COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF MAHUA AND JATROPHA METHYL ESTER WITH BIOADDITIVE IN VCR ENGINE

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp , Article ID: IJMET_10_01_074 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF MAHUA AND JATROPHA METHYL ESTER WITH BIOADDITIVE IN VCR ENGINE S. Sivaganesan *, C. Dhanasekaran, A. Parthiban and R. Pugazhenthi Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, TN, India ABSTRACT The search for alternative fuels in last few decades is intensive due to the rapid depletion of petroleum fuels and their ever increasing costs. There is a great need to reduce the consumption of conventional fuels in both developed and developing countries. The consumption and demand of the petroleum based fuels is increasing every year due to the increased industrialization and innovation in the world. The aim of the present experimental work is to evaluate the impact of various compression ratio using blends of diesel fuel with 20% concentration of Methyl Ester of Jatropha biodiesel blended with bio additive and the blends of diesel fuel with 20% concentration of methyl ester of mahua biodiesel blended with bio additive as an alternate fuel. The experiment is carried out with three different compression ratios in DI diesel engine. Biodiesel is extracted from Jatropha oil and mahua oil, 20% (B20) concentration with 3ml bio additive is found to be the best blend ratio from the earlier experimental study. 3ml of biodiesel B20MEOJBA and 3ml of B20MEOMBA is tested with compression ratio of The purpose of the experimental study is to obtain better efficiency, minimum specific fuel consumption, and lower smoke and lesser emission. This is done by increasing cetane number using combustion additives of 3ml bio additive blends with biodiesel when compared with the baseline diesel. Keywords: Methyl Ester of Jatropha, methyl ester of mahua, Bio Additive, Various Compression Ratio, Performance, Emission. Cite this Article: S. Sivaganesan, C. Dhanasekaran, A. Parthiban and R. Pugazhenthi, Comparison of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Mahua and Jatropha Methyl Ester with Bioadditive in Vcr Engine, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(01), 2019, pp INTRODUCTION The energy is the primary source for social growth and economic development. The growth of industries which contributes for the development of country s economy [1] depends on the role of editor@iaeme.com

2 S. Sivaganesan, C. Dhanasekaran, A. Parthiban and R. Pugazhenthi energy resources, which has a direct impact. The diesel engines are widely used as prime movers in the field of power generation in most of the countries for the purpose of agriculture and transportation [2]. The twin crisis that world presently encounter is the depletion of fossil fuel and degradation of environment, resulted in restriction, in the usage of conventional fuels. During the last few decades the research of alternate fuels is intensified during the last few decades due to depletion of fossil fuel [3]. From living organisms or from metabolic by-products (organic or food waste products) the biofuels are produced. They contain 80 percent of renewable materials which is actually derived from the photosynthesis process and can referred to solar energy sources. Biofuel is consumed as supply of fuel is as aged as the diesel engine. Rudolph Diesel, who invented the diesel engine, conducted various experiments to identify the renewable energy from a wide range of fuels which take account of numerous Biofuels. At the World s Fair in 1900, Rudolph Diesel is honored with Grand Prix, the Fair s highest honor for demonstrating the effectiveness of high competence diesel engine employing peanut oil. In 1912, Diesel predicted and expressed, the application of biofuel as alternative fuels for engines which seems to be insignificant today, but alternate fuels dominate in the future years. He also added that in the future, alternate fuels are as vital as the petroleum, coal and tar products of our time. In spite of Rudolph s confidence, the utilization of biodiesel as a feasible petroleum choice has frequently been inspected. The consumable oils, for example, soyabean, rice bran oil and mustarded oils are the main source for global biodiesel production. While, our country depends on eatable oil making, subsequently beating of non-consumable oil is fast approach for biodiesel generation [4]. With the vast usage of land and plant based non-consumable oil being accessible in our nation. For instance, karanja, jatropha, mahua, sal, neem and rubber are only few investigations done to employ esters of these non-edible oils as replacement for diesel [5]. In India, the remote rural and forest communities using Jatropha oil (i.e. without refining) as biodiesel in diesel engine and generators for several decades. The earlier experimentation with methyl ester of Jatropha has been carried out for finding the best blend (B20) and 3ml bioadditive [6, 7]. To investigate the usage of biodiesel and bio additive blended in order to minimize the emissions of all regulated pollutants from diesel engine is the main objective of the study. The experiment is further analyzed with the influence of various compression ratios on engine for bio fuels. Also Investigates the stability of Jatropha and mahua biodiesel and their blends with themselves and diesel [8], and this study found that Jatropha blend of JB20%, mahua blend of MB30% satisfies the norms of EN-590 and BIS in the point of oxidation stability. Other way of improving oxidation stability of Jatropha biodiesel is blending with mahua biodiesel in the ratio of 50:50 by volume basis mixture which satisfies the EN14214 and IS norms [9, 10]. It also founds that for the storage period of 8 fortnights the change of properties of Jatropha biodiesel of B20% and mahua biodiesel of B30% are suitable by following the norms [11]. 2. EFFECT OF ADDITIVES AND COMPRESSION RATIO IN DIESEL ENGINE The experiment is carried out under various characteristics in two fold biodiesel of Thumba biodiesel on a mono cylinder VCR diesel engine. It has borne diameter of 87.50mm, imperial power of 3.5kw at 1500rpm, firmness ratios 12 to 18, stroke length 110mm. VCR diesel engine is water cooled engine. Biodiesel unifies B10% (combination of Diesel 90% by quantity, biodiesel 10% by volume) and B20% (mishmash of Diesel 80% by quantity, biodiesel 20% by quantity) gives better BTE and lower BSFC than other biodiesel blends. The blends of B10% and B20% have lower emission than other blends similar to diesel. The study shows that unified thumba oil is noticed to be capable and suitable fuel for firmness and detonation of engines. At CR 18 BTE and BSFC of Thumba B10, B20 and BP of Thumba B40 confirmed better recital editor@iaeme.com

3 Comparison of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Mahua and Jatropha Methyl Ester with Bioadditive in Vcr Engine CO, HC, CO2 of B100 of Thumba biodiesel which showed less emission percentage/ppm, for NOx emission B10 and B20 of Thumba, biodiesel showed less emission of ppm. Kriya bioadditive were added with diesel at different ratio of 1ml, 1.5ml, 2ml, 2.5ml and 3ml as used as fuel in direct injection water cooled diesel engine of compression ratio 17.5:1 and concluded that for all the ratio of bioadditive with diesel, the heat release rate were decreased than diesel alone as fuel. The emissions of NOx and smoke were decreased due to lower heat release rate caused by addition of kriya bioadditive [12]. Investigated the organic based manganese as additive for decreasing the freezing point of biodiesel and also proposed that diesel fuel cetane number was without any additive and the cetane number was increased to with additive of optimum dosage added. In addition organic based additives decrease the viscosity and flash point of fuel, reduced the flash point upto 3 o C using Mn as additive. In this study taken that increasing cetane number will decrease the emissions drastically [13]. Inferred combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel with bio mileager considered as bio additive (at 1ml, 1.5ml, 2.0ml, 2.5ml, 3.0ml). For 3ml of bio mileager blends smoke density were reduced considerably than diesel and all other bio additive blends. For bio mileager blends NOx, HC, CO emissions were decreased and brake thermal efficiency increased than diesel alone as fuel. Lowest specific fuel consumption was found to be for 1.5 ml of bio additive blends [14]. Collected the disposed (used) oil from restaurant and converted into methyl ester by following the transesterification process, then this biodiesel is mixed with diesel at different proportions of blend 10, 20, 30 and 50% respectively and operated the engine using this prepared biodiesel by varying compression ratio of 14, 16 and 18. Concluded that increasing compression ratio of engine, bsfc and HC (52%), CO (37.5%) decreased an average basis and brake thermal efficiency (27.48% for B20%), oxides of nitrogen increased (36.84%) and CO2 (14.28%) increased. He revealed that increasing blend ratio, brake specific fuel consumption also increased. In his work blend 20% of biodiesel with diesel gives higher thermal efficiency [15]. The effects of different blends of Annona Methyl Ester in VCR engine are examined in this study. The performance, emission and combustion parameters are measured in all compression ratios. Three different compression ratios are taken 16.5, 18.5 and The experimental analysis is conducted in various combinations of additive blends with compression ratio. The Annona Methyl Ester of 20% is better in performance and combustion. [Overall performance is high in compression ratio with lower blends devoid of any alteration of the engine] [9]. The test is conducted in [uneven firmness ratio] engine (VCR) with methyl ester of jatropha oil (MEOJ) and diesel. The analysis is conducted with 14, 16, 18 and 20 compression ratio with Jatropha blends. The performance parameters BTE, BSFC are measured in VCR engine. The emission parameters CO, CO2, HC, NOx and smoke density is also noted. It is noticed that, if CR is higher than performance of engine is increased apparently with less BSFC for biodiesel blends fuel. The emissions are higher for CO and CO2. To attain higher CR, the smoke density is reduced for hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Blended biodiesel is used to improve the combustion parameters for higher compression ratio. So in order to obtain particular properties of fuel or to change the performance and emissions of engine additives were added. In the present work the combustion additives, smoke suppressants bio additive of bio mileager is used as an additive with 20% of Methyl Ester of Jatropha and Mahua. In order to increase the cetane number in biodiesel, an additive of 3ml is blended with B20MEOJ. Addition of additive improves the performance with biodiesel in return less emission is evovled at different loads with 17.5 compression ratio. 3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The experimental work is carried out with three different compression ratios and varying loads which are considered at a constant speed of 1500 rpm, four stroke, single cylinder, vertical, water editor@iaeme.com

4 S. Sivaganesan, C. Dhanasekaran, A. Parthiban and R. Pugazhenthi cooled DI diesel engine. Specifications of engine are tabulated below in table 1. At 23ºBTDC, diesel and biodiesel fuel are injected. By using Jatropha oil and mahua oil used in 20% (B20) concentration with diesel, biodiesel is extracted separately. 3 ml of bio additive is added with B20MEOM and B20MEOJ. The experimental work is conducted with the best compression ratio 17.5 from the earlier study [8, 12]. The smoke meter in HSU is used to take the reading of Smoke density. Digas analyser from engine tail pipe is used to measure emissions hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen. Engine load was applied by adjusting knob, in turn it is connected to eddy current dynamometer. Table 1. Details of Experimental Engine Manufacturer Category Kirlosker TV I Vertical cylinder, DI diesel engine, VCR engine Number of cylinder 1 Bore X Stroke 87.5 mm X 110 mm Compression ratio 17.5 Speed Rated brake power Cooling system Injection timing 1500 rpm 5.2 kw Water cooling 23 BDTC The test is done to analyse the impact of the best compression ratio 17.5 and the influence of bio additive with the jatropha methyl ester and the mahua methyl ester biodiesel in DI diesel engine. The line diagram of the experimental setup is shown in figure 1. The performance parameter BTE and SFC were measured in VCR engine. The emission parameter such as CO, CO2, HC, NOx and smoke density is measured. By using AVL combustion analyzer, the cylinder pressure and heat release rate is measured. Table 2. Physical Properties in 3ml BFA Test Property 3ml BFA Density at 15 C kg/m Kinematic Viscosity at 40 C 2.53 Flash Point (PMCC) C, (min) 48 Cetane number 60 Gross Calorific value k.cal/kg editor@iaeme.com

5 Comparison of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Mahua and Jatropha Methyl Ester with Bioadditive in Vcr Engine 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 1. Line Sketch of Experimental Setup 4.1 Performance Parameters The effect of SFC for best blend and best compression ratio is depicted in figure 2. It is found that SFC is similar trends for both diesel and all biodiesel with bio additive blends at maximum load condition. This is due to improved physical properties of biodiesel with bio additive blend. It is concluded that biodiesel with bio additive blend gives better results than other fuels. Specific fuel consumption (kg/kw-hr) Figure 2. Specific fuel consumption with Brake Power (Best blend & CR) The difference in BTE with brake power for best biodiesel with bio additive blends with diesel is depicted in figure 3. At maximum brake power B20MEOJBA3ml blend compression ratio 17.5 is observed optimal with thermal efficiency of 28.12%. This is due to the improved atomization, fuel penetration and mixture formation

6 S. Sivaganesan, C. Dhanasekaran, A. Parthiban and R. Pugazhenthi Brake Thermal Efficiency (%) Figure 3. Brake thermal efficiency with Brake Power (Best blend & CR) 4.2. Emission Parameters The difference in smoke density for B20MEOMBA3ml, B20MEOJBA3ml blends with diesel at various brake power is shown in figure 4. It is seen that smoke increases with increase in load. It is found the smoke densities are lower for B20MEOJBA3ml bio additive blend 57.1 HSU. Smoke Density (HSU) Figure 4. Smoke density with Brake Power (Best blend & CR) It is observed from figure 5 that there is a higher NOx emission with bio diesel with bio additive blends. It can be found that NOx emission is higher to 1779 ppm at maximum brake power with B20MEOJBA3ml blend. This is due to higher oxygen concentration that leads to increase in combustion temperature editor@iaeme.com

7 Comparison of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Mahua and Jatropha Methyl Ester with Bioadditive in Vcr Engine Oxides of Nitrogen (ppm) Figure 5. Oxides of Nitrogen with Brake Power (Best blend & CR) The evaluation of HC using Diesel and bio diesel with bio additive blends of concern is illustrated in figure 6. Both biodiesel with bio additive blends are closer in the HC emission when compared to diesel. The bio additives reduce the surface tension and make the cohesive bonding between the molecules stronger. This leads to better combustion when compared to diesel. The B20MEOJBA3ml blend reduces HC by 29 ppm HC (ppm) Figure 6. Hydro carbon with Brake Power (Best blend & CR) Difference in CO with brake power is demonstrated below. The CO emission from the B20MEOJBA3ml blend is less compared to diesel fuel. This is possible since the molecular oxygen availability in bio additive. At full load condition CO emission increases probably due to the dilution effect of exhaust gases and lean mixture. In case of B20MEOJBA3ml blend at maximum load the CO is 0.07% and for diesel 0.13%

8 S. Sivaganesan, C. Dhanasekaran, A. Parthiban and R. Pugazhenthi CO (%by volume) Figure 7. Carbon monoxide with Brake Power (Best blend & CR) Based on the performance, combustion and emission parameters the results were summarized for the various compression ratio (17.5, 16.5 and 15.5) of B20MEOMBA 3ml and B20MEOJBA 3ml. Among these two fuels, B20MEOJBA 3ml blend CR 17.5 is found to be the best blend. 5. INFERENCE The optimum compression ratio was found and the results obtained using diesel, optimized biodiesel blend (B20MEOM and B20MEOJ) and optimized bio additive blends (B20MEOMBA 3ml and B20MEOJBA 3ml) are compared which are based on the performance, emission and combustion parameters. At full load, the specific fuel consumption for compression ratio 17.5 in B20MEOJBA 3ml is 0.3 kg/kw-hr. At full load, B20MEOJBA 3ml blend is observed with thermal efficiency of 28.12%, diesel is 28.18%. Smoke density and HC emissions are lower for B20MEOJBA 3ml blend at 17.5 compression ratio. NOx emission is reduced to 846 ppm for diesel and 905 ppm for B20MEOJBA 3ml at full load with 15.5 compression ratio. The CO emission from the B20MEOJBA 3ml blend is lower while compared to diesel fuel at 17.5 compression ratio. At utmost condition, the highest peak cylinder force is found to be bar at 1 degree crank angle with diesel, bar at 1 degree crank angle with B20MEOJBA 3ml at compression ratio At full load condition heat release rate is J/deg for diesel, and J/deg for B20MEOJBA 3ml at compression ratio From the experimental results it is observed that better results are obtained for 17.5 compression ratio using B20MEOJBA 3ml blend. 6. CONCLUSIONS From the experimental work of the Jatropha and the mahua biodiesel with bio additive blended fuel operated in the variable compression ratio engine at compression ratio 17.5 the following inferences are made, 1. Brake thermal efficiency, HC and CO emission for diesel with 20% methyl ester of Jatropha blended with 3 ml smoke suppressant bio mileage additive blends approaches approximately diesel behavior than all other biodiesel and bio additive blends. 2. NOx emission obtained for B20MEOJ was minimum than the B20MEOJBA2ml and all other fuels used editor@iaeme.com

9 Comparison of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Mahua and Jatropha Methyl Ester with Bioadditive in Vcr Engine 3. Addition of bio mileager with the biodiesel reduces the consumption of specific fuel than diesel. Particularly lower specific fuel consumption is seen in the B20MEOJBA3ml than all other fuel. 4. Even though Smoke density drastically decreases with the bio mileage addition in biodiesel, it was increased the NOx with the addition of the bio mileager with biodiesel. Lower smoke density is obtained for B20MEOJBA3ml than all other blends and diesel. 5. In overall wherever the NOx emission is not a major concern and need decrements in smoke, HC, CO and increment of thermal efficiency, suggested to use bio mileager. REFERENCES [1] Osmano Souza Valente, Marcio Jose da Silva, Vanya Marcia Duarte Pasa, Carlos Rodrigues Pereira Belchior, Jose Ricardo Sodre, Fuel consumption and emissions from a diesel power generator fuelled with castor oil and soybean biodiesel, (2010) Fuel 89, [2] Kannan G R, Karvembu R, and Anand R, Effect of metal based additive on performance emission and combustion characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel, Applied Energy 88, (2011) [3] Anand R, Kannan G R, Rajasekhar Reddy K and Velmath S, The Performance and Emissions of a Variable Compression Ratio Diesel Engine Fuelled With Bio-Diesel From Cotton Seed Oil, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, (2009) 4(9), [4] Eknath R D and Ramchandra J S. Effect of Compression Ratio on Energy and Emission of VCR Diesel Engine Fuelled With Dual Blends of Biodiesel, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, (2014) 9(5), [5] Nozomu Hashimoto, Yasushi Ozawa, Noriyuki Mori, Isao Yuri, Tohru Hisamatsu, Fundamental combustion characteristics of palm methyl ester (PME) as alternative fuel for gas turbines, Fuel, 87, (2008) [6] Sivaganesan S, Chandrasekaran M and Ruban M, Impact of Various Compression Ratio on the Compression Ignition Engine with Diesel and Jatropha Biodiesel IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, 2017, 183, 1-9. [7] Sunilkumar R, Kumbhar and Dange H M, Performance Analysis Of single Cylinder Diesel Engine, Using Diesel Blended with Thumba Oil, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE), 4, (2014) [8] Sivaganesan S, Dhanasekaran C, Chandrasekaran M and Parthiban A, The Impact of Various Compression Ratio and Influence of Bio Additive with Jatropha Methyl Ester Biodiesel in Di Diesel Engine, International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development, 2018, 8(1), [9] Silambarasan R, Senthil R, Pranesh P, Mebin Samuel P and Manimaran M, Effect of compression ratio on performance and Emission characteristics of biodiesel blend operated with VCR engine, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5, (2015) [10] Venkateswara Rao P, Compression ratio effect on Diesel Engine working with Biodiesel (JOME) Diesel blend as Fuel, Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 5(7), (2015) [11] Sureshkumar K, Velraj R, Ganesan R, Performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a CI engine fueled with Pongamia pinnata methyl ester (PPME) and its blends with diesel, Renewable Energy, 33, (2008) [12] Sivaganesan S, Chandrasekaran M, Ramasubramanian S and Gnanavel C, The influence of bio additive on the compression ignition engine with diesel and Jatropha methyl ester biodiesel, International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2018, 39 (4), [13] Murillo S, Mrguez J L, Porteiro J, Granada E and Moran J C, Performance and exhaust emissions in the use of biodiesel in outboard diesel engines, Fuel, 86, (2007) editor@iaeme.com

10 S. Sivaganesan, C. Dhanasekaran, A. Parthiban and R. Pugazhenthi [14] Acharya N, Nanda P, Panda S, Acharya S, A comparative study of stability characteristics of mahua and Jatropha biodiesel and their blends Journal of King Saud University Engineering Sciences (2017) [15] Mohammed EL Kassaby, Medhat A Nemit allah, Studying the effect of compression ratio on an engine fuelled with waste oil produced biodiesel/diesel fuel, Alexandria Engineering Journal (2013) 52, editor@iaeme.com

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