Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012 Information Paper. March 2013

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1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012 Information Paper March 2013

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3 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012 Information Paper March 2013 ISBN: National Transport Commission 2013

4 ii Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

5 Foreword The National Transport Commission (NTC) is an independent body tasked by the Standing Council on Transport and Infrastructure (SCOTI) to provide independent advice to transport ministers on transport regulatory and operational reforms. The NTC undertakes these reforms across road, rail and intermodal transport to improve safety, productivity and environmental outcomes. The NTC has been reporting on the carbon dioxide emissions of new cars and light commercial vehicles since These information papers provide a transparent benchmark for how Australia s vehicle emissions are tracking. The NTC believes the publishing of this information is important for transparency and to stimulate discussion about ways of lowering carbon emissions. Cars and light commercial vehicles were responsible for 10 per cent of Australia s carbon emissions in To help reduce these emissions, the Australian Government is introducing carbon dioxide standards for new passenger and light vehicles by This report will provide further information to inform these standards. I kindly thank the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries (FCAI) for providing the data that underpins this paper. I also acknowledge the work of NTC staff in developing this report, in particular Brook Hall and Neil Wong. Greg Martin PSM Chairman Information paper iii

6 Executive Summary This report provides detailed information on average emissions from new passenger and light commercial vehicles in Australia for 2011 and The unit for carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles is grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre (g/km). The Australian Government has announced that it will introduce mandatory carbon dioxide standards for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by 2015 (ALP 2010). The government is currently assessing how these standards might be implemented. The data in this paper are presented as additional information that might inform this assessment. The paper provides a benchmark for carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles. It includes a detailed emissions breakdown by vehicle make, vehicle segment and buyer type. New-vehicle emissions depend on many factors including consumer preference, vehicle price and fuel price, as well as emissions performance of high-volume selling vehicles. Fast facts In 2012, the national average carbon emissions from new passenger and light commercial vehicles was 199 g/km. This is a 4 per cent reduction from 2011 and is the second highest annual reduction since records started in If Australians had purchased new vehicles with best-in-class emissions during 2012, the national average would be 40 per cent lower (119 g/km). In Australia during 2012, new vehicles bought by private buyers had the lowest average emissions (191 g/km), followed by new vehicles of business buyers (206 g/km) and then new vehicles of government buyers (212 g/km). In 2012, 15 manufacturers sold 92 per cent of the new vehicles in Australia. Of these manufacturers, Suzuki had the lowest average corporate emissions (157 g/km) and Jeep had the highest average corporate emissions (240 g/km). In 2012, the average emissions from Australian-made vehicles was 210 g/km. This is a 9 per cent reduction from In 2011, Australia s carbon emissions from new passenger vehicles was 46 per cent higher than in the European Union (198 g/km compared with 136 g/km). There are a number of reasons for these differences (e.g. fuel prices and consumer preferences). Using the Government of Sweden s definition of green car (i.e. a vehicle that does not exceed 120 g/km), 1.2 per cent of total car sales in Australia were green cars during 2012 (compared with 0.8 per cent in 2011). iv Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

7 Table of contents Acronyms and abbreviations vi 1. Introduction 1 2. Methodology 1 3. Australian emissions 5 Vehicle manufacturer 6 Australian-made vehicles 8 Segment type 12 Buyer type 16 Fuel type Comparison of Australian and International data 23 Passenger vehicles: emissions by country 24 Passenger vehicles: proportion of green cars 24 Passenger vehicles: emissions by manufacturer 25 Light commercial vehicles: emissions by country 27 Light commercial vehicles: emissions by manufacturer 28 Discussion 29 References 30 Appendix 31 Information paper v

8 Acronyms and abbreviations AWD FCAI g/km GVM LPG NTC SUV all-wheel drive carbon dioxide Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries grams per kilometre gross vehicle mass liquefied petroleum gas National Transport Commission sport utility vehicle vi Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

9 1. Introduction This paper provides up-to-date information about the carbon dioxide emissions of new cars in Australia during It updates three similar information papers published by the National Transport Commission (NTC) in 2009, 2011 and 2012 (NTC 2009, 2011, 2012). Section 2 describes the methodology used. The results of the analysis are presented in section 3, and section 4 compares Australian data with international data. 2. Methodology The data supplied by the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries 1 (FCAI) was entered into a database and analysed. The data contained the full records of annual sales for In all, there were more than records. These records consisted of: vehicle attributes: make, model, vehicle generation, body style, engine capacity, number of cylinders, engine power, transmission type, gears, number of seats, gross vehicle mass, driven wheels, country of origin, fuel type, carbon dioxide emissions and fuel economy vehicle category: consistent with the classifications in Table 1 sales data: sales by state and region, and by type of buyer (i.e. government, business or private). The carbon dioxide emissions for vehicles are calculated using the method described in the Australian Design Rules, which is fuel consumption labelling for light vehicles (also known as ADR 81/02) and expressed in grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre (g/km). The NTC calculated the sales-weighted average for vehicle emissions for different vehicle attributes, categories and buyer types. A weighted-average calculation is similar to an arithmetic average (the most common type of average), but instead of each data point contributing equally to the final average, some data points contribute more than others. In this case, the average was weighted to vehicle sales. The FCAI classifies motor vehicles into four main classes: passenger motor vehicles, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), light trucks and heavy trucks. These four classes are then broken down into subclasses; for example, the subclasses of SUVs are compact, medium, large and luxury. Table 1 presents all the motor vehicle classifications and definitions. This report uses the following definitions: passenger vehicles: passenger motor vehicles and SUVs light commercial vehicles: light trucks. This report does not analyse the carbon emissions performance of motorcycles. Data are not available to compare the carbon emission from motorcycles with light vehicles. 1. FCAI is the peak industry organisation representing the manufacturers and importers of passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles and motorcycles in Australia. Information paper 1

10 Table 1 Motor vehicle classifications and definitions Passenger motor vehicles Sport utility vehicles (SUVs) Light trucks Heavy trucks Passenger vehicles are classified according to size, specification and average retail pricing. Vehicle size is based on the wheelbase track measurement, but it is not an exclusive criteria for determining segmentation. Price banding of entrants is determined by the FCAI based on price relativity. Vehicles classified as SUVs meet the FCAI criteria for classifying SUV vehicles based on a wagon body style, ground clearance and design purpose. Price banding of entrants is determined by the FCAI based on price relativity. Vehicles designed principally for commercial use but may include designs intended for non-commercial use. Vehicles designed for exclusive heavy commercial application. Light Design: sedan, hatch, wagon Engine: 3 4 cylinders Seating: 2/4/5 seats Small Design: wagon Engine: 4 6 cylinders Driven wheels: 2/4 & AWD Light bus Fewer than 20 Seats Truck kg GVM Small Design: sedan, hatch, wagon Engine: 4 6 cylinders Seating: 2/4/5 seats Medium Design: wagon Engine: 4 8 cylinders Driven wheels: 2/4 & AWD Light bus 20 or more seats Truck kg GVM Medium Design: sedan, hatch, wagon Engine: 4 12 cylinders Seating: 2/4/5 seats Large Design: wagon Engine: 6 8 cylinders Driven wheels: 2/4 & AWD Van/control cab truck Less than 2.5 kg GVM Truck greater than kg GVM Large Upper large Van/control cab truck Design: sedan, wagon Engine: 6 12 cylinders Seating: 2/4/5 seats Design: wagon Engine: 4 12 cylinders Driven wheels: 2/4 & AWD kg GVM Upper Large Pick-up/chassis 4 2 Design: sedan Engine: 6 12 cylinders Seating: 4/5 seats Two-wheel drive, central control cab utility, cab chassis and crew cab People Movers Pick-up/chassis 4 4 Design: wagon Engine: 4/6/8 cylinders Seating: >_ 7 plus Two-wheel drive, central control cab utility, cab chassis and crew cab Sports Design: coupe, convertible, 2 or 4 door Engine: 3 12 cylinders Seating: 2/4 seats AWD = all-wheel drive; FCAI = Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries; GVM = gross vehicle mass Note: These parameters are indicative only. Exceptions do occur based on market focus and other subjective criteria. They are largely based on the specifications listed and are reflective of the volume-selling variant where cross-over occurs. Source: FCAI Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

11 Most people would be more familiar with vehicle fuel consumption figures than carbon dioxide emissions. Table 2 provides fuel consumption figures for petrol and diesel, and the corresponding carbon dioxide emissions. Diesel vehicles are typically more fuel efficient than petrol vehicles. Another way to relate carbon dioxide emissions to fuel is per litre of fuel consumed. For example, one litre of petrol will produce grams of carbon dioxide, and one litre of diesel will produce grams of carbon dioxide. Table 2 Fuel consumption and corresponding carbon dioxide emissions Fuel consumption (litres per 100 kilometres) Petrol Diesel = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre Source: DCC 2009 To help get a frame of reference for carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles, Figure 1 shows the carbon dioxide emission from the top 10 selling vehicles in Australia during 2012 in brown text. Figure 1 also contains the five lowest emitting vehicle models and the highest emitting model. Information paper 3

12 Figure 1 Average carbon dioxide emissions for top 10 selling vehicles in Australia plus other selected models, Ferrari 458 Spider Holden Commodore Nissan Navara Toyota Hilux 4x4 Toyota Camry Mazda 3 Hyundai i 30 Toyota Corolla Holden Cruze Ford Focus Toyota Yaris Toyota Hybrid Camry 100 Toyota Prius 50 Holden Volt 0 Mitsubishi imev Nissan Leaf Renault Fluence Top 10 selling vehicles in Australia Other selected models 4 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

13 3. Australian emissions The national average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles for 2012 was 199 g/km (see Table 3). This was a 3.7 per cent reduction from This is the second highest year-to-year improvement in national average emissions since records started in Table 3 National average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles Year Average Annual change (%) 2002 a n/a 2003 a a = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre a. FCAI (2011) Information paper 5

14 Vehicle manufacturers In 2012 there were 47 makes of new vehicles available to Australian consumers. About 92 per cent of all new-vehicle sales were from 15 makes. The average corporate emissions of these market-leading makes dictates the national average emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles. Figure 2 shows the corporate average carbon emissions for the top 15 makes in Of these 15 makes, Suzuki had the lowest corporate average emissions (157 g/km) and Jeep had the highest (240 g/km). Figure 2 Corporate average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles for the top 15 makes by volume, Corporate average Suzuki BMW Mercedes-Benz Hyundai Volkswagen Honda Kia Mazda Subaru Ford Mitsubishi Toyota Holden Nissan Jeep = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre 6 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

15 Figure 3 shows the change in corporate average emissions between 2011 and BMW, Subaru and Jeep all had over a 9 per cent reduction in average emissions. Volkswagen made the least progress, with a 2.8 per cent increase in emissions. Figure 3 Change in corporate average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles between 2011 and 2012 for the top 15 makes by volume BMW Subaru Jeep Mercedes-Benz Ford Mazda Kia Honda Toyota Hyundai Mitsubishi Holden Nissan Suzuki 2.8 Per cent difference Volkswagen Information paper 7

16 Australian-made vehicles There are three Australian car manufacturers: Ford Australia, General Motors Holden and Toyota Australia. The average emissions of all Australian-made vehicles was 210 g/km in This is an 8.8 per cent improvement from Figure 4 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions for the Australian-made vehicles by make in Toyota had the lowest emissions (181 g/km) and Ford had the highest (238 g/km). Figure 5 shows that all makes of Australian-made vehicles improved their average emissions from 2012, with Toyota having the greatest improvement of 10.9 per cent. The average emissions for Toyota s Australian-made vehicles are now well below the overall national average of 199 g/km. Figure 4 Average carbon dioxide emissions for new Australian-made vehicles, Average Toyota Holden Ford = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre 8 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

17 Figure 5 Change in average carbon dioxide emissions for new Australian-made vehicles between 2011 and Toyota Holden Ford 2 Per cent difference The range and average emissions for new Australian-made vehicles by make are presented in Figure 6. The average emissions are represented by the horizontal lines and the ranges are represented by the vertical lines. Figure 6 Range and average carbon dioxide emissions for new Australian-made vehicles, Average Toyota Holden Ford = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre Information paper 9

18 Figure 7 shows the average emissions from Australian-made models in Toyota s Hybrid Camry model performed best in this category, followed by Holden s Cruze. The Holden Caprice had the highest average emissions of all Australian-made vehicles in Figure 8 shows the change in average emissions for new Australian-made vehicle models between 2011 and Toyota s Camry and Hybrid Camry showed the greatest improvement in emissions. Figure 7 Average carbon dioxide emissions for new Australian-made vehicles by model, Average Toyota Hybrid Camry Holden Cruze Toyota Camry Toyota Aurion Ford Territory Ford Falcon Holden Commodore Ford Falcon Utility Holden Utility Holden Caprice = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre 10 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

19 Figure 8 Change in average carbon dioxide emissions for new Australian-made vehicle models between 2011 and Toyota Hybrid Camry Toyota Camry Ford Falcon Utility Ford Territory Ford Falcon Ford Falcon Holden Commodore Holden Utility 1.7 Per cent difference Holden Cruze Information paper 11

20 Segment type Segment analysis was done using the categories shown in Table 1. Figure 9 shows the average emissions by segment during The lowest emitting segment was light (148 g/km) and the highest emitting segment was SUV upper large (287 g/km). Figure 10 shows the change in segment emissions between 2011 and In 2012 the upper large segment had the greatest improvement of 10.3 per cent. Figure 9 Average carbon dioxide emissions by segment, Average Light Small Medium Sports SUV small SUV medium Vans/control cab truck Large SUV large People movers Pick-up/chassis 4x4 Pick-up/chassis 4x2 Upper large Light buses SUV upper large = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre; SUV = sports utility vehicle 12 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

21 Figure 10 Change in average carbon dioxide emissions by segment between 2011 and Upper large Sports SUV medium Medium SUV small Small Large Pick-up/chassis 4x2 SUV large People movers Pick-up/chassis 4x4 Light Light buses Vans/control cab truck SUV upper large Per cent difference SUV = sports utility vehicle Information paper 13

22 Figure 11 shows the average and the range in emissions for the segments during The lowest emitting vehicles in the small segment were two models of electric vehicles with 0 g/km: Nissan s LEAF electric vehicle (77 sales in 2012) and Renault s Fluence (one sale in 2012). The lowest emitting vehicle in the light segment is Mitsubishi s i-miev electric vehicle with 0 g/km (95 sales in 2012). Although electric vehicles have no tailpipe emissions, the electricity that fuels these vehicles produces emissions. The sports segment shows the greatest range in emissions, but its average emissions is the fourth lowest of all segments at 179 g/km. Figure 11 Range and average carbon dioxide emissions by segment, Average Light Small Medium Sports SUV small SUV medium Vans/control cab truck Large SUV large People movers Pick-up/chassis 4x4 Pick-up/chassis 4x2 Upper large Light buses SUV upper large = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre; SUV = sports utility vehicle If Australian consumers had purchased vehicles with best-in-class emissions in 2012 (not including the electric vehicles), the national average carbon dioxide emissions would have been reduced to 119 g/km (a reduction of 40 per cent). This shows the potential emissions reduction with currently available vehicles and technology. The NTC was interested in exploring this potential further. Table 4 shows the best-in-class vehicle available in each segment. This best-in-class vehicle is usually one of the variants available for a given vehicle model. For the light and small segments, the NTC has also included the best-in-class non-electric vehicle. 14 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

23 Table 4 Best-in-class vehicle for carbon dioxide emissions in each segment, 2012 Segment Make and model Light Small Mitsubishi i-miev Toyota Prius C Nissan Leaf, Renault Fluence Toyota Prius Medium Volvo V Large Peugeot Upper large BMW 730D 148 Sports Honda CR-Z 118 People mover Volkswagen Caddy 152 SUV light Mini Cooper 115 SUV medium BMW X3 xdrive20d 147 SUV large Lexus RX450H 150 SUV upper large Range Rover 196 Pick-up/chassis 4 2 Proton Jumback 166 Pick-up/chassis 4 4 Ssangyong Actyon 195 Van/control cab truck Renault Kangoo 137 Light bus Toyota Hiace 228 = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre; SUV = sports utility vehicle To further explore the potential emissions reductions available in each segment, Table 5 shows the range of emissions of the top-selling vehicles compared with the best-in-class vehicle within the major segments. These eight major segments contained 89 per cent of Australia s new vehicle sales in Table 5 Range of carbon dioxide emissions for the top 10 selling models within the major segments, 2012 Segment Per cent higher emissions than the best-in-class vehicle Lower range Upper range Best -performing model a of the top 10 selling vehicles Segment proportion of total Australian sales Small 72% 115% Ford Focus (153 g/km) 23% Light 58% 91% Suzuki Swift (142 g/km) 13% Pick-up/ chassis 4x4 8% 56% Volkswagen Amarok (211 g/km) 12% SUV large 32% 74% Subaru Outback (199 g/km) 11% SUV medium 3% 63% Mazda CX5 (151 g/km) 10% Medium 14% 85% Toyota Camry Hybrid (125 g/km) 8% Large 19% 116% BMW 520D (137 g/km) 6% SUV small 42% 85% Subaru XV (163 g/km) 6% = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre; SUV = sports utility vehicle a. Average emissions of all vehicles of this model Information paper 15

24 Buyer type Figure 12 shows the average emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by buyer type. Private buyers vehicles had the lowest average emissions (191 g/km), followed by business buyers (206 g/km) and government buyers (212 g/km). Figure 13 shows the reduction in average emissions between 2011 and Private buyers showed improvements in emissions of 12 per cent. Business buyers showed a 4 per cent increase in emissions. Figure 12 Average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by buyer type, Average Private Business Government = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre 16 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

25 Figure 13 Change in average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by buyer type between 2011 and Private Government Per cent difference Business Information paper 17

26 The three buyer types can be broken down further: private: local delivery and overseas delivery government: Australian, state and local business: rental, not-for-profit organisation, company capitalisation, diplomatic, taxi, large fleet, fleet and dealer demonstrator. The average emissions for these buyer types are shown in Figure 14. The change in average emissions from 2011 to 2012 is shown in Figure 15. Figure 14 Average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by detailed buyer type, Average Taxi Private - local delivery Private - overseas delivery Dealer demonstrator Rental Not for profit organisation Company capitalisation Diplomatic Australian government State government Local government Fleet Large fleet = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre 18 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

27 Figure 15 Change in average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles between 2011 and 2012 by detailed buyer type 5 0 Taxi Private - overseas delivery Not for profit organisation Rental Dealer demonstrator Australian government Company capitalisation Private - local delivery Large fleet State government Fleet Local government Diplomatic Per cent difference The average emissions for the detailed government buyers are shown in Figure 16. The Australian Capital Territory Government showed the lowest average emissions (194 g/km) and Queensland local governments have the highest average emissions (224 g/km). The change in average emissions from 2011 to 2012 is shown in Figure 17. The South Australian Government showed an improvement of more than 7 per cent. Government buyers accounted for 5 per cent of new vehicle sales in Information paper 19

28 Figure 16 Average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by detailed government buyer type, Average ACT government SA government TAS local government VIC local government TAS government Australian government NT government NSW local government NSW government WA local government QLD government VIC government NT local government WA government SA local government QLD local government 0 ACT = Australian Capital Territory; = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre; NSW = New South Wales; NT = Northern Territory; Qld = Queensland; SA = South Australia; Tas = Tasmania; Vic = Victoria; WA = Western Australia 20 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

29 Figure 17 Change in average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles between 2011 and 2012 by detailed government buyer type 0 SA government ACT government Australian government TAS government VIC local government TAS local government NT local government NSW local government QLD government NSW government NT government VIC government SA local government WA government WA local government QLD local government Per cent difference ACT = Australian Capital Territory; NSW = New South Wales; NT = Northern Territory; Qld = Queensland; SA = South Australia; Tas = Tasmania; Vic = Victoria; WA = Western Australia Fuel type Figure 18 shows the average emissions by fuel type for new passenger and light commercial vehicles for Petrol vehicles had the lowest average emissions (191 g/km), followed by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles (209 g/km) and diesel vehicles (217 g/km). There were also 253 electric vehicles sold during 2012, all with emissions of 0 g/km (except the Holden Volt with emissions of 27 g/km). Figure 19 shows that LPG vehicles showed the best improvement between 2011 and 2012 (15.4 per cent), followed by petrol vehicles (5 per cent). Information paper 21

30 Figure 18 Average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles by fuel type, Average Petrol LPG Diesel = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre; LPG = liquefied petroleum gas Figure 19 Change in average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger and light commercial vehicles between 2011 and 2012 by fuel type 0 LPG Petrol Diesel Per cent difference LPG = liquefied petroleum gas 22 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

31 4. Comparison of Australian and international data This section compares Australian and international data. However, this task is not straightforward because different methods are used worldwide to calculate vehicle emissions. The three main methods are from Europe, Japan and the United States. Each method can give a different emissions result when applied to the same vehicle. Australia uses the European method. Therefore, Australian vehicle emissions are directly comparable with European vehicle emissions. However, the published data from Europe refers to either passenger vehicles or light commercial vehicles. The Australian information presented in section 3 is combined data covering both passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles. The NTC further analysed the Australia data so they could be directly compared with European data. To produce comparable data, the following vehicle segments were grouped: passenger vehicles: light, small, medium, large, upper large, sports, people movers, SUV light, SUV medium, SUV large and SUV upper large light commercial vehicles: pick-up/chassis 4 2, pick-up/chassis 4 4 and van/control cab truck. Table 6 gives emissions data for these two groups. The average emissions for passenger vehicles in Australia was 190 g/km in 2012 a 4 per cent improvement from the previous year. The average emissions for light commercial vehicles in Australia was 238 g/km in This was a 2.7 per cent improvement from the previous year. Table 6 Average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles, 2011 and 2012 Vehicles Average Annual change (%) Passenger Light commercial = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre The rest of this section compares Australian and European data for passenger and light commercial vehicles. The latest European data is from 2011; therefore, the following analysis focuses on The last section discusses reasons for the differences between the Australian and European data. Information paper 23

32 Passenger vehicles: emissions by country The average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger vehicles by country for 2011 is shown in Figure 20. The average emissions for new passenger vehicles in the European Union was 136 g/km. Australia s average emissions was 198 g/km: 46 per cent higher than the European average. In 2011 European emissions ranged from 123 g/km in Portugal to 146 g/km in Germany and Poland (see Table 17 in the appendix). Average emissions between 2010 and 2011 for Europe were reduced by 3.3 per cent. Australia s average emissions fell by 3.4 per cent during the same period. The European countries that showed the highest annual reductions were Greece (7.4 per cent) and Netherlands (7.1 per cent) (see Table 17 in the appendix). Figure 20 Average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger vehicles by country, Average Portugal Denmark Netherlands Belgium France Ireland Italy Greece Spain UK Austria Slovenia Romania Sweden Finland Czech Rep Slovakia Germany Poland European Union Australia = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre Source: European Union data European Environment Agency 2012 Passenger vehicles: proportion of green cars The Government of Sweden defines a green car as a vehicle whose carbon dioxide emissions do not exceed 120 g/km (Government Offices of Sweden 2007). In Australia the proportion of green passenger cars sold in 2012 was 1.2 per cent of total sales (compared with 0.8 per cent in 2011). There were 33 green car models available in Australia in 2012 (compared with 23 in 2011). 24 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

33 Passenger vehicles: emissions by manufacturer The average emissions in 2011 for new vehicles by manufacturer for the European Union and Australia are shown in Figure 21. Vehicles have been grouped in a way that makes comparisons possible. (The groupings are shown in Table 19 in the appendix.) The range of corporate average emissions in the European Union is from 119 g/km for Fiat to 153 g/km for Daimler. The range of corporate average emissions in Australia is from 152 g/km for Fiat to 227 g/km for Volvo. Note that the range of emissions in the European Union is 34 g/km compared with 74 g/km in Australia. Figure 21 Corporate average carbon dioxide emissions for new Passenger vehicles by manufacturer for the European union and Australia, European Union Australia 200 Average Fiat Toyota Peugeot/Citroën Renault Suzuki Ford Hyundai General Motors (Holden) Volkswagen Nissan BMW Honda Mazda Volvo Daimler 50 0 = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre Source: European Union data Transport and Environment 2012 Figure 22 shows the corporate average emissions for Australian makes compared with the European makes. Suzuki and BMW have the smallest difference (22 per cent) in corporate average between Australia and the European Union; Toyota has the largest difference (69 per cent). Information paper 25

34 Figure 22 Differences in corporate average carbon dioxide emissions for new passenger vehicles in Australia compared with the European Union by manufacturer, Per cent difference Suzuki BMW Daimler Volkswagen Fiat Mazda Honda Peugeot/Citroën Hyundai Nissan Renault Volvo General Motors (Holden) Ford Toyota 0 Source: European Union data Transport and Environment Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

35 Light commercial vehicles: emissions by country The average emissions for light commercial vehicles for the European Union was 179 g/km in 2011 (Figure 23). The equivalent Australian emissions for 2011 was 238 g/km; this is 33 per cent higher than the European Union. Figure 23 Average carbon dioxide emissions for new light commercial vehicles by country, Average Portugal Italy Belgium France Spain Denmark Ireland Sweden Netherlands United Kingdom Greece Finland Austria Luxembourg Germany European Union Australia 0 = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre Source: European Union data ICCT 2012 Information paper 27

36 Light commercial vehicles: emissions by manufacturer Figure 24 shows the average carbon dioxide emissions by manufacturer for the European Union and Australia. Citroën had the lowest corporate average emissions for light commercial vehicles in both the European Union and Australia, with 156 g/km and 150 g/km respectively. Mercedes Benz had the highest average emissions in the European Union with 226 g/km. Nissan and Toyota had the highest average emissions in Australia with 246 g/km. Figure 25 shows the difference in the emissions for light commercial vehicles between the European Union and Australia for Mercedes Benz had average emissions that were 12 per cent lower in Australia compared with the European Union. Ford has average emissions that were 28 per cent higher in Australia compared with the European Union. Figure 24 Differences in average carbon dioxide emissions for new light commercial vehicles in Australia compared with the European Union by manufacturer, 2011 Citroen Peugeot Fiat Renault Volkswagen Average Ford Nissan Toyota Mercedes-Benz 250 European Union Australia = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre Source: European Union data ICCT Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

37 Figure 25 Differences in corporate average carbon dioxide emissions for new light commercial vehicles in Australia compared with the European Union by manufacturer, Per cent difference Mercedes-Benz Citroen Peugeot Volkswagen Renault Toyota Fiat Nissan 5 10 Ford 15 Discussion There are a number of reasons why emissions from new vehicles in the European countries analysed are lower than in Australia. One is that there have been fewer measures in Australia to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The European measures are shown in Table 7. A summary of the European measures was published by the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (2007). Table 7 European measures that have reduced carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles European measures High fuel prices through higher fuel taxes Low diesel taxes compared with petrol taxes Regulating carbon dioxide emissions from motor vehicles (passenger vehicle standards are being phased in from 2012, with full implementation from 2015) Vehicle excise duties Direct cash incentives for consumers to purchase low carbon dioxide vehicles Consumer information on vehicles Consumer information in printed advertisements Effect of measure Encourages consumers to purchase fuel-efficient vehicles to lower running costs European consumers purchase more small vehicles compared with Australian consumers European consumers prefer manual transmission vehicles, whereas Australian consumers prefer automatic transmissions Encourages consumers to purchase diesel vehicles to reduce running costs Provides manufacturers with targets for emissions reductions Encourages consumers to purchase low carbon dioxide emitting vehicles Encourages consumers to purchase low carbon dioxide vehicles as it lowers the purchase price of the vehicle Provides information to consumers about relative carbon dioxide efficiency and annual running costs of new vehicles Provides information to consumers about relative carbon dioxide efficiency and annual running costs of new vehicles Information paper 29

38 References Australian Government Department of Climate Change (DCC) 2009, National greenhouse accounts (NGA) factors, DCC, Canberra. Australian Labor Party (ALP) 2010, Emissions standards for cars, ALP, Canberra. < viewed on 9 February European Conference of Ministers of Transport 2007, Cutting transport emissions. What progress?, OECD, Paris. European Environment Agency 2012, Monitoring emissions from new passenger cars in the EU: summary of data for Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries (FCAI) 2013, Segmentation criteria, < viewed on 8 February Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries (FCAI) 2011, Strong vehicle sales continue in 2013, < viewed on9 March Government Offices of Sweden 2007, The Swedish government introduces green car rebate, press release, Ministry of the Environment, 30 March, < viewed on 9 February The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) 2012, European vehicle market statistics, Pocketbook National Transport Commission (NTC) 2009, Carbon emissions from new Australian vehicles information paper, NTC, Melbourne. National Transport Commission (NTC) 2011, Carbon dioxide emissions from new Australian vehicles information paper, NTC, Melbourne. National Transport Commission (NTC) 2012, Carbon dioxide emissions from new Australian vehicles information paper, NTC, Melbourne. Transport and Environment 2012, How clean are Europe s cars? An analysis of carmaker progress towards EU CO2 targets in 2011, Transport and Environment, Brussels. 30 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

39 Appendix This appendix provides annual sales and average vehicle emissions data used in this report. Table 8 Make Corporate average carbon dioxide emissions and annual Sales by make, 2011 and 2012 Average Sales Change from to Toyota % Holden % Ford % Mazda % Hyundai % Nissan % Mitsubishi % Honda % Subaru % Volkswagen % Suzuki % Kia % Mercedes-Benz % BMW % Audi % Great Wall % Lexus % Jeep % Peugeot % Isuzu Ute % Volvo Car % Land Rover % MINI % Dodge % Proton % Renault % Skoda % Citroën % Chrysler % Porsche % Ssangyong % Alfa Romeo % Information paper 31

40 Make Average Sales Change from to Jaguar % Fiat % Smart % Maserati % Ferrari % Bentley % Opel 164 n/a Lotus % Lamborghini % Rolls-Royce % Saab % McLaren 279 n/a 0 23 Chery n/a Infiniti 254 n/a 0 85 Aston Martin 343 n/a 0 94 Hummer 346 n/a 3 0 Morgan 190 n/a 20 0 Total = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre Table 9 Buyer type Average carbon dioxide emissions and annual sales by buyer type, 2011 and 2012 Average Sales Change from to Business % Government % Private % Total = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre 32 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

41 Table 10 Average carbon dioxide emissions and annual sales by detailed buyer type, 2011 and 2012 Buyer type Average Sales Change from to Company capitalisation % Dealer demonstrator % Diplomatic % Australian Government % Fleet % Large fleet % Local government % Not-for-profit organisation % Private local delivery % Private overseas delivery % Rental % State government % Taxi % = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre Total Table 11 Average carbon dioxide emissions and annual sales by detailed government buyer type, 2011 and 2012 Buyer type Average Sales Change from to Australian Government % ACT Government % NSW Government % NT Government % Qld Government % SA Government % Tas Government % Vic Government % WA Government % NSW local governments % NT local governments % Qld local governments % SA local governments % Tas local governments % Vic local governments % WA local governments % Total ACT = Australian Capital Territory; CO2 = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre; NSW = New South Wales; NT = Northern Territory; Qld = Queensland; SA = South Australia; Tas = Tasmania; Vic = Victoria; WA = Western Australia Information paper 33

42 Table 12 Average carbon dioxide emissions and annual sales by fuel type, 2011 and 2012 Fuel type Average Sales Change from to Diesel % LPG % Petrol % Total = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre; LPG = liquefied petroleum gas Table 13 Average carbon dioxide emissions and annual sales by Australian-made makes, 2011 and 2012 Make Average Sales Change from to Ford % Holden % Toyota % Australian-made % C0 2 = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre Table 14 Average carbon dioxide emissions and annual sales by Australian-made vehicle models, 2011 and 2012 Make and model Average Sales Change from to Toyota Hybrid Camry % Holden Statesman 292 n/a 2 0 Holden Commodore % Holden Caprice % Holden Utility % Ford Falcon % Ford Territory % Ford Falcon Utility % Toyota Aurion % Toyota Camry % Holden Cruze n/a Total = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre 34 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

43 Table 15 Average carbon dioxide emissions and annual sales by segment, 2011 and 2012 Segment Average Sales Change from to Light % Small % Medium % Large % Upper large % Sports % People movers % SUV small % SUV medium % SUV large % SUV upper large % Light buses % Pick-up/chassis 4x % Pick-up/chassis 4x % Vans/control cab truck % Total = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre; SUV = sport utility vehicle Table 16 Top-selling models within segments, 2012 Segment Selling rank within segment Make Model Sales Average % higher emissions than best-in-class model variant Light 1 Toyota Yaris % 2 Mazda % 3 Hyundai i % 4 Holden Barina % 5 Suzuki Swift % 6 Ford Fiesta % 7 Nissan Micra % 8 Honda Jazz % 9 Kia Rio % 10 Hyundai Accent % Information paper 35

44 Segment Selling rank within segment Make Model Sales Average % higher emissions than best-in-class model variant Small 1 Mazda % 2 Toyota Corolla % 3 Holden Cruze % 4 Hyundai i % 5 Ford Focus % 6 Volkswagen Golf % 7 Mitsubishi Lancer % 8 Hyundai Elantra % 9 Subaru Impreza % 10 Kia Cerato % Medium 1 Toyota Camry % 2 Toyota Camry Hybrid % 3 Mazda % 4 Honda ACC Euro % 5 Ford Mondeo % 6 Subaru Liberty % 7 Volkswagen Passat % 8 Hyundai i % 9 Audi A % 10 Volkswagen Jetta % Large 1 Holden Commodore % 2 Ford Falcon % 3 Toyota Aurion % 4 Honda Accord % 5 Nissan Maxima % 6 Peugeot % 7 Skoda Superb % 8 Jaguar XF % 9 Audi A % 10 BMW 520D % Upper large 1 Holden Caprice % 2 Chrysler 300 LX % 3 Porsche % 4 Audi A % 5 Jaguar XJ % 36 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

45 Segment Selling rank within segment Make Model Sales Average % higher emissions than best-in-class model variant People movers 1 Kia Carnival % 2 Hyundai imax % 3 Honda Odyssey % 4 Dodge Journey % 5 Toyota Tarago % Sports 1 Hyundai Veloster % 2 Toyota % 3 Audi A % 4 Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet % 5 Volkswagen EOS % SUV small 1 Nissan Dualis % 2 Hyundai ix % 3 Subaru XV % 4 Mitsubishi ASX % 5 Volkswagen Tiguan % 6 Jeep Compass % 7 Jeep Patriot % 8 Audi Q % 9 Skoda Yeti % 10 Suzuki Jimny % SUV medium 1 Nissan X-Trail % 2 Mazda CX % 3 Toyota RAV % 4 Subaru Forester % 5 Mitsubishi Outlander % 6 Holden Captiva % 7 Honda CR-V % 8 Kia Sportage % 9 Suzuki Grand Vitara % 10 Mazda CX % Information paper 37

46 Segment Selling rank within segment Make Model Sales Average % higher emissions than best-in-class model variant SUV large 1 Toyota Prado % 2 Ford Territory % 3 Toyota Kluger % 4 Holden Captiva % 5 Jeep Grand Cherokee % 6 Mitsubishi Pajero % 7 Hyundai Santa Fe % 8 Mazda CX % 9 Subaru Outback % 10 Kia Sorento % SUV upper large 1 Toyota LandCruiser % 2 Nissan Patrol % 3 Mercedes-Benz GL350 CDI % 4 Lexus LX % 5 Land Rover Range Rover % Pick-up/ chassis 4x2 1 Toyota Hilux 4X % 2 Holden Holden Utility % 3 Ford Falcon % 4 Mitsubishi Triton % 5 Ford Ranger % 6 Mazda B % 7 Nissan Navara % 8 Great Wall V % 9 Holden Colorado % 10 Isuzu Ute D-MAX % Pick-up/ chassis 4x4 1 Toyota Hilux 4X % 2 Nissan Navara % 3 Mitsubishi Triton % 4 Ford Ranger % 5 Holden Colorado % 6 Mazda B % 7 Toyota LandCruiser % 8 Isuzu Ute D-MAX % 9 Volkswagen Amarok % 10 Great Wall V % 38 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from New Australian Vehicles 2012

47 Segment Selling rank within segment Make Model Sales Average % higher emissions than best-in-class model variant Vans/control cab truck 1 Toyota Hiace % 2 Hyundai iload % 3 Volkswagen Caddy Van % 4 Volkswagen Transporter % 5 Mercedes-Benz Vito % Light buses 1 Toyota Hiace % = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre; SUV = sports utility vehicle Note: For the major segments, the top 10 selling vehicles are shown. The segments will lower overall Australian sales have either the top five selling vehicle or all the vehicles within that segment shown. Table 17 Average carbon dioxide emissions and annual registrations for new passenger vehicles by country, 2011 Country Average emissions (g/km), 2011 Change from 2010 Registration sa Portugal % Denmark % Netherlands % Belgium % France % Ireland % Italy % Greece % Spain % UK % Austria % Slovenia % Romania % Sweden % Finland % Czech Republic % Slovakia % Germany % Poland % European Union % Australia % b = carbon dioxide; g/km = grams per kilometre a. Countries of the European Union that had less than new registrations have been excluded b. New car sales Information paper 39

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