmar from Singapore (although the founder of Wilmar was Indonesian). There are however, some companies with direct links to Europe (e.g. R.E.A. Holdings which is a UK registered company, listed on the London Stock Exchange and Jardine Matheson, which - although it is registered in the tax haven of Bermuda - also has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Scottish Keswick family). xxxii Beyond that many of the major international food companies who are based in Europe, or with notable dealings there, buy significant amounts of Indonesian palm oil. These include the likes of Nestlé, Unilever and Procter and Gamble, as well as supermarket chains such as Marks & Spencer and Carrefour. xxxiii A number have been subject to NGO-led consumer campaigns over palm oil issues, e.g. Nestlé over deforestation and its links to GAR, and Unilever over Wilmar's environmental and human rights issues. xxxiv Many of these downstream companies in the supply chain are also members of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), a multisectoral organisation, aiming to develop and implement global standards for sustainable palm oil. xxxv There have also been campaigns targeting some of the European financiers of the companies named above, e.g. GAR and deforestation (involving BNP Paribas, Deutsche Bank and HSBC), and Wilmar (involving Crédit Agricole, Rabobank and Barclays). xxxvi There has also been international financial institution investment; in the case of Wilmar a complaint was made in 2011 to the World Bank's International Finance Corporation (IFC) ombudsman over a subsidiary paying local police to violently expel indigenous people from its palm oil concession in Jambi Province, Sumatra. xxxvii What are the current national policies on palm oil development, processing

5 and trade? The Indonesian government has historically supported the industry as a pillar of economic development and tax revenue. Even the new administration of President Joko Widodo, which is generally seen as more progressive, has issued an economic deregulation policy package in relation to investing in natural resources, providing tax holidays and incentives to resource projects, as well as speeding up project permitting with regard to forest estates, forest estate leasehold and land certification. xxxviii This is despite a long list of historical problems with the conversion of forests to make way for the likes of oil palm developments, and its associated deforestation, including high-level corruption during the process of issuing a licence. In 2011, a government task force examined oil palm plantation compliance in one of the country s largest provinces, and concluded that more than 80% of the plantations had cleared forest without the necessary permissions from the ministry of forestry. Most of the US$100 million in assets recovered by the Indonesian corruption eradication commission to date has come from illegal forest conversion cases. xxxix Even where permits are not corruptly issued, they can be improperly issued or encroach on the customary forests of indigenous peoples. xl In 2011 the government tried to counter-criticise around the sustainability of Indonesian palm oil by creating the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) standard, which was also seen as a counter to the international RSPO, focused on mandatory rules as opposed to RSPO's voluntary ones. However, there has still been criticism that despite being mandatory the rules are not properly enforced. In spite of this, the scheme is being rolled out from 2015 to encompass small-holders. xli These collective concerns, and the recent Indonesian forest fires that are primarily blamed on clearing land for palm oil planting, led to President Joko Widodo announcing on 14 April 2016 a plan to ban new oil palm and mining permits. This is being seen as an extension of the two-year primary forest moratorium that came into effect on 20 May 2011, and had been previously extended. xlii In terms of processing and trade, the government has been attempting to encourage more processing via an export tax on refined palm oil products. Although the tax ranges between 0 and 22.5%, depending on the price of CPO, the minimum price has been at $750 per metric ton, which it has not breached since September This has resulted in no tax collection, although the government has set up palm new oil export levies to attempt to compensate and to finance the government's ambitious biodiesel subsidy program. This biodiesel programme is another attempt at increasing domestic refining, increasing the amount of compulsory palm oil blending in diesel from 7.5% to 10%, and ordered power plants to mix 20%. xliii How do free trade agreements impact on the palm oil sector and supply chain? This question is more relevant to the situation in Peru and Colombia, where there is a specific EU Free Trade agreement. However, it is worth noting that in terms of international trade France has unilaterally imposed a new levy on palm oil imports in the name of protecting the environment. The Indonesian government has protested that the tax is discriminatory under World Trade Organization rules, but France has disputed that, stating that the tax only targets palm oil that was not produced in a sustainable way. xliv What are the impacts of the palm oil supply chain on indigenous peoples, communities and the environment? Forest Peoples Programme stated last month what oil palm expansion means for rural Indonesians: It implies a major reallocation of land and resources, dramatic changes to vegetation and local ecosystems, substantial investment and new infrastructures, movements of people and settlements, major transformations of local and international trade and requires the intervention of multiple government agencies. xlv Conflicting land ownership and land use are at the root cause of many of the problems encountered by rural Indonesians. There is no single map of land-use claims in the country, and the same land can be designated

6 as having different uses and potentially different owners, be they the state, individuals, private companies or indigenous peoples. This problem underlies thousands of conflicts that pit communities against companies, the state or each other. The oil palm industry has taken advantage of this chaos to create a de facto land grab. xlvi In 2015 civil society groups recorded 731 conflicts over land tenure in Indonesia, between communities and oil palm plantation companies. xlvii The country's National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) has documented thousands of alleged human-rights violations around plantations. On 16 March 2016 it published the 4 volume results of its national inquiry into land conflicts affecting indigenous peoples, with a notable focus on palm oil. The centrepiece is an approximately 1,000 page-long study of 40 cases, mostly involving violence inflicted on locals by soldiers and police, who tend to side with industry in times of agrarian trouble. xlviii An example is where Dayak tribespeople in Muara Tae village claim their borders were redrawn so two companies, Muara Tae points the finger at Malaysian-owned TSH Resources and Singaporelisted First Resources could grow oil palm in their territory, both of which preside over extensive holdings in West Kutai. xlix There are gender-based impacts too. In rural areas, women traditionally play an important role in agriculture, rural development and forest use and management. Yet they are often are left out of any decision-making on oil palm development, and effectively lose their access to land. l There are obvious environmental concerns, given that much of the current and predicted expansion oil palm expansion in Indonesia is taking place on forested peatlands. Peat locks up huge amounts of carbon, so clearing peatlands by draining and burning them releases huge greenhouse gases. Indonesia's peatlands, cover less than 0.1% of the Earth's surface, but are already responsible for 4% of global emissions every year. Ten million of Indonesia's 22.5 million hectares of peatland have already been deforested and drained. li Unfortunately, it is common for companies to illegally use fire to clear forest, and these fires often extend well beyond licence boundaries (although it can be difficult to attribute the cause of the initial fire). Exacerbated by illegal clearance and the draining of deep peat soils, fires regularly blanket large areas of the region in a dangerous smoke haze. The forest and peat land fires during September to November 2015 were particularly severe. It is estimated that the size of forest and land on fire reach 2.6 million hectares, causing economic damage and severe health problems, while the emission of carbon dioxide per day exceeded the daily emission of the whole US economy. lii How do palm oil supply chains impact on human rights in the country? As noted above, there are extensive records of conflicts which have led to serious human rights impacts. Communities and social activists have suffered cases of criminalisation and violence and gross human rights violations. As examples, four customary rights holders were jailed in Papua during 2015 for having protested against the oil palm company ANJ Group in South Sorong, West Papua. Communities in the vicinity of oil palm plantations run by the Good Hope Group in Nabire, and Korindo Group in Merauke and Boven Digoel, have suffered repeated physical and verbal violence. Members of peasant organisation in Kuburaya, West Kalimantan and North Sumatra have suffered a similar fate. There are ongoing clashes between the Suku Anak Dalam ethnic group and Wilmar Group's PT. Asiatic Persada, with no clear prospect of dispute resolution. liii In Papua, the expansion of palm oil has led to communities losing essential sources of food and traditional medicines, as well as hunting spots, sacred sites, and cultural sites. The Malind tribes, who live in the Muting district, Merauke, found dead fish and crocodiles in the river after the clearance of the forest for oil palm plantations. The indiscriminate use of pesticides and fertilisers, as well as herbicides for land clearing - including the use of paraquat - has become a serious issue threatening the rights to food and a healthy environment. liv There are issues for workers on the plantations. 60% of palm oil workers are day-labourers whose wages are insufficient to meet even their daily needs. lv Bloomberg reported in 2013 on an investigation focussing on workers in Sumatra and Kalimantan for the Malaysian company KLK. They heard from workers claiming

7 they were defrauded, abused, and held captive by representatives of a sub-contracted labour management firm. At a plantation near Berau at least 95 workers were held at the plantation for up to two years. The report notes that among the estimated 3.7 million workers in the industry are thousands of child labourers and workers who face dangerous and abusive conditions. Debt bondage is common, and traffickers who prey on victims face few, if any, sanctions from business or government officials. The report notes that in 2012, KLK s shipments to North America and Europe accounted for 26% of its revenue, with at least 38 companies have bought KLK s palm oil and palm oil derivatives since 2009, including Nestlé and Procter and Gamble. At the time of the investigation KLK, and at least ten companies that buy its palm oil, were members of the RSPO. lvi Is the palm oil supply chain linked to deforestation, if so how and where? Indonesia is one of the three largest tropical forest countries in the world, with 131 million hectares of forests, or approximately 68% of the country s land area as of lvii However, it currently ranks second in the world for destruction of that forest. lviii Emissions due to land use change have made Indonesia one of the world s top three greenhouse gas emitters, with 37% of emissions due to deforestation and 27% due to peat fires. lix According to Food and Agriculture Organisation data the area of palm oil harvested in Indonesia, associated with deforestation, increased 5.5 million hectares between 1990 and This was 57% of the global total. lx Meanwhile an EU report suggested a figure of 3.2 million hectares of deforestation because of oil palm expansion during the same period, although admitted this is likely to be an underestimate. lxi A 2013 Greenpeace report claims that conversion of forests for palm oil production appears to be the single largest driver of deforestation in Indonesia, accounting for roughly a quarter of forest loss between 2009 and It accuses the sector's main certification standard of failing to stop forest destruction. lxii In Papua, as happened in Sumatra and Kalimantan, the development of palm oil plantations is being used as a smokescreen for making profits from logging, or at least is happening in conjunction with it. Within licensed areas, clearance of forest may occur faster than planting, leaving large areas deforested but not planted. In some cases, the developer may have used the plantation license to gain access to the timber with no intention of planting; in others, planting may simply be lagging behind clearance. Because of such complicating factors, deforestation caused by commercial agriculture is likely to be much greater than the total area of land actually planted. lxiii What are the views of civil society and indigenous peoples on the palm oil trade and supply chain? A number of civil society organisations have expressed concerns around the issues above, some of whom have already been quoted. For example in response to the violent land conflicts Abdon Nababan, secretary general of the Indigenous Peoples Alliance of the Archipelago (AMAN) has called on the government to form a task force on indigenous rights. lxiv Many of the concerns come from groups raising concerns that it is the desire for biofuels, especially from Europe which is driving much of this destruction. In the EU, biodiesel was responsible for most of the rise in demand for vegetable oil between 2001 and lxv Robbie Blake, biofuels campaigner for Friends of the Earth Europe notes that palm oil is driving mass deforestation, wildlife loss, community conflicts, and accelerating climate change. It is alarming to find that palm oil use in European cars is sky-rocketing, and will only increase further, unless MEPs put a halt to increasing biofuels. Drivers are unknowingly being forced to fill up with a fuel that is destroying rainforests, communities and the climate. lxvi Aside from the issues raised, there are also concerns on food sovereignty. It is estimated that million of the 227 million Indonesians depend directly on forest resources, including million indigenous peoples. Their food sovereignty is being effectively sacrificed for palm oil. lxvii Nur Hidayati, head of campaigns for WALHI/Friends of the Earth Indonesia notes that: Civil society

8 organisations in southern countries have watched the development of Europe s biofuels policy with anxiety, said Nur. This enormous increase in palm oil demand in Europe is escalating deforestation, land grabbing, and conflicts in Indonesia. Biofuels demand must be capped and reduced, otherwise Europe will only intensify the problems for Indonesian people affected by palm oil expansion. lxviii i ii iii Palm Plantations: History, Politics, and Conflict, Citizen Daily, 29 May 2014, Palm Plantations: History, Politics, and Conflict, Citizen Daily, 29 May 2014, Fidelis E. Satriastanti, Jokowi bans new oil palm and mining concessions, Mongabay, 16 April Index Mundi statistics - iv Forest Peoples Programme, press release for Indigenous Peoples to the European Union v Sawit Berkelanjutan: Antara Mencari Standard Sertifikasi dan Desakan Perubahan, Ica Wulansari dan Ridzki R. Sigit, Mongabay, 18 March vi United Nations International Merchandise Trade Statistics, 2014 Indonesia Yearbook, vii Fidelis E. Satriastanti, Jokowi bans new oil palm and mining concessions, Mongabay, 16 April viii The impact of EU consumption on deforestation: Comprehensive analysis of the impact of EU consumption on deforestation - Final report, Technical Report , Vito et al for European Commission, 2013, p.52 - NB this is followed by more specific Indonesian analysis as above, p 57 ix Palm Plantations: History, Politics, and Conflict, Citizen Daily, 29 May 2014, x Index Mundi statistics - xi Fidelis E. Satriastanti, Jokowi bans new oil palm and mining concessions, Mongabay, 16 April xii Sam Lawson, Forest Trends, Consumer Goods and Deforestation: An Analysis of the Extent and Nature of Illegality in Forest Conversion for Agriculture and Timber Plantations, September 2014, p.iii - xiii Kedaulatan pangan, hanyalah mimpi, bila kontroversi lahan pangan tidak dihentikan. Sawit Watch. 9 December in Joint CSO Open Letter to the European Parliament Palm Oil and Biofuels Policy Reform, February 2015, p.1 xiv xv Derom Bangun, Indonesian Palm Oil Industry, National Instutite of Oilseed Products Annual Convention, March 2006; Fact File Indonesia world leader in palm oil production, Centre for International Forest Research, 8 July 2013, xvi World Growth, The Economic Benefit of Palm Oil to Indonesia, February xvii Palm oil expands in Aceh, Junaidi Hanafiah, Mongabay, 12 January 2016, xviii xix Palm Plantations: History, Politics, and Conflict, Citizen Daily, 29 May 2014, xx Index Mundi statistics - xxi Fact File Indonesia world leader in palm oil production, Centre for International Forest Research, 8 July 2013, xxii Indonesia Investments, Palm Oil, based on Indonesian Palm Oil Producers Association (GAPKI) & Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture xxiii Index Mundi statistics - The impact of EU consumption on deforestation: Comprehensive analysis of the impact of EU

9 consumption on deforestation - Final report, Technical Report , Vito et al for European Commission, 2013, p.89 xxiv WTEx, Palm Oil Exports by Country, Daniel Workman, 13 October 2015, Indonesia Investments, Palm Oil, based on Indonesian Palm Oil Producers Association (GAPKI) & Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture xxv Indonesian Palm Oil Producers Association (GAPKI), monthly statistics, available at xxvi CBI Market Intelligence, CBI Product Factsheet: Palm Oil in Europe, September 2015, p xxvii The impact of EU consumption on deforestation: Comprehensive analysis of the impact of EU consumption on deforestation - Final report, Technical Report , Vito et al for European Commission, 2013, p.89 xxviii CBI Product Factsheet: Palm Oil in Europe - [ - p.2-4 xxix FEDIOL, 2014 statistics for vegetable oil and oil seeds - xxx Outline of Production: Palm Fruit to Product, The Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism, - xxxi FEDOIL statement, Certified sustainable palm oil use on up-wards trend in EU, 18 November FEDOIL statement, Game changer for sustainable palm oil, 7 December 2015, xxxii For more information on companies see: xxxiii See for example xxxiv See Greenpeace campaign, Sustainable Palm Oil Transparency Toolkit, Independent corporate standards, xxxv Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), - see members at xxxvi See xxxvii Summarised by Forest Peoples Programme at xxxviii xxxix FERN, Stolen Goods: The EU's complicity in illegal Tropical Deforestation, March 2015,p.12 xl A 2013 Constitutional Court judgement ruled that customary forests of indigenous peoples should not be classified as state forest, issued over such forests, further calling into question the legality of plantation licences. FERN, Stolen Goods: The EU's complicity in illegal Tropical Deforestation, March 2015,p.12 xli Down to Earth, Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil scheme to speed up palm oil development, DTE88, April UNDP, Indonesia kicks off scheme for palm oil farmers to meet new sustainability standards, 24 February Indonesia kicks off scheme for palm oil farmers to meet new sustainability standards xlii Fidelis E. Satriastanti, Jokowi bans new oil palm and mining concessions, Mongabay, 16 April xliii Indonesia Investments, Palm Oil, based on Indonesian Palm Oil Producers Association (GAPKI) & Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture xliv France imposes new palm oil tax; Indonesia, Malaysia protest, Mongabay.com, 24 March xlv Marcus Colchester et al, Promised land: Palm oil and land acquisition in Indonesia: Implications for local communities and indigenous peoples, 2006, Forest Peoples Programme (FPP) with Sawit Watch & others, p.11 -

10 xlvi Inside Indonesia s highest-profile land conflict, Mongabay, 7 December xlvii Joint CSO Open Letter to the European Parliament Palm Oil and Biofuels Policy Reform, February 2015, xlviii Philip Jacobson, Released: 1,000-page encyclopedia on land conflicts affecting indigenous tribes, Mongabay, 17 March xlix Mongabay, Inside Indonesia s highest-profile land conflict, 7 December l Down to Earth, Indonesia on the front line:impacts of biofuel expansion for people, forests and climate, October 2014, li Greenpeace palm oil campaign, last updated 5 November 2013, lii FERN, Stolen Goods: The EU's complicity in illegal Tropical Deforestation, March 2015, p liii liv Down to Earth, Pesticide use in oil palm plantations, Down to Earth No 66 August Pesticide Action Network, Stop paraquat in palm plantations, lv Down to Earth, Interview with Bondan Andriyanu, Sawit Watch in DTE December 2013, lvi E. Benjamin Skinner, Indonesia's Palm Oil Industry Rife With Human-Rights Abuses, Bloomberg Businessweek, 20 July lvii Sam Lawson, Forest Trends, Consumer Goods and Deforestation: An Analysis of the Extent and Nature of Illegality in Forest Conversion for Agriculture and Timber Plantations, September 2014, p lviii World Resources Institute, Forests and Landscapes in Indonesia, lix Sam Lawson, Forest Trends, Consumer Goods and Deforestation: An Analysis of the Extent and Nature of Illegality in Forest Conversion for Agriculture and Timber Plantations, September 2014, p lx The impact of EU consumption on deforestation: Comprehensive analysis of the impact of EU consumption on deforestation - Final report, Technical Report , Vito et al for European Commission, 2013, p.52 lxi The impact of EU consumption on deforestation: Comprehensive analysis of the impact of EU consumption on deforestation - Final report, Technical Report , Vito et al for European Commission, 2013, p.52 - NB this is followed by more specific Indonesian analysis as above, p 57 lxii Greenpeace, Certifying Destruction: Why consumer companies need to go beyond the RSPO to stop forest destruction, 3 September, 2013, lxiii Sam Lawson, Forest Trends, Consumer Goods and Deforestation: An Analysis of the Extent and Nature of Illegality in Forest Conversion for Agriculture and Timber Plantations, September 2014, p lxiv Released: 1,000-page encyclopedia on land conflicts affecting indigenous tribes, Philip Jacobson, Mongabay, 17 March lxv Global impacts of EU bioenergy policies, Oxfam International EU Advocacy Office, 3 December 2015, p.2 lxvi Rhett Butler, Europe importing more palm oil for biofuels, raising risks for rainforests, Mongabay, 9 September lxvii Down to Earth, Indonesia on the front line:impacts of biofuel expansion for people, forests and climate, October 2014,

11 lxviii Rhett Butler, Europe importing more palm oil for biofuels, raising risks for rainforests, Mongabay, 9 September