ReFuel Tulevaisuuden dieselpalamistekniikat synteettisille ja uusiutuville polttoaineille

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1 ReFuel Tulevaisuuden dieselpalamistekniikat synteettisille ja uusiutuville polttoaineille Kalle Lehto, Aalto-yliopisto

2 Aalto University, School of Engineering, Deparment of Energy Technology Internal Combustion Engine Research Group Located in Otaniemi, Espoo Staff of about 25 Research Focus experimental research alternative fuels extreme values fuel sprays computational research spray simulation process simulation

3 ReFuel a three year research project ( ) goal utilize the potential of the renewable high cetane number parafinic fuels and their oxygenate blends develop optimum combustion technologies for them tools literature study - simulations (CFD) - emission mapping calculations - spray measurements - engine tests with medium- and high-speed engines

4 ReFuel a three year research project ( ) goal utilize the potential of the renewable high cetane number parafinic fuels and their oxygenate blends develop optimum combustion technologies for them tools literature study - simulations (CFD) - emission mapping calculations - spray measurements - engine tests with medium- and high-speed engines

5 ReFuel research partners Aalto VTT ÅA TUT financing Tekes Industry Universities and VTT industry partners Neste Oil Agco Sisu Power Wärtsilä Aker Arctic

6 ReFuel High-speed engine tests, LEO

7 EN590 vs. Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO) commercial EN590 summer grade diesel as a reference fuel 100 % HVO as a test fuel Quantity Unit EN590 HVO Cetane number (IQT) 56 88,2 Density kg/m 3 837,3 779,9 Total aromatics wt-% 18,7 0,3 C/H ratio 6,4 5,6 Viscosity (at 40 C) mm 2 /s 3,587 2,985

8 ReFuel High-speed engine tests, LEO goal a 70 % reduction in emissions (NO x, PM) by using Hydrotreaded Vegetable Oil (HVO) together with Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and Miller timing test run campaigns reference tests with both EN590 and HVO separate miller- and EGR-test runs combined miller and EGR with injection parameter optimization test runs with HVO + oxygenate blend

9 ReFuel - LEO LEO is a single-cylinder high-speed diesel research engine perfectly suited for this sort of test runs Electro Hydraulic Valve Actuators enable easy miller cycle operation easily controllable simulated EGR rate with neat nitrogen fully adjustable fuel injection parameters (SOI, Inj.p, Inj.dur., pilot- and post injections...) LEO electro hydraulic valve actuators (EHVA)

10 Valve Lift LEO Miller timing with an Electro Hydraulic Valve Actuator system (EHVA) Miller Timing Valve Lift Curves Exhaust Intake ref Miller 30 Miller 50 Miller Crank Angle [deg]

11 ReFuel LEO, Results from the separate EGR- and miller test runs

12 Smoke [FSN] ReFuel LEO Reducing NO x and FSN emission by using HVO, EGR + Miller EN590 reference NOx - FSN LEO - 50 % Load 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0, NOx [ppm]

13 Smoke [FSN] ReFuel LEO Reducing NO x and FSN emission by using HVO, EGR + Miller EN590 reference HVO (NExBTL) Reference 1,4 NOx - FSN LEO - 50 % Load 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0, NOx [ppm]

14 Smoke [FSN] ReFuel LEO Reducing NO x and FSN emission by using HVO, EGR + Miller EN590 reference HVO (NExBTL) Reference HVO + 2,5 % EGR 1,4 1,2 NOx - FSN LEO - 50 % Load 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0, NOx [ppm]

15 Smoke [FSN] ReFuel LEO Reducing NO x and FSN emission by using HVO, EGR + Miller EN590 reference HVO (NExBTL) Reference HVO + 2,5 % EGR HVO + 2,5 % EGR, Miller 70 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 NOx - FSN LEO - 50 % Load 0,6 0,4 0, NOx [ppm]

16 Smoke [FSN] ReFuel LEO Reducing NO x and FSN emission by using HVO, EGR + Miller EN590 reference HVO (NExBTL) Reference HVO + 2,5 % EGR HVO + 2,5 % EGR, Miller 70 HVO + 10 % EGR, Miller 70, Inj.p +100 bar 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 NOx - FSN LEO - 50 % Load NOx [ppm]

17 ReFuel LEO Optimized process (combined EGR + Miller) Three engine loads (50, 75, and 100 %) for each load a Low NO x, Low Smoke and an Opt setup was created by varying EGR, miller, and fuel injection The target was a 70 % reduction in one emission component without the other being higher than in the reference run with EN590 The charge air mass flow was kept constant by adjusting the charge air pressure and the load was kept constant by adjusting injection duration

18 50 % Load Smoke [FSN] ReFuel High-speed engine tests, LEO 50 % Load Emission Point EGR Miller Inj. p var. SOI var. NO x FSN Opt. 5 % bar 0-31 % -54 % Low NO x 10 % bar 0-60 % +2 % Low Smoke 2,5 % bar -3-1 % -73 % NO x - Smoke 50 % Load EN590 reference HVO refefence HVO Optimized 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 NO x [g/kwh]

19 75 % Load Smoke [FSN] ReFuel High-speed engine tests, LEO 75 % Load Emission Point EGR Miller Inj. p var. SOI var. NO x FSN Opt 10 % bar 0-52 % -53 % Low NO x 10 % bar % -19 % Low Smoke 2,5 % bar 0-12 % -75 % NO x - Smoke 75 % Load EN590 reference HVOreference HVO Optimized 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 NO x [g/kwh]

20 100 % Load Smoke [FSN] ReFuel High-speed engine tests, LEO 100 % Load Emission Point EGR Miller Inj. p var. SOI var. NO x FSN OK 10 % bar 0-54 % -58 % Low NO x 12 % bar % -13 % Low Smoke 2,5 % bar 0-10 % -85 % NO x - Smoke 100 % Load EN590 reference HVO reference HVO Optimized 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0, NO x [g/kwh]

21 EN590 ref HVO ref OK Low Smoke EN590 ref HVO ref OK SFC [g/kwh] SFC [g/kwh] Low Smoke EN590 ref HVO ref OK SFC [g/kwh] Low Smoke Specific Fuel Consumption [g/kwh] Specific Fuel Consumption % Load Low NOx Specific Fuel Consumption - 50 % Load Specific Fuel Consumption - 75 % Load Low NOx Low NOx

22 Summary at least 70 % reduction in smoke emissions was achieved at each load point without NO x penalty at least 60 % reduction in NO x emissions was achieved at each load point without smoke penalty with 75 % and 100 % loads over 50 % reduction in smoke and NO x emissions was achieved at the same time improved SFC in all load points

23 Publications Kaario et al. Analyzing local combustion environment with a flamelet model and detailed chemistry Kaario et al. Studying Local Conditions in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine by Creating Phi-T Maps Gong et al. A computational investigation of hydrotreated vegetable oil sprays using RANS and a modified version of the RNG k- epsilon model in OpenFOAM Imperato et al. Large-Bore Compression- Ignition Engines: High NOx Reduction Achieved at Low Load with Hydro-Treated Vegetable Oil Imperato et al. Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil and Miller Timing in a Medium-Speed CI Engine Hulkkonen et al. Experimental Study of Spray Characteristics between Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) and Crude Oil Based EN 590 Diesel Fuel Lehto et al. Emission Reduction Using Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) With Miller Timing and EGR in Diesel Combustion Erkkilä et al. Emission performance of paraffinic HVO diesel fuel Tilli et al. High Cetane Number Paraffinic Diesel Fuels and Emission Reduction in Engine Combustion Kaario et al. Studying Equivalence ratio Temperature Maps in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Gong et al. Large eddy simulations of hydrotreated vegetable oil sprays using OpenFOAM Imperato et al. High NOx Reduction Achieved at Low Load Using Very Advanced Valve Timing with Hydro-Treated Vegetable Oil Hulkkonen et al. Spray Studies and Diesel Fuel Comparison

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