Light-Duty SI Engine Technologies and the Impact of Higher Carbon Alcohol Fuels

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1 1 Sustainable Fuels and Clean Vehicles Light-Duty SI Engine Technologies and the Impact of Higher Carbon Alcohol Fuels Jeffrey D. Naber APSRC Center Director Ronald and Elaine Starr Professor of Energy Systems in ME

2 Spark-ignition engines undergoing rapid development and technology integration Direct-injection, advanced ignition, charge control via flexible cam systems, and boosting downsizing downspeeding, Ethanol an important US biofuel as a blend over the past decade US Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) requires an increase in the use of advanced biofuels of up to 36 billion gallons by Longer chain alcohols, cellulosic ethanol and synthetic biofuels, can meet demand while adhering to the RFS2 corn-based ethanol limitation. Higher carbon number alcohols can be utilized to improve the energy content, knock resistance, and petroleum displacement of alcohol blends in comparison to higher ethanol blends (>E15) 2

3 3 FUEL CONSUMPTION (CO 2 EMISSIONS) REGULATED EMISSIONS (NO X, HC, CO, PM)

4 CO 2 (Fuel Consumption) Regulations Grams (CO 2 / km) 140 g CO2 /km 40 mpg 9.5 L/100km 56 mpg e CO 2 Fuel Consumption (l/100km) 1/MPG Tank to Wheels Only

5 Emissions Regulations US Emission Standards* European Emission Standards PZEV = SULEV levels with no evaporative emissions *Standards in g/mi converted to g/km EPA Tier II - Different Bins Must Meet Fleet Average CARB LEVIII EPA TIER III Different standards for gasoline and diesel Euro 6 (PM + PN)

6 Emissions Standards Future US 6 US Tier II CARB LEV III US Tier III (Proposed) 120,000 Miles 150,000 Miles 150,000 Miles Phase in: Phase in: Phase in: Emission Category NMOG +NOx PM Emission Category NMOG +NOx PM Emission Category NMOG +NOx LEV Bin ULEV Bin ULEV Bin ULEV Bin SULEV Bin SULEV Bin Bin * mg/mile * mg/mile * mg/mile Fleet Average Fleet Average by 2025 Fuel Sulfur: 30 ppm Extremely low emissions gasoline vehicles since 2004 (SULEV) Fleet standard reduction of 5x (160 30) Fuel Sulfur: 10 ppm Bin 160 = Tier II Bin 5 Bin 30 = Tier II Bin 2 PM

7 Emission Standards EU & China EU Emissions Standards EURO5 (2009) Beijing () EURO6 (2014) Emission Category HC +NOx PM 4 (CI) NA 4 (SI) NA NA 5 (CI) NA 5 (SI) NA 6 (CI) (SI) China EURO4 (2008-) 62, ,000 miles km * mg/mile mg/km Fuel Sulfur: <10 ppm (2009) Cetane #: 51 Higher Diesel Fuel Quality High NOPN X and Differing CI / SI Emissions Standards Promote diesel LDV LEV III == SULEV LEV III << EURO6 US Tier III (Proposed) 150,000 Miles Phase in: Emission Category NMOG +NOx PM Bin Bin Bin Bin Bin Bin Bin * mg/mile Fleet Average by 2025 Fuel Sulfur: 10 ppm Bin 160 = Tier II Bin 5 Bin 30 = Tier II Bin 2 7

8 Air Quality Index 8 AQI Classification PM 10 PM 2.5 NO 2 (Rating) (Rating) (ug/m 3 ) (ug/m 3 ) (ppm) 0 50 Good Moderate Unhealthy (Sensitive) Unhealthy Very Unhealthy Hazardous Hazardous (No data) US EPA Guidelines for the Reporting of Daily Air Quality - the Air Quality Index (AQI) EPA-45/B May 2006

9 US Tier Air Quality US US Tier I US Tier II CARB LEV III US Tier III All US Cities Days AGI> Year

10 10 LDV POWERTRAIN TECHNOLOGIES

11 Log Scale Vehicle Energies 11 COST vs Savings

12 US Spark-Ignition Engines LDV Powertrain Technologies Production Share SI engines dominate US and will like continue to dominate LDV powertrains for the next several decades Lowest cost Lowest emissions Diesel vs gasoline fuel cost differential will likely widen Fuel Flexibility: Ethanol, NG, Synergies with HEV s Improving efficiency; however, disadvantage to CI Further enhancement required EPA-420-R , 2012

13 13 ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR SI ENGINES

14 US Renewable Fuels 14 SI Fuel Consumption Remains Flat Increased driven miles offset by FE Improvements RPS2 Fraction Nears 30% Wallner et al. Argonne / MTU

15 Ethanol Blends Characterized and Modeled 15 Crank start combustion and emissions Compression Ratio Impacts & optimization High Dilution (Cam Phasing and Cooled EGR) Predictive combustion for engine simulation Ignition systems E00 E10 E20 E50 E85 CR 11.0 CR 12.5 CR 14.0 CR 15.5 CR 17 CR 18.5

16 Alcohol Properties 16 Wallner et al. Argonne / MTU

17 Optimal Alcohol Blends RON [-] #1B Eth. equiv > 25 E15 93 #1C E10 #1A LHV [MJ/kg] RON [-] #2B E25 #2C Eth. equiv > 35 E15 #2A LHV [MJ/kg] Can exceed E10 LHV, E15 RON, or E25 PD. Can exceed E15 LHV, E25 RON, or E35 PD. Lawyer et al. Argonne / MTU

18 Summary 18 Combined CO 2 and Emissions Reduction Challenges & Opportunities for LDV Emissions reduction factor in improving air quality SI engines can meet current and future emissions regulations (NMOG/NO X /PM) but significant reduction in CO 2 required. Advanced engine technologies Alternative fuels including alcohol blends (CO 2 credits) Electrification (HEV) and vehicle technologies (light weight materials, advanced trans, )

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20 20 THANK YOU