Contents. Preface... xiii Introduction... xv. Chapter 1: The Systems Approach to Control and Instrumentation... 1

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2 Contents Preface... xiii Introduction... xv Chapter 1: The Systems Approach to Control and Instrumentation... 1 Chapter Overview...1 Concept of a System...2 Block Diagram Representation of a System...3 Analog (Continuous Time) Systems... 5 Linear System Theory: Continuous Time...5 First-Order System...9 Second-Order System...11 Steady-State Sinusoidal Frequency Response of a System...16 State Variable Formulation of Models...17 Control Theory...20 Open-Loop Control Closed-Loop Control...21 Stability of Control System...28 Root-Locus Techniques...29 Robustness of Control-System Stability...31 Closed-Loop Limit-Cycle Control...34 Instrumentation...35 Measurement Issues...36 Systematic Errors Basic Measurement System...39 Sensor Random Errors Signal Processing Filtering...45 Filter-Design Techniques...46 v

3 vi Contents Chapter 2: Discrete Time Systems Theory Digital Subsystem...55 Sinusoidal Frequency Response...56 Discrete Time Control System...63 Closed Loop Control...68 Example Discrete Time Control System...72 Summary...77 Chapter 3: Electronics Fundamentals Semiconductor Devices...80 Diodes Rectifier Circuit Transistors...87 Field-Effect Transistors Integrated Circuits...99 Operational Amplifiers Use of Feedback in Op Amps Summing Mode Amplifier Phase-Locked Loop Sample and Zero-Order Hold Circuits Digital Circuits Binary Number System Logic Circuits (Combinatorial) NOT Gate AND Gate OR Gate Combination Logic Circuits Logic Circuits with Memory (Sequential) ReS Flip-Flop JK Flip-Flop Synchronous Counter Register Circuits Shift Register Integrated Circuits The Microprocessor Chapter 4: Microcomputer Instrumentation and Control Microcomputer Fundamentals Digital versus Analog Computers

4 Contents vii Parts of a Computer Microcomputers versus Mainframe Computers Programs Microcomputer Tasks Microcomputer Operations Buses Memory Read/Write Timing Addressing Peripherals CPU Registers Accumulator Register Condition Code Register Microprocessor Architecture Reading Instructions Initialization Operation Codes Program Counter Branch Instruction Jump Instruction Jump-to-Subroutine Instruction Example Use of a Microcomputer Buffer Programming Languages Assembly Language Logic Functions Shift Programming the AND Function Masking Shift and AND Use of Subroutines Microcomputer Hardware Central Processing Unit Memory: ROM Memory: RAM I/O Parallel Interface Digital-to-Analog Converter Analog-to-Digital Converter Sampling Polling

5 viii Contents Interrupts Vectored Interrupts Microcomputer Applications in Automotive Systems Instrumentation Applications of Microcomputers Digital Filters Microcomputers in Control Systems Closed-Loop Control System Limit-Cycle Controller Feedback Control Systems Table Lookup Multivariable and Multiple Task Systems Chapter 5: The Basics of Electronic Engine Control Motivation for Electronic Engine Control Exhaust Emissions Fuel Economy Federal Government Test Procedures Fuel Economy Requirements Meeting the Requirements The Role of Electronics Concept of an Electronic Engine Control System Inputs to Controller Output from Controller Definition of Engine Performance Terms Torque Power Fuel Consumption Engine Overall Efficiency Calibration Engine Mapping Effect of Air/Fuel Ratio on Performance Effect of Spark Timing on Performance Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Performance Exhaust Catalytic Converters Oxidizing Catalytic Converter The Three-Way Catalyst Electronic Fuel-Control System Engine Control Sequence Open-Loop Control...213

6 Contents ix Closed-Loop Control Closed-Loop Operation Analysis of Intake Manifold Pressure Measuring Air Mass Influence of Valve System on Volumetric Efficiency Idle Speed Control Electronic Ignition Chapter 6: Sensors and Actuators Automotive Control System Applications of Sensors and Actuators Variables to be Measured Airflow Rate Sensor Pressure Measurements Engine Crankshaft Angular Position Sensor Magnetic Reluctance Position Sensor Hall-Effect Position Sensor Optical Crankshaft Position Sensor Throttle Angle Sensor Temperature Sensors Typical Coolant Sensor Sensors for Feedback Control Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor Oxygen Sensor Improvements Knock Sensors Automotive Engine Control Actuators Fuel Injection Exhaust Gas Recirculation Actuator Variable Valve Timing VVP Mechanism Model Electric Motor Actuators Brushless DC Motors Stepper Motors Ignition System Ignition Coil Operations Chapter 7: Digital Powertrain Control Systems Introduction Digital Engine Control Digital Engine Control Features...312

7 x Contents Control Modes for Fuel Control Engine Start Open-Loop Mode Acceleration/Deceleration Engine Crank Engine Warm-Up Open-Loop Control Closed-Loop Control Acceleration Enrichment Deceleration Leaning Idle Speed Control Discrete Time Idle Speed Control EGR Control Variable Valve Timing Control Electronic Ignition Control Closed-Loop Ignition Timing Spark Advance Correction Scheme Integrated Engine Control System Secondary Air Management Evaporative Emissions Canister Purge Automatic System Adjustment System Diagnosis Summary of Control Modes Engine Crank (Start) Engine Warm-Up Open-Loop Control Closed-Loop Control Hard Acceleration Deceleration and Idle Automatic Transmission Control Torque Converter Lock-Up Control Differential and Traction Control Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain Control Chapter 8: Vehicle-Motion Controls Representative Cruise Control System Digital Cruise Control Hardware Implementation Issues Throttle Actuator Cruise Control Electronics...400

8 Contents xi Stepper Motor-based Actuator Electronics Vacuum-Operated Actuator Advanced Cruise Control Antilock Braking System Tire-Slip Controller Electronic Suspension System Variable Damping via Variable Strut Fluid Viscosity Variable Spring Rate Electronic Suspension Control System Electronic Steering Control Four-Wheel Steering Summary Chapter 9: Automotive Instrumentation and Telematics Modern Automotive Instrumentation Input and Output Signal Conversion Multiplexing Multirate Sampling Advantages of Computer-Based Instrumentation Display Devices LED LCD Transmissive LCD VFD Flat Panel Display Fuel Quantity Measurement Coolant Temperature Measurement Oil Pressure Measurement Vehicle Speed Measurement High-Speed Digital Communications (CAN) CAN Network Trip Information Computer Telematics GPS Navigation The GPS System Structure Automotive Diagnostics Chapter 10: Diagnostics and Occupant Protection Electronic Control System Diagnostics...522

9 xii Contents Service Bay Diagnostic Tool Onboard Diagnostics Model-Based Sensor Failure Detection Diagnostic Fault Codes Onboard Diagnosis (OBD II) Model-Based Misfire Detection System Expert Systems in Automotive Diagnosis Occupant Protection Systems Glossary Quiz questions Index