Making Crude Oil Useful Revision Pack (C1)
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1 Fossil Fuels: There are three main types of fossil fuels: - Coal (made from dead plants that lived millions of years ago) - Natural Gas (made from dead sea creatures that lived millions of years ago) - Crude Oil (made from dead sea creatures that lived millions of years ago) Fossil fuels are both finite and non-renewable resources. Finite means that they will run out if we continue to use them; we only have a limited amount left because they are being made very slowly or not at all. Non-renewable means they are being used faster than they are being made. There is difficulty in finding replacements for fossil fuels, and we know that all of the readily extractable resources will be used up in the near future. Crude Oil and Fractional Distillation: Crude oil is a fossil fuel made up of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms ONLY. Crude Oil is boiled in a FDC. Temperature decreases as you go up the column Crude oil is heated at the bottom of a Fractional Distillation Column (FDC) Oil that doesn t boil goes to the bottom of the column The crude oil can be separated because the hydrocarbons in different fractions have different sized molecules. There are forces between these molecules called intermolecular forces the more hydrocarbon molecules there are, the more intermolecular forces there are; therefore, it is harder to break these forces more energy is needed to break the forces, meaning these have high boiling points. Smaller molecules like petrol and LPG have weak attractive forces that are easy to break, meaning that their boiling points are low. REMEMBER the crude oil will exit a fraction not leave it.
2 Covalent bonds are too strong to be broken while the intermolecular forces are much weaker. Covalent bonds are between atoms (within the molecules), while intermolecular forces are between molecules. Extraction of Crude Oil: Oil was formed millions of years ago by sea creatures that died; it is stuck under layers of impermeable rock so we must drill into the ground to find it. Most of the world s oil is transported from sea and sometimes there are oil slicks which can cause damage to bird s feathers and lead to their deaths. Clean up operations often use detergents that can damage wildlife. There are many political problems when it comes to extraction of crude oil. Many countries, like the UK, are dependent on fuel from politically unstable countries. Oilproducing counties can set high prices, creating difficulty for the future supply of non-oil producing nations. There is also a lot of debate concerning where the remaining crude oil should be used; the argument is generally between using it for petrochemicals and using it for making fuels. Naphtha is an example of a fraction that is in high demand for making medicines and dyes. Cracking: It is harder to break the intermolecular forces between butane (left) than methane (right) during fractional distillation you DO NOT break covalent bonds Some fractions and more useful and therefore more in demand than others (e.g. petrol is more demand than bitumen). Cracking is often used to crack larger, less useful hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful ones. Alkanes molecules are turned into smaller alkane and alkene molecules. Alkenes have a double bond, making them useful in the production of polymers. Cracking is used by manufacturers to help supply meet demand (for petrol for example) it saves money! The conditions needed for cracking are a high temperature and a catalyst: C8H18 C6H14 + C2H4
3 Past Papers: PPQ(1): Continued on next page... (OCR GATEWAY Jan 2012 C1 C2 C3)
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5 PPQ(2): OCR GATEWAY Jun 2012 C1 C2 C3
6 PPQ(3): (OCR GATEWAY June 2013 C1 C2 C3)
7 PPQ(4): OCR GATEWAY JAN 2012 B1 C1 P1
8 PPQ(5): OCR GATEWAY JAN 2013 B1 C1 P1 PPQ(6) OCR GATEWAY JUN 2012 B1 C1 P1
9 Mark Schemes: PPQ(1): PPQ(2):
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