Basic Electrical Engineering
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2 Basic Electrical Engineering
3 Basic Electrical Engineering Revised Edition Dr. K Uma Rao Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bangalore Dr.A.Jayalakshmi AssociateProfessor, DepartmentofElectricalEngineering, JNTU,Kukatpally, Hyderabad SANGUINE Sanguine Technical Publishers Bangalore. 2014
4 Price: ` ISBN > Basic Electrical Engineering Revised Edition Dr. K Uma Rao & Dr. A Jayalakshmi This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior remission in writing from the publishers. The consent of SANGUINE TECHNICAL PUBLISHERS does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from SANGUINE for such copying. The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Direct inquiries: info@sanguineindia.com. Visit our website at by Sanguine Technical Publishers, Bangalore Published by Lal Prasad for Sanguine. Production Editor: R.Subramanian. Printed in India.
5 To umesh, arathi & amrutha
6
7 PREFACE This book is primarily intended for a course in Basic Electrical Engineering. A strong need was felt for such a book, which would address the needs of Indian Students hailing from different backgrounds across the country. The book is written in two parts. Part A covers the important topics of circuit analysis and basic instrumentation. Part B deals with the concepts of Electrical Machines. Part A has six chapters. Chapter 1 of Part A, introduces the student to the two fundamental laws of Electrical Engineering which form the premise for all other topics, namely Ohm s law and Kirchhoff s laws. Chapter 2 deals with the fundamental concepts in Electromagnetism definitions of fundamental quantities, Biot-Savart s law, Faraday s laws, Self Inductance and mutual Inductance. Chapter 3 covers the various methods of circuit analysis nodal analysis, mesh analysis, superposition theorem, Thevenin s theorem, Norton s theorem, maximum power transfer theorem, reciprocity theorem, star-delta transformation applied to simple dc circuits. Chapter 4 introduces the students to the fundamentals of ac circuits. Solution of simple series and parallel ac circuits is presented. Chapter 5 presents concepts of three phase circuits. Solution of balanced three phase star and delta connected networks is dealt with in this chapter. The chapter also discusses the various methods for measurement of three phase power. Chapter 6 exposes the student to common electrical appliances and electrical engineering practices we come across in day to day life. The chapter covers the topics of methods of electrical wiring, choice of cables, simple wiring schemes, working principle of fuses, principle of MCBs, earthing methods, common lighting sources, estimation of energy requirement for simple loads, causes and prevention of electric shocks. Finally, chapter 7 covers basic concepts of electrical measurement. Moving coil and moving iron instruments, dynamometer wattmeter and energy meter are discussed in detail. Part B is devoted to the treatment of Electrical Machines. Chapter1 presents the fundamental concepts of electric machines. Chapter 2 deals with dc generators. The construction, principle of operation and derivation of induced emf are presented in detail. Chapter 3 vii
8 viii Preface deals with the operation, types and characteristics of dc motors. It also covers the important topics of testing and speed control of dc motors. Chapter 4 is devoted to transformers. The constructional features, operation, phasor diagram, testing, computation of efficiency and regulation are discussed in detail. Chapter 5 deals with three phase induction motors, which are the most rugged and widely used in the industry. Chapter 6 presents three phase alternators. The construction, emf equation and different methods of regulation are covered in detail. Chapter 7 covers single phase induction motors. Chapter 8 gives the experimental procedure for some of the common experiments conducted in electrical machines laboratory. All chapters are presented in a simple and lucid manner to facilitate an easy understanding of the subject. Important concepts are highlighted to emphasize the need to remember them. Every chapter contains a number of solved examples to strengthen the learning of the student and help the student, apply the concepts in various contexts. The examples presented help the students to relate abstract concepts in Electrical Engineering to practical applications which they see in their daily lives. Every chapter also gives a number of questions and unsolved problems for the student to work out. The book can be used as a text book for a course in Basic Electrical Engineering, a fundamental course in Electric circuits and also for a basic course in Electrical Machines. Dr. K. Uma Rao
9 CONTENTS Part I Circuits and Measurements 1 1 Basic laws Introduction Basic definitions Charge Current Voltage Power Energy Ohm s law Resistances connected in series Resistances connected in parallel Division of current in parallel branches Voltage division in series circuit Conductance G (The unit is mhos or Seimens) Nodes, branches and loops Kirchhoff s laws Kirchhoff s current law (KCL) Kirchhoff s voltage law (KVL) 14 ix
10 x Contents 2 Electromagnetism Introduction Magnetic force Biot-Savart Law Force on a current carrying conductor Force between two current carrying conductors Magnetic flux Magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength Reluctance Comparison of magnetic and electric circuits Composite magnetic circuits Composite series circuits Composite parallel circuits Electromagnetic induction Faraday s law Fleming s right-hand rule Lenz s law Dynamically induced emf Statically induced emf Self induced emf Inductance Mutually induced emf Mutual inductance Energy stored in magnetic field Dot convention Inductance in series 75 3 Methods of Circuit Analysis Introduction 88
11 Contents xi 3.2 Circuit Elements Voltage source Current Source Source transformation Nodal analysis Mesh analysis Linearity Homogeneity Superposition Superposition theorem Thevenin s theorem Thevenin s resistance Norton s theorem Maximum power transfer theorem Reciprocity theorem Star-Delta Conversion Single Phase ac Circuits Introduction Sinusoids Phasors Transformation of derivatives into phasor domain Complex number representation Mathematical operations with complex numbers Effective or RMS value Effective value of an arbitrary current RMS value of a complex wave 169
12 xii Contents 4.5 Average value Average value of a sine wave Average value of an arbitrary current Form factor Crest factor or peak factor or amplitude factor Voltage current relationship in circuit elements AC through pure ohmic resistance AC through a pure inductance AC through a pure capacitor Impedance and admittance Series ac circuits Series R-L circuit Series R-C circuit Series R-L-C circuit Parallel circuits Three phase circuits Balanced three-phase voltage Star-connected system Star-connected voltages Phase and line quantities in star-connected systems Power in star connected systems Delta-connected system Phase and line quantities in delta-connected systems Power in delta connected systems Measurement of three phase power Measurement with one wattmeter 251
13 Contents xiii Measurement with two wattmeter method Three wattmeter method Electrical Wiring and Estimation Introduction List of Symbols Supply Voltages Service Connection Interior wiring Cleat wiring Wood Casing Wiring Batten wiring Conduit wiring Cable Specification Guidelines for sub-circuits and fittings Simple Wiring Schemes Control with one switch Two way control of lamps Three way control of lamps Lighting Sources Incandescent lamp Fluorescent lamp CFL Bulbs Light emitting diode Comparison of different light sources Fuses Advantages and disadvantages of fuses 286
14 xiv Contents Desirable properties of a fuse element Important terms related to fuse Types of fuses Miniature circuit breaker Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) Earthing Earthing systems Methods of earthing Uses of earthing Computation of Energy consumed Typical power ratings for appliances Standard sockets and plugs BEE star rating Electric Shock First aid for electric shock Causes for leakage currents Prevention to be taken to prevent electrical shocks Electrical Instruments Introduction Classification of instruments Mechanical, electrical and electronic instruments Absolute and secondary instruments Indicating, recording and integrating instruments Principles of operation Essential operating forces in indicating instruments Deflecting or operating torque 314
15 Contents xv Controlling or restoring torque Damping Torque Ammeters and voltmeters Types of ammeters and voltmeters Permanent Magnet Moving Coil instruments (PMMC) Construction Deflecting torque in PMMC meters Advantages and disadvantages of PMMC Extension of range as an ammeter Extension of range as a voltmeter Moving iron instruments Attraction type instruments Deflecting torque in attraction type MI instruments Repulsion type MI instruments Advantages and disadvantages of MI instruments Extension of range Errors in meters Errors in PMMC meters Errors in MI meters Electrodynamometer Wattmeter Construction Deflecting torque Energy meter Construction Deflecting torque Errors in energy meters 340
16 xvi Contents Part II Electric Machines Introduction to Electric Machines Electric Energy Basic principles of electric machines Basic types and constructional features D.C. machines Synchronous machines Induction machines Single phase a.c. motors Transformers Losses in Machines Copper losses Iron losses Mechanical losses DC Machines Generators Introduction Principle of working Construction of a d.c. generator Yoke Armature core Armature windings Pole Core and Shoe Field coil (winding) Commutator Brushes and bearings E.m.f. equation of d.c. generator 363
17 Contents xvii 2.5 Types of d.c. generator Separately excited generator Self-excited generator Shunt generator Series generator Compound generator Losses in d.c. generator Iron loss Copper losses Mechanical losses Power stages and efficiency Armature reaction Generator characteristics Magnetisation characteristics Load characteristics of d.c. shunt generator Load characteristics of d.c. series generator Load characteristics of d.c. compound generator Critical resistance of a shunt generator O.C.C. at different speeds Voltage build-up of shunt generator Application of DC generators DC Motors Introduction Generator action in a motor Condition for maximum power Torque developed in a motor 405
18 xviii Contents 3.5 Motor characteristics Types of d.c. motors Characteristics of motors Characteristics of shunt motor Characteristics of dc series motor Characteristics of d.c. compound motors Performance curves of shunt motor Performance curves of d.c. series motor Applications of d.c. motors Losses and efficiency of d.c. motors Testing of d.c. motors Brake test Swinburne s test D.C. motor starters Three point starter Series motor starter Speed control of d.c. shunt motors Flux control Armature control Speed control of series motors Flux control Rheostatic control Transformers Introduction Working principle of a transformer Transformer ratings 460
19 Contents xix 4.3 Transformer construction Core-type transformers Shell-type transformers Single phase transformer Ideal transformer on no-load E.M.F. equation Voltage transformation ratio Transformer with resistance and magnetic leakage (Practical transformer) Phasor diagram of transformer on no-load Transformer on load Phasor diagram on-load Equivalent resistance and reactance Equivalent circuit Approximate equivalent circuit Performance of transformers Efficiency of transformer Regulation of a transformer Transformer tests Open-circuit test or no-load test Short-circuit text Predetermination of efficiency and regulation from OC and SC test data Condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer Separation of core losses All-Day Efficiency Auto transformer 515
20 xx Contents 5 Three phase induction motors Introduction Construction Squirrel - Cage rotor Wound rotor or phase-wound rotor Production of rotating magnetic field Principle of operation Frequency of rotor current Torque developed Starting torque Condition for maximum starting torque Torque under running conditions Condition for maximum torque under running conditions Break down Torque Full load torque Torque-slip characteristics (or Torque-Speed Characteristics) Power stages in an induction motor Relationship between various power stages Synchronous watt Starting of induction motors Direct-on-Line [DOL] starting Stator rheostat starter or primary resistor starter Auto transformer starter Star-delta starter Rotor rheostat control Equivalent circuit of induction motor 565
21 Basic Electrical Engineering 50% OFF Publisher : Sanguine Publishers ISBN : Author : Dr. K Uma Rao & Dr. A Jaylaxmi Type the URL : Get this ebook
Contents. Review of Electric Circuitd. Preface ;
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