EFFECT OF SOME PROCESS VARIABLES ON THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM CASTOR OIL JERRY OGHENEVO EYA WONOWE

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1 ]'7757 EFFECT OF SOME PROCESS VARIABLES ON THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM CASTOR OIL BY JERRY OGHENEVO EYA WONOWE 2004/18494EH DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA JANUARY, 2010

2 EFFECT OF SOME PROCESS VARIABLES ON THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM CASTOR OIL BY JERRY OGHENEVO EYAWONOWE 2004/18494EH A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF CllEMICAL ENGINEERING, SHOOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, " NIGER STATE, NIGERIA. IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JANUARY, 2010

3 DECLARATION I, Jerry O. Eyawonowe with registration number 2004/18494EH declare that this research project report is my original work and has not been presented or published elsewhere to the best of my knowledge.... ~.:.... Jerry O. Eyawonowe Date 111

4 CERTIFICATION This research project report titled "Effect of some process variables on the Production of Biodiesel from Castor Oil" by Jerry O. Eyawonowe (2004/18494EH) has been examined and certified under the supervision of Engr. Manaseh Auta to be adequate in scope and qualify for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng) Degree in Chemical Engineering. Engr. Manase Auta Supervisor..... Date EngrJ.O. Okafor H.O.D Date External Examiner... 0.Q??' /?.fl9.... Date _ IV

5 DEDICATION This project is dedicated to God Almighty who made all things possible by His special grace. I also dedicate this work to my lovely parents, Engr. & Mrs. Godfrey Eyawonowe. v

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, my profound gratitude goes to the Almighty God of the universe whom by his grace and faithfulness has kept me through this programme. May his name alone be praised and glorified for ever and ever Amen. My sincere gratitude also goes to my supervisor, Engr. Manaseh Auta who offered his tireless and ever-ready effort and encouragement, to the success and completion of this research project. May God protect and bless you mightily. I also thank the H.O.D. of chemical Engineering, Engr.J.O.Okafor and all the lecturers of the department who helped in various ways, bringing about the success of my programme. May God bless and keep you all. A big thanks to my wonderful parents, Engr. and Mrs. Godfrey Eyawonowe who supported me financially, spiritually, morally and whose guidance led me through this programme. You are the best. Also to my sibblings, Blessed, Mary, Edith, Gloria, Moses, Esther, and Emmanuel. I love you all. I also want to thank my colleagues Alor, Ayuba, Badaru, Bolawa, Azeez, Salisuh for their relentless effort to towards the success of my work, all the graduating students of the Chemical Engineering who in one way or another contributed to the success of my programme, May God bless you all. Also to my friends and room mates, Engr. Phil, Micholo, U.S. Jimmy, Dauda, Emmy cool, Ezy Gana, Phemi, God bless you all. VI

7 ABSTRACT effect of some process variables on the production of Biodiesel from castor oil carried out un.ju"'h a transesterification process was obtained successfully at various temperature, catalyst weight, alcohol (methanol) concentration an:d reaction/mixing time. The experimental of Biodiesel from castor oil requires the use of n-hexane to extract the oil from the and potassium methoxide (KOCH3) to transesterify the oil to produce the biodiesel and glycerol/soap mixture. The production was successfully carried out at an optimum temperature of 7~C and optimum catalyst weight of 4r' optimum alcohol (methanol) amount of 6qmt and optimum reaction time of IfinUles. The sample was subsequently characterized titest for some Biodiesel properties. The characterization gave a Flash poin~f 7~OS specific gravity of and a viscosity value of 4.7 centistokes. The closeness of the experimental and literature values of the characterization is an indication of the reliability of the whole experimental effort. Vll

8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover page i T It 'l e pag~e Declaration...'... iii Certification... 1 V Dedication... v Acknowledgement... VI Abstract... VII Table o:f contents... VIII CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Background of Study... ~ Aims and Objectives Significance of the Study Scope and Limitations of the Study... 3 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Historical Background of Biodiesel Biodiesel from Fats and Oil Blends of Biodiesel...; Biodiesel Feedstock Yields of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils Uses and Benefits of Biodiesel Properties of Biodiesel Physical properties of Biodiesel Characteristics of Diesel fuels Flash point Specific gravity Viscosity Cloud point... 8 V111

9 2.8.5 Water content Carbon residue Pour point or Melting point Origin and Composition of Fats and Oil Composition of Fats and Oil Fatty acids... 9 < Glycerides Properties of Fats and Oil Physical properties of Fats and Oil Specific gravity Various factors affecting density of Oil Chemical properties of Fats and Oil..., Characteristics of Fats and Oil Freefattyacid(%) Acid value Saponification value Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils Oil extraction from Oil seeds... : Transesterification Castor oil Castor oil fatty acids Uses of Castor oil CHAPTER THREE 2.0 INSTRUMENTATION AND METHODOLOGy List of Equipment/Apparatus used List of chemical reagents used Methodology for Biodiesel production Oil extraction Procedure for Biodiesel production at different temperatures IX

10 3.3.3 Procedure for Biodiesel production at different catalyst weights, Concentration and Reaction time respectively Characteriz>ation procedure Deterrilination of Flash point Determination of viscosity... > Determination of specific gravity (Relative density) CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results... ' Discussion of results CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION... ; Conclusion Recommendation References x