The University of New South Wales. School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications. Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Topic 6

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1 The University of New South Wales School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Topic 6 PROTECTIONS

2 1 FUNCTION OF ELECTRICAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS

3 Problems: Current overload Short circuit current effects Earth fault current (and possible arcing) Excessive thermal heating (by overload or limitation of thermal dissipation) Voltage excursions outside operation limits Unbalanced 3-phase currents and voltages Frequency variations Loss of synchronism of motors

4 3 primary aims of electrical protection: Protection against personnel injury Protection against equipment damage Coordination and proper discrimination of protection operation

5 We focus only on Over-current protection Requirements Reliability - dependable and secure Fast action if necessary with speed dependent on fault magnitude Selectivity (discrimination) in its isolation of circuitry

6 Functions required (for over-current protection): Current monitoring current transformer (CT) acts as current source to protection relay (burden). Timing of operation protection relay or microprocessor controller provides tripping signal to C/B after a suitable time (short for high fault currents, longer for low currents) Circuit interruption by fuse or circuit breaker actuated by relay

7 Small installations use miniature circuit breakers [MCBs] or moulded case circuit breakers [MCCBs] with current sensor and timer incorporated within breaker housing. In large supply systems, current sensor, timing relay, and interrupter are separate items.

8 2 ZONES OF PROTECTION

9 Divide network into smaller areas, each zone served by its own protection device. Overlap of zones for greater reliability Zoning example: Transformer Motors / generators Overhead lines Feeders and final circuits

10 Zones of protection indicated by dashed lines enclosing power-system components in each zone.

11 Differential Relay

12 Protection for three-phase transformer

13 3 PRIMARY AND BACKUP PROTECTION To improve reliability Used in some situations Radial networks normally have series arranged protective elements

14 4 PROTECTION RELAYS

15 Use with some sensors (eg. CT) Relay compares sensor output with some predetermined upper limit which is the allowable normal operating limit. When limit exceeded, relay will then operate, e.g. trip C/B after some appropriate time delay.

16 well-defined current-time characteristic. A specific current will cause relay to trip and thus operate C/B at a well-defined time after fault initiation. in general, follow inverse I-t relationship, with high fault currents causing tripping in shortest times. have facilities to change operating times and tripping currents over a wide range of values. used to grade operating time of series circuit protection to achieve proper discrimination of operation for a particular application.

17 Classification of relay types: Function: protection, monitoring, control, auxiliary Type: electromagnetic, electronic/computerbased, non-electric (e.g. thermal, pressure, mechanical etc.) Parameters sensed: current, voltage, frequency, power, temperature, pressure, velocity. concerned only with current sensing relays of electromagnetic, electronic and microprocessor computer-based types

18 Numbering scheme for common protection relays: 49 Thermal relay 50 Instantaneous overcurrent relay 51 Time-delay overcurrent relay 64 Earth fault protection relay 67 Directional overcurrent relay 79 Reclosing relay

19 5 OVERCURRENT PROTECTION BY CURRENT TRANSFORMERS AND RELAYS

20 Discrimination is important in large scale high power high voltage systems. Protection requires much greater flexibility in operating times. Achieved by use of a separate CT as fault current sensor, feeding a separate protection relay which is then used to trip a CB after a time determined by relay operating characteristics.

21 Current-time characteristics: Inverse IDMT (Inverse definite minimum time) Very inverse IDMT Extremely inverse IDMT Instantaneous operation Long time earth fault Definite time operation relay (e.g 2, 4, 8s etc)

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24 Unit protection: Discrimination achieves minimal disruption but requires delayed response time for through fault current. If fault occurs within an item such as a transformer, protection should also be able to operate very quickly in response to such an internal fault. Unit operation provides protection only for faults within a particular item of equipment. Use 2 CTs as sensors at input and output. Any difference (differential current) will indicate a fault within unit. This can be used to operate an instantaneous trip relay.

25 CT requirements: Design of protection CTs is different from metering CTs. More difficult: wide dynamic range to detect high fault current response to high-frequency currents Protection CTs have dynamic range from 1 25 p.u. of rated current over which good (though not necessarily high) accuracy must be maintained Differential use: rely on two CTs being identical in characteristics. often not so even for same design.

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28 Plug Setting (PS): Standard overcurrent relays are usually rated at either 1A or 5 A tripping current. discrete settings in terms of rated trip current. 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200% Example: can set trip current between 2.5A and 10A for standard 5A relay Earth fault relays have different settings: 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80%

29 Time multiplier setting (TMS): Standard operating time can be adjusted continuously in the range 0.1 to 1. Example: Standard IDMT, operating time = 3s at M=10 If set TMS=0.2 then operating time = 0.6s Thus can use same relay type but vary PS and TMS for different protection operations.

30 6 DETERMINATION OF RELAY SETTING

31 In idealised situation pickup occur if PSM just exceeds 1 no tripping even if PSM only slightly less than 1 Inaccuracies and mechanical delays in relay operation in practice When designing protection: To ensure operation when fault present, choose a minimum PSM of 1.3 To ensure non-operation under normal operational conditions, choose PSM <0.8 Thus, PSM between 0.8 and 1.3, under normal system operation, should be avoided.

32 Basic time/current characteristics of IDMT relays.

33 Time grading between relays in series.

34 EXAMPLES

35 Transformer IDMT relay 11kV busbar Transformer 33/11kV 20MVA current transformer [1000/5] circuit breaker CT [400/5] Feeder IDMT relay PS=125% TMS=0.3 feeders

36 Feeder relay: Fault current 5000A 5000 x 5/400 = 62.5A to relay Rated relay current = 5A, PS = 125% pick-up current = 1.25 x 5 = 6.25 A. Thus, PSM = 62.5/6.25 = 10 from relay curve tripping time = 3s for PSM=10 at TMS=1 time multiplier=0.3 actual operating time 0.3x3 = 0.9s Add 0.5s margin to allow for uncertainties in operation time. Thus, need transformer protection relay to operate after 1.4s at 5000A fault current.

37 Transformer relay: (1) First find PS for normal load conditions transformer rated current = 1050A (on 11kV side) allow overload of 1.3 pu (=1365A) without tripping relay Thus, at this current PSM should be <1.0, say 0.9 to ensure non-operation at normal loads up to 1.3 pu At 1365A, actual relay current = 1365 x 5/1000 = 6.8 A For a rated relay operating current of 5A, this gives a multiple of 6.8/5 = 1.36 times relay operating rating. Nearest PS is 150%. This gives PSM = 6.8/1.5x5 = Close enough to 0.9 to ensure non-operation so choose PS = 150%.

38 Transformer relay: (2) Determine operating time at specified fault current level. For 5000A fault, relay current = 5000 x 5/1000 = 25 A Thus, fault current PSM = 25/1.5x5 = 3.33 From IDMT curve at PSM = 3.33, relay operating time = 5.7s at TMS=1. Need operating time of 1.4s for proper discrimination. Thus, TMS of transformer relay 1.4/5.7 = (say 0.25) Thus, required settings of transformer relay are: PS: 150% TMS: 0.25

39 Another example:

40 why?

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47 Time-current curves with discrimination.

48

49 AS/NZS :2004 Electrical accessories circuit breakers for overcurrent protection for household and similar installations.

50 Conventional tripping current = current value that causes CB to trip within the conventional time Conventional time is 1h for CB with rated current <64A or 2h for above Conventional tripping current of CB is 1.45 times its rated current. Conventional non-tripping current of CB is 1.13 times its rated current.

51 Preferred values of rated current: 6, 8, 10, 13, 16, 20, 25 32, 40, 50, 63, 80, 100, 125A Standard values of rated short-circuit capacity: 1500A, 3000A, 4500A, 6000A, 10kA

52 3 types of MCBs: Type B magnetic trip settings 3 to 5 times rated current. For constant load not subject to high inrush current, e.g. resistive loads Type C trip settings 5 to 10 times rated current. Suitable for general purpose, most common Type D trip settings 10 to 20 (or even 50) times rated current. Used mostly for highly inductive loads, eg. motors Type B: If 3 I N, opening time not less than 0.1s. If 5 I N, will trip in less than 0.1s

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58 Maximum disconnection times 0.4 s for final sub-circuits that supply socket outlets (<64A), or hand-held class 1 equipment, or portable equipment for manual movement during use 5 s for other circuits including sub-mains and final sub-circuits supplying fixed or stationery equipment

59 Residual current devices (RCD) or earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB) prevent electrocution when current leaks through body to general ground mass earth provide protection by tripping when earth leakage current exceeds limit 30mA 0.3s RCDs required for circuits supplying lighting and socket outlets in domestic installations socket outlet circuits in residential sections of other electrical installations problem of nuisance tripping

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61 RCD level of sensitivity. Type 1: rated tripping current < 10mA mainly for protection of single appliances and in various hospital situations. Type 2: rated tripping current between 10mA - 30mA protect final sub-circuits where a group of appliances require protection against direct contact (resulting in ventricular fibrillation).. Type 3: rated tripping current > 30mA protect heavier equipment where protection against indirect contact only is required.

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