Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel engine Fuelled with Diesel, Cedar wood oil and Eucalyptus oil

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1 Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel engine Fuelled with Diesel, and Eucalyptus Dr.Hiregoudar Yerrennagoudaru 1, Chandragowda M 2, Vijay Kumar K R 3 1 Professor, PG Co-ordinator (Thermal Power Engineering), Mechanical Engineering department, RYMEC Bellary, Karnataka, India, 2 Assit.professor (Thermal Power Engineering), Mechanical Engineering department, RYMEC, Bellary, Karnataka, India, 3 M.tech (Thermal Power Engineering), Mechanical Engineering Department, RYMEC, Bellary, Karnataka, India, Abstract The world currently facing two major problems one is depletion of fossil fuels and other is environmental degradation. And it is necessary to find an alternative fuel. It should ensure less exhaust emissions, and it should match with the parameters of pure diesel. Compare to animal fats vegetable s physical and chemical properties are quite similar to diesel. And no need of engine replacement if u use bio diesel as fuel. But using this straight vegetable or blends in a diesel engine leads to various operational problems in diesel engine. Due to the thickness of the. Transesterification is one best method to convert straight vegetable into fuels. We conducted experiment on CI diesel engine fuelled with two different s. They are cedar wood and Eucalyptus at zero load and at 1% load conditions. Experimental results are compared with pure diesel. Based on the experimental analysis these two fuels can be used as bio diesel in diesel engine. Keywords Diesel,, Eucalyptus, Performance, Exhaust emissions. I. INTRODUCTION As we all know that depletion of fossil fuels leads to huge loss in transport systems, power sectors etc. And because of increasing population the use of vehicles also increased that leads to complete dependency on foreign fuels, proportionally investments on fuels also increases. Pure petroleum based diesel contains some harmful chemicals that leads to air pollution causes adverse effect on human health. In order to overcome this situation an alternative fuel which is of low cost with low emissions is must. Bio diesel is derived from various waste s, vegetable s & animal fats. And first invented by Mr. Rudolph diesel in 189s.he used peanut as bio diesel in his engine in 1893 Aug 1.specially in remote areas where diesel fuel which is not available, He suggested the use of vegetable s. main crops of Pakistan are rice, maze, cotton, wheat. They cultivated huge cotton in 21.and the feed stock can be converted into biodiesel and it can be used as an alternative fuel. And it reduces complete dependence on foreign exchange. Feed stocks for bio diesel Rapeseed, canola, soya been, used vegetable s, these are the commonly used feedstock for the production of bio diesel. In some parts of the world warm climate tree s jatropha, palm is used as a bio diesel feedstock. Performance and price are the two things that taken into consideration before using as feedstock for bio diesel. Bio diesel is different when compared with straight vegetable. SVO can t be used as fuel in diesel engine. If we used that leads to engine wear, deposits on piston ring. The main difference between petroleum feedstock and bio fuel is oxygen content. Petroleum feed stock doesn t have any oxygen content while bio fuel has 1-4% oxygen content. That makes chemical properties of bio fuel different from petroleum based fuel. By using thermo chemical and DOI: /IJRTER OPHIB 197

2 biological methods bio mass can be converted into liquid and gaseous fuels.bio fuel is a locally available, sustainable, non polluting reliable fuel obtained from naturally renewable sources. Biodiesel contains poly nuclear hydrocarbons and has a high cetane number and contains little sulphur or no sulphur. And when it is used as fuel in diesel engine it reduces unburnt hydrocarbons, particulate matter, co emissions. But it tends to increase NOx emissions. Bio diesel is an Eco friendly in nature. By using bio diesel as fuel ensures less CO, NOx exhaust emissions. So that it might reduce the dependence on foreign exports. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Gaurav Sharma et.al [1] conducted experiment on diesel engine fuelled with mustard as bio diesel. They found that increase in the percentage of blends increases BSFC & BTE is less than pure diesel. Srivasthav et.al [2] used esters of karanja as fuel. The thermal efficiency is much better. The power output of pure diesel is about 3.4%, and the maximum power output of esters of karanja is 24.7%. Kanji et.al [3] conducted experiment on DI diesel engine. Linseed as bio diesel they concluded that, SFC increases as the concentration of linseed in the blend increases. Carbon monoxide decreases as concentration of linseed increases in the blend. Hydrocarbon emission increases as linseed concentration increases in the blend when compared to diesel. And NOx also increases. Haiter Lenin, et.al [4] they used esters of mahua as bio diesel in DI diesel engine. They found that at low and medium loads, SFC is less, BTE is high, Co and smoke increases, and HC, NOx reduces by 1%.compared to pure diesel. Hence mahua can be used as biodiesel Ramadhas et.al [5] conducted experiment on CI diesel engine. They used Straight vegetable as bio-fuel that lead to few problems. i.e., incomplete combustion of fuel, clogging of fuel etc. since the viscosity of the straight fuel is high. k.vijayaraj et.al [6] methyl esters of mango seed as bio diesel. They got the conclusion. i.e., BSFC increases as concentration of bio diesel increases in the blend. And there is decrease in hydrocarbon emission and smoke emission. But NOx formation is higher compared to diesel. Bhabani et.al [7] analysis they used esters of rice bran as bio diesel and they found that break specific fuel consumption is higher when compared with pure diesel, break thermal efficiency and break power is close to that of pure diesel, and the exhaust emissions smoke reduced by 5%, Hydrocarbon emission by 3%, and CO reduced by 36%.hence esters of rice bran can be considered as bio-diesel. Zullaikha et.al [8] made bio diesel from rice bran. They found that co, co2 releases are better. But NOx emissions are higher. Altin et.al [9] conducted experiment on DI diesel engine and evaluated performance and exhaust emission characteristics using soya been, sunflower and methyl esters. They got know that there is power loss, high PM & lower NOx exhausts. However methyl esters give better All Rights Reserved 198

3 Deepanraj et.al [1] using lower blends of bio diesel gives better performance say for example (1:9, 15:85.2:8) here 1 represents biodiesel, 9 represents pure diesel. By using lower blends there will be less hydrocarbon exhaust emissions and NOx emissions and less smoke. III. TRENDS IN GLOBAL GREEN HOUSE GAS & CO2 EMISSIONS This report is about the trend of global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels this report gives the annual CO2 emissions from and it is only about CO2 emissions and also about other relevant CO2 emissions sources that includes cement clinker production, waste gas during production and other small sources. And it describes the methodology and data sources. This report excludes CO2 emissions from forest and peat fires, deforestation and logging. According to different authors these sources might add 1-2% CO2 emissions [Vander Warf, Harris] Emissions data for global atmospheric research for identifying global CO2 emissions since 197 to 212. And the CO2 emissions in it, depends on IEA energy statistics. Since china recently completed revision on coal statistics (NBS, 215C) we updated energy statistics with international energy agency data (216).Using fast track approach the fundamental EDFGAR on carbon dioxide release were up to 215. Fuel combustion emissions are of 9% of total carbon dioxide emissions. And the discharged gases from dedundation and turf fires are excluded. Other carbon dioxide emissions (production of cement and lime, production of non ferrous metals) are estimated with USGS (United States geographical survey).for feed stock use and ammonia production USGS (216) commodity statistics are used. IFA data (216) were used for urea production. We used NOAA, 216b (US national oceanic and atmospheric administration) updated data for flaring. ( ).EDGAR also includes carbon dioxide emissions factors i.e. production of anhydrous sodium carbonate lime and wood coal used during the production of metals. By using tier 1 methods and data by 216 IPCC all the sources of carbon dioxide which is corresponding to any other energy form or feed stock were roughly calculated. Up to 21 Non carbon dioxide gases such as nitrous oxide and methane covers one quarter of the global total CO2 green house gas emissions and also co2 from forest and peat fires. IV. METHODOLOGY Selecting the engine setup is first run by pure diesel and note down the readings of torque, fuel consumption, and exhaust gas emissions at zero load and 1% load conditions to set the benchmark for other alternative fuels. Selecting the cedar wood and eucalyptus as a fuel in CI engine. Now suitable arrangements are made for the test, to measure HC, NOx, CO & torque and FC of the fuel with required measuring tools. Finally the experiment is conducted on CI engine with diesel, cedar wood, eucalyptus as a fuel. And also compare the BTE, BSFC of cedar wood & eucalyptus with pure diesel at zero load and at full load conditions. Table 1 Properties of diesel, Eucalyptus & cedar wood. Properties Diesel Eucalyptus Flash point 25 F 135 F 12 c Density.832 kg/l.99 g/ml at 25 C.952 g/ml at 25 C Bing point 245 C 2 C 279 C Molecular formula C 12 H 24 C 1 H 18 - Specific gravity Gross calorific value All Rights Reserved 199

4 V. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The engine is a four stroke double cylinder diesel engine. At 15rpm it produces around 15Kv of power with a displacement volume of 66cc and a compression ratio 17.5:1. The is injected at 27 before top dead centre, and engine is cooled using. And the nozzle opening pressure is 17 bar. By using governor the engine speed can be controlled. In order to measure cylinder pressure piezoelectric pressure transducers is used. By using push rods overhead valves is operated. And the combustion chamber has a hemispherical cavity. Fig 1 Laboratory test setup Fig 2 water loading Table 2 Specifications of engine Type of the engine Double cylinder Four stroke CI engine Stroke 1cm Engine power 15Kv RPM 15 Bore diameter 8.7cm Type of starting Crank-Starting Load-type Water-loading Compression ratio 17.5:1 No of cylinders All Rights Reserved 2

5 Table 3 Specifications of water loading Maximum output 15kilovolts Current 63amps RPM 15 Generator type Single phase Volts 24 PF.8 VI. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Step: 1 The engine is started by cranking the flywheel (with battery). Initially CI engine runs on pure diesel. The engine has to run until it reaches its steady state condition i.e. at least it should run 3 minutes before taking the readings. After 3 minutes suitable valve mechanism diesel fuel is terminated and cedar wood is allowed to flow into the inlet of the engine. Step: 2 Switch on the circuit once the circuit connections are made. And the loading called water loading is of special type is arranged and then circuit is closed. Now the CI engine is made to run at zero load conditions. And the engine has to run at least 3 minutes to achieve steady state conditions then loading is done by adding salt to the water. At zero load and at full load conditions the following parameters are noted Current Voltage Fuel consumption in mg/stroke Speed Torque CO and NOX and unburnt HC measured Step: 3 At zero loads, initial readings were taken and the same procedure is repeated for 1% loads. Step: 4 similar procedures are followed for Eucalyptus by replacing cedar wood. Step: 5 if we use straight vegetable as a fuel, the engine must be run with pure diesel before and after the experiment. Since straight vegetable is high in viscosity it might damage the engine parts. And choking of CI engine can also be avoided. Step: 6 computer system is integrated with the CI engine, torque, the fuel flow rate and speed are taken from the software. VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Brake thermal efficiency: As we can see from the figure 3 below, the difference of BTE w.r.to zero & at full load. For diesel, cedar wood, eucalyptus. & as load increases BTE of pure diesel, cedar wood and eucalyptus increases. At zero load brake thermal efficiencies of both the fuels are higher when compared with pure diesel. And also at full load, cedar wood and Eucalyptus is higher compared with diesel. And at zero loads and at 1% load, BTE of cedar wood is high, when compared with All Rights Reserved 21

6 Nox in ppm B.S.E.C in kg/kw-hr BTE in % International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER) zero load full load Fig 3 load versus BTE. Eucalyptus Brake specific energy conversion: Fig 4 shows at zero loads and at full load condition, the variation of break specific energy conversion for pure diesel, cedar wood, Eucalyptus. From the graph it is clear that at zero loads the break specific energy conversion of diesel is higher compared to cedar wood and eucalyptus. And at full load condition the break specific energy conversion of diesel, cedar wood, and Eucalyptus is decreasing. has the least break specific energy conversion when compared diesel, eucalyptus Eucalyptus Fig 4 comparison of load versus B.S.E.C NOX emissions Fig 5 shows NOX emissions in ppm for diesel, cedar wood and eucalyptus. With respect to load. As we can see in the graph that at zero loads the NOx emissions is less for all three fuels. At full load, the Nx formation is higher because of the increase in temperature and pressure, in the combustion chamber Eucalyptus Fig 5 NOx versus All Rights Reserved 22

7 HC in ppm CO in ppm International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER) Carbon monoxide emissions Fig 6 shows, CO with respect to load. From the figure it is clear that carbon monoxide emissions are higher for cedar wood when compared with other two fuels. At zero load CO is higher but at full load condition CO emissions are decreasing, for both cedar wood and eucalyptus Eucalyptus Fig 6 comparison of CO versus load Unburnt HC emissions Fig 7 shows variation of unburnt HC emissions for diesel, cedar wood and eucalyptus with respect to zero loads and at full load. As we can see from the figure that at zero load condition the unburnt hydrocarbons emissions are higher for cedar wood and eucalyptus, when compared with pure diesel. But at 1% load condition, HC releases are lower Eucalyptus Fig 7 comparison of HC versus load VIII. CONCLUSION After the investigation, the emission & combustion features of 4-stroke diesel engine fuelled with estarified cedar wood & Eucalyptus is found. And it is compared with pure diesel. By using Transesterification method, bio diesel is produced from cedar wood and eucalyptus seeds, leaves. Few chemical properties of these bio diesels are in close agreement with pure diesel. At zero load and at full load conditions, BTE of cedar wood is higher, compared to pure diesel fuel. But NOx formation is higher at 1% load. And Co, unburnt HC exhausts is high when compared with pure diesel. Here we used blend B5 i.e. (5% diesel & 5% eucalyptus ) as a fuel. We found that at full load NOx formation is bit lower when compared with pure diesel. REFERANCES I. Gaurav Sharma, Devendra Dandotiya and S.K.Agrawal (213) entitled paper Experimental Investigation of Performance Parameters of Single Cylinder IC Engine Using Mustard Oil March-April 213, Vol.3, Issue.2, and ISSN: II. N.shrivasthava, S.N.verma & Pandey entitled paper Experimental Study on the Production of Karanja Oil Methyl Ester and Its Effect on Diesel Engine (IRRED), 212, Page: , ISSN: All Rights Reserved 23

8 III. Kanji D. Dodiya and Gaurav P. Rathod (213) entitled paper Performance and Emission Characteristics of DI Four Stroke Diesel Engine Operating on Linseed Oil Blend International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research & Studies, April-June 213, E-ISSN IV. Haiter Lenin A, Ravi R, Arumugham S and Thyagarajan K (212) entitled paper Performance, Emission and Combustion Evaluation of Diesel Engine using Methyl Esters of Mahua Oil International Journal of Environmental Sciences, Volume 3, No 1, 212, ISSN V. A.S.Ramadhas, S.Jayaraj and C.Muraleedharan (24) entitled paper Characterization and Effect of Using Rubber Seed Oil as fuel in the Compression Ignition Engines Renewable Energy 3 (25) , July 24. VI. k. vijayaraj & A.P. Sathiyagnanam (214) entitled paper Experimental investigation of a diesel engine with methyl esters of mango seed and diesel blends VII. Bhabani Prasanna Pattanaik, Basanta Kumar Nanda and Probir Kumar Bose (212) entitled paper Performance & Emission Studies on A Single Cylinder Di Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel and Rice Bran Oil Methyl Ester Blends International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, March 212, ISSN: VIII. S. Ghosh and D. Dutta (212) entitled paper Performance and Exhaust Emission Analysis of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Using Pongamia Oil International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, December 212,Volume 2, Issue 12, ISSN IX. Sheehan J., camobreco v., Duffield, graboski, and shapouri, H. (1998). Life cycle inventory of bio diesel and petroleum diesel for use in an urban bus. Golden, CO: national renewable energy laboratory, us department of energy, NREL/SR X. United nations food and agriculture organization report, chapter 1: cedar wood s. XI. Direct steam distillation process by Lawrence, oztekin & martinov, 27. XII. Eucalyptus Wikipedia. XIII. Health benefits of eucalyptus by joseph All Rights Reserved 24