STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE BY USING COTTON SEED METHYL ESTERS ALONG WITH ADDITIVE AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2018, pp , Article ID: IJMET_09_04_032 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE BY USING COTTON SEED METHYL ESTERS ALONG WITH ADDITIVE AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL K. Srinivasa Reddy Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.L (Deemed to be University) P.Revanth, M.Yatheendar, J.S.V.M Teja and P.Rajavardhan Reddy B.Tech Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.L (Deemed to be University) ABSTRACT: In our present investigation oil is extracted from the Cotton seeds with the help of Expeller machine. Obtained oil is transesterified with Methanol as reagent and Potassium Hydroxide as catalyst and biofuel solution has been formed. This biofuel is further treated to remove the glycerol content. This biofuel is blended with diesel in B5 B10 B20 B30 proportions and fuelled into single cylinder diesel engine and performance has been verified by taking D100(Diesel) as the base reference. We found B10 blend to the optimum and this blend is added with Dimethyl Carbonate and once again the performance has been verified. We identified a reasonable change in the parameters and the obtained results suggest that Cotton seed oil added with DMC can be used as an alternative fuel. Keywords: Cotton seed oil, Transesterification, Dimethyl Carbonate, Brake Power. Cite this Article: K. Srinivasa Reddy, P.Revanth, M.Yatheendar, J.S.V.M Teja and P.Rajavardhan Reddy, Study on Performance of Diesel Engine by Using Cotton Seed Methyl Esters Along with Additive as Alternative Fuel, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 2018, pp INTRODUCTION Pollution, this is the word that is making its deadly impact in the current world. We hear this word every day and it has become a part and parcel in every human life. The current condition has become worse than the past decade. This is the time we need to step up ourselves to reduce this pollution and provide a peaceful and pollution free world for the future generations. Pollution is one of the biggest problems for over 100 million people and it is nearly equal to the deadly disease like Malaria and HIV. One of the best alternatives for this is Alternative fuels. Alternative fuels are of many types and biofuel is one of its kinds. Biofuel is editor@iaeme.com

2 K. Srinivasa Reddy, P.Revanth, M.Yatheendar, J.S.V.M Teja and P.Rajavardhan Reddy better among many types because of its environment friendly nature. Biofuels can be prepared from the vegetable oil, algae, animal fat etc. The direct vegetable oil or animal fat oil cannot be fuelled directly into the cylinder because of its high viscosity and more amount of glycerol [13]. The vegetable oil must undergo Transesterification process to separate biofuel and to remove glycerol as byproduct. The glycerol is used as the raw material for the soap manufacturing industries. In this present work we selected Cotton seed oil as the alternative for the conventional diesel. Cotton has a scientific name of GOSSYPIUM and belongs to the tribe GOSSYPIEAE. Cotton is abundantly grown in India as the climatic conditions of India are more suitable for the cotton growth. We have tested the performance of cotton seed oil and selected a suitable blend. The suitable blend is again mixed with DMC and the performance characteristics have been tabulated. DMC is selected because it has high oxygen content which helps in more easy combustion of fuel and moreover it is less toxic compared to other chemicals. 2. BIODIESEL PRODUCTION Cotton seeds are passed through the screw type Expeller machine and pressed to extract the oil. The raw material such as seeds is supplied to the machine as a continuous feed. The oil obtained must be pretreated to remove the impurities present in it. The oil is preheated for 40min up to 60 0 C on the electric heater. The preheated oil is added with Methanol and KOH to carry out Transesterification process. The transesterification process is carried out to remove the fatty acids from the oil. The transesterified oil is collected in to separation funnel and will be allowed to settle for 30-40hrs. This oil is further treated with hot water to completely remove the glycerol. Figure 1 Cotton Seeds Figure 2 CSOME 2.1. TRANSESTERIFICATION Transesterification is the process that is adopted in biofuel production to remove the FFA (free fatty acids) present in vegetable oil. The Cotton seed consists of 21.9% of FFA [6]. Such a large amount of free fatty acids are not desirable for the engine and it may result in knocking and raise of other various problems. Transesterification is a chemical process that takes place between triglyceride and alcohol in presence of catalyst (acid or base) to separate methyl ester and glycerol as by product [14]. The most commonly used alcohol is Methanol due to its low cost and availability. The catalyst used will be mostly heterogeneous because it has less water content and it can be separated from final product by filtration process [10]. After transesterification process the lid of separation funnel must be closed to arrest the methanol vapors editor@iaeme.com

3 Study on Performance of Diesel Engine by Using Cotton Seed Methyl Esters Along with Additive as Alternative Fuel Figure 3 Transesterified oil collected in separation funnel The transesterified oil must be treated with hot water in order to remove the glycerol to complete extent. By treating with hot water the heavy glycerol content in the form of soap will settle at bottom of the flask due to its weight and the biofuel being less in weight will float at top. Figure 4 Hot water treatment Figure 5 Glycerol separation 2.2. PROPERTIES COMPARISON OF COTTONSEED OIL AND DIESEL For the production of biofuel one need to evaluate the different properties comprised by the selected oil. The selected oil must have reasonably high flash point and fire point. A good calorific value, comparatively low viscosity Table 1 Various properties related to Cotton seed oil and Diesel [11]. Properties Cotton seed oil Diesel Density(g/cc) Boiling point( 0 C) Calorific Value(MJ/kg) Kinematic 0 C (mm 2 /s) Fire Point( 0 F) Flash Point( 0 F) Cetane number Sp. Gravity editor@iaeme.com

4 K. Srinivasa Reddy, P.Revanth, M.Yatheendar, J.S.V.M Teja and P.Rajavardhan Reddy 2.3. DIMETHYL CARBONATE AS ADDITIVE Dimethyl carbonate is an organic compound popularly known as Green Solvent. It is colorless, non-toxic and versatile and exhibits a high reactivity. It has less water content and low flash point which contribute a great advantage for combustion process. It is used as methylation agent and also as solvent in biofuel production [9]. Dimethyl carbonate is formed by reacting phosgene with methanol and HCL formed as by product. COCL 2 + CH 3 OH CH 3 OCOCL + HCL CH 3 OCOCL + CH 3 OH CH 3 OCO 2 CH 3 + HCL Table 2 Properties of Dimethyl Carbonate Property Value Form Liquid Flash point (0C) Boiling point (0C) 90 Melting point (0C) 2-4 Density (g/ml) Condition Flammable Figure 6 Dimethyl Carbonate 2.4. PREPARATION OF BLENDS The biofuel obtained from Cotton seed oil is blended with Diesel in fixed proportions such as B5, B10, B20 and B30. In some investigations the blending may go up to B40 and B50 also but in many practical investigations the optimum blend will be in between B20 and B30. The proportions are taken as [4] B5: 50 ml biofuel ml Diesel B10: 100 ml biofuel ml Diesel B20: 200 ml biofuel ml Diesel B30: 300 ml biofuel ml Diesel Figure 7 Biofuel blended with diesel editor@iaeme.com

5 Study on Performance of Diesel Engine by Using Cotton Seed Methyl Esters Along with Additive as Alternative Fuel 2.5. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The present work was carried on a water cooled single cylinder engine which is coupled to an electrical loading dynamometer. A fuel measuring system comprised of fuel tank mounted on setup burette and a three way cock. The engine is kept at constant speed with variable loading conditions. The load is increased gradually by 5 units every time and the recorded readings are tabulated. The engine setup is connected to computer and all the values are recorded automatically. Make Table 3 Diesel Engine test rig specifications Kirlosker No of cylinders 1 Strokes 4 B.H.P 5KW Cooling Water cooled Dynamometer Eddy Current Bore 80mm Stroke 110mm Speed 1500rpm Compression ratio 16.5:1 Type of Ignition Compression Ignition Method of start Crank shaft Figure 8 Computerized Diesel Engine Setup 2.6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Diesel Engine Fuelled with CSOME and DMC as additive: Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs. Brake Power: Brake specific fuel consumption is the measure of the fuel consumed to the power produced. It is calculated by dividing fuel mass flow rate to the engine output power. The lower the BSFC value the lower the consumption of fuel for the particular value of power produced. The graph shows that blend B5 has low value but on considering all other parameters B10 is selected and mixed with DMC. The blend of B10 and DMC 15 has shown good results editor@iaeme.com

6 K. Srinivasa Reddy, P.Revanth, M.Yatheendar, J.S.V.M Teja and P.Rajavardhan Reddy Figure 9 CSOME Mechanical Efficiency vs. Brake Power: Figure 10 CSOME with DMC Mechanical efficiency is the measure of the cylinder effectiveness of converting its available energy into output power. The higher the mechanical efficiency denotes the proper the engine is working. From the above graph we could notice that every blend has the near value to Diesel and considering every other parameter we considered B10 to be the suitable blend. B10 is mixed with DMC and B10 + DMC15 showed the good results. Figure 10 CSOME Brake Thermal Efficiency vs. Brake Power: Figure 11 CSOME with DMC Brake thermal efficiency denotes the engine capacity to convert the available thermal energy into useful work. This value increases with increase in calorific value of the fuel. The higher the calorific value the easier the fuel burns and the higher the energy is produced. The above graph show the B10 blend has higher BTHE value compared to all the other blends. The blend B10 is selected as optimum blend and to this blend DMC is added. The blend of quantity B10 + DMC 15 has given the best results compared to the other blends editor@iaeme.com

7 Study on Performance of Diesel Engine by Using Cotton Seed Methyl Esters Along with Additive as Alternative Fuel Figure 12 CSOME Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption vs. Brake Power: Figure 13 CSOME with DMC Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption is the measure of fuel consumption that is required to start the prime mover. In measure of indicated power and indicated thermal efficiency we do not consider the losses occurring. The lower the value the effective the blend will be. From the above graph we can conclude that B10 has considerable lower value at all the load points. The B10 blend is selected and mixed with DMC. The blend of B 10 + DMC 15 has given the good results. Figure 14 CSOME Indicated Thermal Efficiency vs. Brake Power: Figure 15 CSOME with DMC Indicated thermal efficiency will be same as the Brake Thermal Efficiency. The only difference is that we do not consider the losses and we consider only the power that is produced inside the engine. The amount of heat that is produced to utilized, just to move the prime mover is known as Indicated thermal efficiency. From the below graph we can observe that B 10 blend has higher value. DMC is mixed with B 10 and the blend B 10 + DMC 15 has given the optimum result editor@iaeme.com

8 K. Srinivasa Reddy, P.Revanth, M.Yatheendar, J.S.V.M Teja and P.Rajavardhan Reddy Figure 16 CSOME Figure 16 CSOME with DMC 3. CONCLUSION After analyzing all the obtained results we can conclude that the Cotton seed oil methyl esters added with Dimethyl Carbonate can be used as an Alternative fuel. From all the above graphs we can analyze that rather than using alone Cotton seed oil methyl esters, by mixing it with Dimethyl Carbonate is giving the better results. So we can also conclude that Dimethyl Carbonate as an additive can also be used. AKNOWLEDGEMENT We take immense pleasure in expressing our deep gratitude to Head of Mechanical Engineering department of K L (Deemed to be University) for his encouragement all the way during the investigation of the project. REFERENCES [1] T. Eevera, K. Pazhanichamy Cotton Seed Oil: A Feasible Oil Source for Biodiesel Production Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. ISSN: , pp [2] Yogendra Prasad Upadhyay, Mr. R.B.Sharma, Dr. Amit Pal Production Of Biodiesel From Non Edible Cotton Seed Oil by Mechanical Stirrer Technique Vol 08 Issue(1) Jul Aug 2013, pp IOSR JMCE. [3] M.G. Devanesan, T. Viruthagiri, N. Sugumar Transesterification of Jatropa oil using Immobilized Pseudomonas Fluorescens African Journal of Biotechnology Vol 06, No 21, Nov 2007, ISSN pp [4] K. Srinivasa Reddy, P.Revanth, M.Yatheendar, J.V.S.M Teja, P.Rajavardhan Reddy Experimental Investigation on Performance of Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Mahua Oil Methyl Esters Vol 08, Issue (11), Nov 2017, pp IJMET. [5] Keon Hee Kim, Eun Yeol Lee Environmentally- Benigin Dimethyl Carbonate- Mediated Production of Chemicals and Biofuels from Renewable Bio- Oil. Nov 2017 Energies MDPI [6] Stergios A. Pasias, Nikos K. Barakos and Nikos G. Papayannakos Catalytic Effect Of Free Fatty Acids on Cotton Seed Oil Thermal Transesterification American Chemical Society 2009 pp [7] Purna C Mishra, Swarup K Nayak, Durga P Ghosh, Manoj Ukamanal, Sushanta, K. Sahu Performance characteristics of a Diesel Engine fuelled with Biodiesel produced from Mahua oil using additive Volume 08 Issue(02) Jul-Aug 2013 pp IOSR-JMCE editor@iaeme.com

9 Study on Performance of Diesel Engine by Using Cotton Seed Methyl Esters Along with Additive as Alternative Fuel [8] A.K.Azad, S.M.Ameer Uddin and M.M.Alam A Comprehensive study of Diesel Engine performance with Vegetable oil: An Alternative Bio fuel source of Energy Vloume 05 pp Jan-Jun 2012 IJAME. [9] Setiadi, Hamid and Fairuz Nawfal Synthesis of Biodiesel from Palm oil with Dimethyl Carbonate and Methanol as reagent variation using KOH and enzyme catalyst 2nd i- TREC 2017 [10] Samir Najem Aldeen Khurshid Biodiesel production by Using Heterogeneous catalyst MSc. Thesis Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. [11] Md. Abdul Wakil, Z.U. Ahmed, Md. Hasibur Rahman, Md. Arifuzzaman Study on fuel properties of various vegetable oil available in Bangladesh and Biodiesel Production. Volume 02 Issue (5) May 2012 ISSN: IJME. [12] K.Srinivasa Reddy, J.Naveen, K.M.V.RaviTeja Experimental Investigaton of Performance and Emission parameters of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Castor Seed Methyl Ester blends Volume 04 Issue(09) Sep 2016 IJMPE. [13] K.Yamini, V.Dhana Raju, P.S.Kishore Experimental Investigation on Diesel Engine Using DMC as a fuel additive in Tamarind Seed oil Methyl Ester Volume 04 Issue(07) July-2017 pp IRJET. [14] Swarup Kumar Nayak, Bhabani Prasanna Pattanaik Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Mahua Biodiesel using additive ICAER 2013 pp [15] K.Srinivasa Reddy, T.T.Sandeep, Dr.Y.V.Hanumantha Rao Study on the performance analysis of four stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine fuelled with Tobacco Seed Methyl Esters and Castor Seed Methyl Esters Volume 08 Issue(11) November 2017 pp IJMET editor@iaeme.com

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