EMISSION CONTROL TECHNIQUES USING LEMON PEEL OIL AS ADDITIVES WITH BIODIESEL ( JATROPHA CURCUS ) IN CI ENGINE

Transcription

1 Volume 119 No , ISSN: (on-line version) url: EMISSION CONTROL TECHNIQUES USING LEMON PEEL OIL AS ADDITIVES WITH BIODIESEL ( JATROPHA CURCUS ) IN CI ENGINE ijpam.eu E.Raja 1, Logesh.G 2, P.Naveenchandran 3, Harish.V 4,C.Jagadeesh Vikram 5 1,5 Assistant professor, 3 Professor, Department of Automobile Engineering, BIHER, BIST, Bharath University, Chennai, India 2,4 Research scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, India Raja.auto@bharathuniv.ac.in Abstract Energy and fuel crisis has become major global problem. On other hand depletion of fossil fuel also paving way for finding alternate fuel. Many countries are into research to find solution for these problems. Fuels derived from biomass are found to be good replacements for conventional fossil fuel. Jatropa,cottonseed oil, orange oil, sunflower oil etc are found to be better replacement. On the other hand high viscosity and poor combustion quality are some problem for non-commercialization. In India Jatropa is one of the commercialized fuel. Though it has good fuel properties it has high emission than diesel. In present work Jatropa is selected as test fuel and its emission is controlled by mixing 10% of lemon peel oil which acts as good ignition enhancer. Lemon oil is obtained from peel of lemon fruit is used and it is found that Jatropa oil with lemon oil blend shows reduced emissions than pure Jatropa oil operated mode when tested in CI engine. Overall it is found that HC,CO, CO 2,NO X and smoke is less than pure biodiesel emissions and close to diesel emission. KeywordsJatropa, emission, transesterification, alumina nano particles; I. INTRODUCTION For past few decades growth of population is increasing drastically in urban areas which led to increase in automobile usage. Hence fossil fuel consumption is increasingand depleting. It is estimated that fossil fuel will last only for few decades. On the other hand[1-6], emissions from these fuel also causes discomfort for humanity and nature. These problems can be minimized by replacing present fossil fuels with fuel derived from biomass. Though there are several biodiesel to replace[7-12], they are not of much use because of poor combustion properties. Fuels such as cotton seed oil, jojoba, jatropa seed oil, sunflower seed oil, karanja seed oil etc are found to be better replacement. But still these fuels emissions are greater than diesel. With technical advancements many emission control techniques carried out to control emissions from fuels such as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR),Emulsion techniques(et), Three way catalytic converter(twc), Low temperature combustion(ltc), Water injection (WI),Injection time retardation(itr),simultaneous techniques(st) [5,6,7] are done to reduce emissions[13-16]. M. Singh et al[19-34] portrays eatable and noneatable oils having high free unsaturated fat (FFA) couldn't be changed over into biodiesel by monetarily accessible basic transestrification handle. A two stage pretreatment technique (corrosive esterification) is created for changing over high FFA oil into their esters. The deliberate properties of biodiesels are according to standard and conclusion to diesel fuel. The Jatropha biodiesel, Jatropha oil and Diesel are utilized as fills in pressure start motor, and their execution and discharge qualities are broke down. At 80% load Engine effectiveness, BSFC, BTE and Mechanical Efficiency expanded and about same as diesel at 100 % stack. At the point when load is expanded Co2, HC and smoke haziness is less, CO almost same and NOx slight expanded. Jatropha biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel, it has more oxygen and Jatropha oil can be utilized as a part of diesel motor with no change[35-41]. Xiaohu Fan et al [2] studied two cottonseed oil biodiesel samples (cottonseed oil methyl esters, COME) produced in Clemson lab[42-49], together with other two commercial cottonseed oil biodiesels were evaluated on their engine performance with the No. 2 diesel fuel as a reference. The results revealed that emission of CO, CO2 and NOx from cottonseed oil biodiesels was lower than that of the No. 2 diesel fuel. CO decreased by 13.8%, CO2 by 11.1% and NOx by 10%, though there was no significantly statistical difference at p<0.05. The engine test additionally demonstrated a marginally higher measure of utilization and less propensity of coke development from COME than the No. 2 diesel fuel. The oxidative soundness examine indicated COME with worthy strength. COME displayed well-disposed ecological advantages and satisfactory strength, exhibiting its achievability as an option fuel[50-56]. M.S. Shehata et al[3] conducted experiment using jojoba and sunflower oil. They also discussed the drawbacks of using biodiesel in engine. High viscosity, drying with time, thickening in cold conditions, poor flow and atomization characteristics are some of the drawbacks which has to be considered while selecting oil. Hydrocarbon and Carbon monoxide were greater while Carbon dioxide and oxides of Nitrogen were reduced. Hifjur Raheman etal[4] studied combustion and emission characteristics of jatropa biodiesel. Jatropa-water emulsion fuel showed reduction in hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.on further 10451

2 increasing water content decrease in ignition delay and NO x emission also observed. In present work Jatropa biodiesel is selected as test oil. Raw Jatropa oil is converted into Jatropa biodiesel means of transesterification. Experiment was conducted in single cylinder diesel engine with electrical loading. Initially engine was run using diesel and baseline reading were obtained. Then neat Jatropa biodiesel (J100) was used to run engine and readings were compared with diesel. It is found that Jatropa biodiesel(j100) has more emissions than diesel. Lemon oil which is obtained from peels of Indian lemon fruit has good combustion properties is added with Jatropa biodiesel.100ml of Lemon peel oil (LPO) is added with 1litre of Jatropa biodiesel as an additive. Constant stirring is done to achieve homogeneity of blend. Experiment were done using this blend and is found that addition of lemon peel oil resulted in reduction of emissions. II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE 5 Emission analyser 11 Charge amplifier 17 Fuel pump 6 Smoke meter 12 Piezo electric transducer Table 1. Engine specification Type Kirloskar,Four stroke, air cooled,single cylinder vertical DI diesel engine Rated power 4.4kW Rated speed Bore (D) Stroke (L) 1500 rpm 87.5 mm 110 mm Compression ratio 17.5;1 Orifice diameter Co efficient of discharge (C d) 0.6 C.V of fuel 13.6 mm 42500Kj/kg Stationary diesel controlled Kirloskar motor (Model: TAF- 1 Make: Kirloskar) was utilized for experimentation. The details of test motor are given in Table 1. The motor was coupled to swirl current dynamometer with electrical resistance took after by a dynamometer controller. The groupings of fumes emissions (HC, CO2, CO, NOx and O2 ) were measured with the assistance of Five gas analyzer (Model: QRO-402 Make: QROTECH Co Ltd., Korea).Smoke was measured by a section stream smoke opacimeter (AVL 437 C). A high exactness stream meter was introduced to gauge the fuel stream like clockwork. A piezoelectric transducer (Model:7063-A Make:Kistler)was introduced for checking chamber weight which is associated with charge enhancer (Kistler instruments AG, Switzerland). The primary detail and determination of the estimation gadgets are given in Table 3. The schematic format of test establishment is appeared in Figure. 11 Injection timing Injection pressure 23 deg. before TDC (static) 200 bar Table 2. Comparison of properties of Jatropa biodiesel with diesel Properties Diesel J100 LPO J100 +LPO Density at 20 O C (kg m-3) Kinematic Viscosity at O C, cst Calorific Value (KJ/kg) Flash point in O C Fire point in O C Table 3. Specification and accuracy of the measuring instruments S. Name of the Make Accuracy No measuring instrument Range 1. Pressure charge amplifier +3% 2. Piezo electric transducer KISTLER instruments, Switzerland KISTLER type7063-a 12 stage graded Pc :2:5 and stepless 1-10 sensitivity Pc/bar 7A <+0.5% Figure 1. Experimental setup 3. Exhaust gas QRO-402 CO % vol 0.01% analyzer HC ppm CO2 0-20% vol NOx ppm vol O2 0-25% vol 1% 0.01% 0.01% 4. Smoke meter AVL 437 C 0-100% +1% 1 Test engine 7 Electrical resistance 13 Air filter 2 Dynamometer 8 Dynamometer control 14 Air flow meter 3 Coupling 9 Storage amplifier 15 Fuel tank 4 Injector 10 Magnetic shift encoder 16 Fuel flow meter 10452

3 III. A. Carbon mono oxide RESULTS AND DISCUSSION make combustion better for Jatropa. Hence J100+ LPO blend shows reduced hydrocarbon emission than J100. C. Carbon dioxide Figure 2. Load vs Carbon mono oxide Figure 2. shows the variation of carbon monoxide emmision with load. Carbon monoxide is considered to be the product of complete combustion aand is due to partial oxidation. Jatropa biodiesl showing increased CO emission for no load condition. Additive blends (J100+LPO) showing reduced CO emission under no load condition. Under full load condition additive blends showing reduced emission close to diesel. Lemon oil which has good ignition properties supports jatropa fuel droplet for better combustion and oxidation which resulted in reduced emission than J100. B. Hydrocarbon Figure 4. Load vs Carbon dioxide Figure 4.shows the variation of CO 2 vs load. Carbon dioxide is one of the green house gas which is responsible for global warming. Stoichimetric fuel combustion zone is main reason for Carbon dioxide emission. Formation. It is one of the product of complete combustion. From the above graph trend it is clear that J100+LPO blend showing reduced emission. Presence of lemon oil have enhanced combustion process and simultaneously combustion process is limited and occurred in controlled manner. D. Oxides of nitrogen Figure 5.Load vs Oxides of nitrogen Figure 3.Load vs Hydrocarbon Figure 3. shows the variation of hydrocarbon and load. Hydrocarbon is also considered to be the product of incomplete combustion. Engine operation with Jatropa biodiesel showed higher emission than diesel throughout the load condition. Because of higher viscosity Jatropa oil has larger fuel droplets which makes it emit more hydrocarbon. Lemon oil which enhances combustion reduces viscosity and Figure 5. shows concentration of oxides of nitrogen with respect to load. Nitrogen is inert gas and it can react only at higher temberature. It reacts with oxygens to form oxides of nitrogen. It is one of the product of complete combustion and it is due to good combustion and better spray characteristics[5]. The above graph trend shows that oxides of nitrogen is reduced for J100+LPO blend than J100. Theoritically it is true that addition of additives enhances combustion process and hence fuel ignites rapidly which 10453

4 causes product of complete combustion to emit. But in real case the combustion is being enhanced simultaneously the combustion process has occurred in controlled manner. This is the reasson for the blends to exhibit reduced NO x and close to diesel. E. Exhaust gas temperature Figure6.Load vs exhaust gas temperature Figure 6. shows exhaust gas temperature with respect to load. Exhaust gas temperature is an indication that whether the combustion process is complete or incomplete [8]. Whenever the exhaust gas temperature is high it is clear that combustion is complete and whenever it is low it is clear that combustion is normal or incomplete. It is clear that J100+ LPO is intermediate between J100 and Diesel. Controlled combustion has occurred for diesel and J100+ LPO blend. G. Smoke opacity Figure 7.Load vs variation of smoke level Figure 7.Shows the variation of smoke level with load for all the tested fuels. Lack of oxygen, less retention time and poor spray characteristics are some of the reasons for smoke emission. Generally biodiesel is viscous in nature. Hence it exhibits poor spray characteristics which is one of the reason for smoke formation [3]. And hence form above trend it is clear that all the biodiesel and its blends showing increased smoke emission. IV. CONCLUSION A solitary chamber pressure start motor was worked effectively utilizing J100, J100+LPO and DIESEL. A few emanation attributes were found and contrasted and those of diesel. The accompanying conclusions are drawn in view of the exploratory outcomes: Oxides of nitrogen and carbon dioxide is high for J100 and is reduced on addition of LPO. Unburnt hydrocarbon which is one of the product of incomplete combustion is greater for J100 and slight decrease in UBHC is notes for J100+LPO blend. Carbon monoxide is considered as product of incomplete combustion which is also reduced due to better oxidation and combustion. Increase in smoke for all Jatropa is clear that poor injection, spray pattern and less retention time for fuel. J100+LPO shows reduced smoke trend because of enhanced combustion property of blend. Stoichiometric engine operation condition and good combustion characteristics are the reason for rise of exhaust gas temperature. REFERENCE : Nomenclature J100 Neat jatropa biodiesel J100+LPO Neat jatropa biodiesel and lemon peel oil NOx Oxides of nitrogen UBHC Unburnt hydrocarbon CO Carbon monoxide CO 2 REFERENCES Carbon dioxide [1] Mulayam Singh, Er. Vikash Chaudhar, Dr. Manoj Kumar, Neeraj Saraswat. Analysis of Biodiesel from Jatropha Fuel Properties.international journa of application or innovation in engineering and management. Volume 2, Issue 4, April [2] Xiaohu Fan, Xi Wang and Feng Chen. Biodiesel Production from Crude Cottonseed Oil: An Optimization Process Using Response Surface Methodology.The Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal, 2011, 4, 1-8. [3] M.S.Shehata, S.M. Abdel Razek. Experimental investigation of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics using jojoba/diesel blend and sunflower oil. Fuel 90 (2011) [4] Hifjur Raheman, Sweeti Kumari. Combustion characteristics and emissions of a compression ignition engine using emulsified jatropha biodiesel blend. biosystems engineering 123(2014) [5] Atul Dhar, Avinash Kumar Agarwal. Performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of Karanja biodiesel in a transportation engine. Fuel 119 (2014) [6] Ramamoorthy, R., Kanagasabai, V., Kausalya, R., Impact of celebrities' image on brand,, V-116, I-18, PP , 10454

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