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1 The right picture can be worth a thousand words. Here, circuit diagrams and oscilloscope patterns aid in visualizing the effects of resistance at two locations in a series circuit. Mark Warren smwarren@motor.com I ve had lots of requests recently for a more basic explanation of Ohm s law as it relates to voltage drops, so here goes. We ll use a simple series circuit with a taillight bulb as the load (Fig. 1 below). Fig. 2 on page 23 shows the voltage and current traces from the series circuit in Fig. 1, our taillight bulb. In this example, the variable resistor is set at minimum resistance. The red trace (supply voltage) remains nearly constant throughout the test. The green trace (supply voltage after the resistor) has a small voltage drop relative to the current draw and slight resis- Fig. 1 tance. The blue trace (ground) remains constant throughout the test. The yellow trace (current) is the most interesting waveform. When the switch is closed, completing the circuit, there s a large inrush current (see box on next page). Light bulbs have very little filament resistance when cold. As the filament heats up to glowing temperature, the resistance increases dramatically. Note that the inrush current is almost 10 amps, while the steady-state current is 1.8 amps. (This is why bulbs usually blow on start-up.) This illustrates one important principle of Ohm s law: If voltage re- continued on page 22 In this series circuit, a variable resistor has been added to the positive side of the circuit, before the normal circuit load (the taillight bulb). Three separate test points are used to track what happens when additional resistance is added or removed. Screen captures & illustrations: Mark Warren 20 August 2007
2 One principle of Ohm s law states that if voltage remains constant, as resistance increases, current drops. mains constant, as resistance increases, current drops. While the variable resistor is set at its minimum resistance, there s still a slight voltage drop (green trace) downstream of the resistor. This also illustrates another important Ohm s law principle: With resistance in a circuit, the greater the current draw, the greater the voltage drop. Remember, zero current equals zero voltage drop across a resistor. Too many times I ve seen techs test circuits for voltage drop, with no load applied. I can t tell you how many times my techs declared a ballast resistor to be bad while testing for voltage drop, with the engine off and points open. Okay, it seems I m dating myself here. Circle #17 Fig. 1 is also the diagram for the waveforms in Fig. 3 (opposite page). In this example, we started the trace with high resistance/zero current flow in the variable resistor. I slowly turned the resistance down and then back up until no current flowed. The red trace (supply voltage before the resistor) was steady throughout the test. The blue trace (ground-side voltage) was also steady throughout the test. The green trace (supply voltage downstream from the variable resistance) started at zero. This is a 14-volt drop; all of the available system voltage is dropped across 22 August 2007
3 Fig. 2 These are the voltage and current traces taken from the various test points of our series circuit. The variable resistor is set at minimum resistance in this example. Stop Losing Customers! Sending a car to the dealership for PCM flashes tells your customer, I can t fix your car! Don t Buy Every Factory Scantool The CarDAQ-Plus can flash most newer cars, replacing over $50,000 worth of factory scantools. Diagnostic software available. Fig. 3 The same series circuit and test points were used in this example. The test began with high resistance/ zero current flow. Resistance was slowly removed, then added until returning to the high resistance/ zero current flow state. continued on page 24 Get Started with a Low Investment The Mongoose family of OEM specific flash tools start at $295 and allow ECU flashing and security key programming. Ford, GM, and Import versions available. Drew Technologies has more experience with J2534 and covers more models than any other vendor. Drew Technologies Circle # August
4 Too many times I ve seen some of my techs test circuits for voltage drop, with no load applied. Fig. 4a We ve split the last set of screen captures into two halves. In this half, we see the voltage readings at the test points. The test began with high resistance/zero current flow. Resistance was slowly removed from the ground side, then added until returning to the high resistance/zero current flow state. Circle #19 the high resistance. With all of the available voltage gone, no current flows. As I dialed the resistance lower, we reached a tipping point where the inrush current started and the current waveform (yellow trace) jumped up. As I continued to dial the resistance down to near zero, the current increased (yellow trace) and the voltage (green trace) rose to system voltage (14 volts). Cranking the resistance back in (Fig. 3), you can see the green voltage trace and the yellow current trace both dropped in direct proportion to each other. Note that the drop at the end is not as dramatic as the inrush current. It takes less current and voltage (watts) to keep the filament hot than it does to initially heat it. Now let s shift to Figs. 4a, 4b and 5. Almost every aspect of the circuit reaction in Figs. 4a and 4b will be the same as before: The red and blue traces remain steady, unaffected by the resistance. The yellow current trace will be similar to what we saw in Fig. 3. The green trace, ground-side upstream from the resistance, will have a similar but opposite voltage drop from the positive-side example (Fig. 3). The variable resistor in Fig. 5 is now on the ground side of the circuit. 24 August 2007
5 Fig. 4b After the peak current and near ground voltage were reached in Figs. 4a and 4b, I started cranking resistance back in, once again lowering current (yellow trace) and the voltage rose (green trace). I hope these simple graphic examples help you visualize the important Ohm s law relationships for a series circuit. Good luck diagnosing those pesky voltages drops. And don t forget the ground side. In the other half of the ground resistance test screen capture, the current waveform peaks, then recedes as additional resistance is removed, then added to the test circuit. The tipping point where the power to support adequate inrush current and light the lamp filament is visible. We started the trace with high resistance and no current flow. Note in this example that the ground-side voltage had dropped up to 14 volts. The term voltage drop applies, but does seem somewhat counterintuitive in this case. As I cranked down the resistance, we again reached the tipping point where the power can supply adequate inrush current to start the filament glowing. As the resistance was cranked lower, the green voltage trace dropped as the yellow current trace rose. With the resistance near zero, the green voltage trace was near zero and the yellow current trace peaked. Fig. 5 Secret s Out You can get OEM Quality from your Aftermarket Supplier OEM Supplier of Starters and Alternators to 18 Major Automotive Manufacturers From our simple beginning as the first producer of the electric starter motor in 1912, to today s high-tech hybrid vehicles, Remy International continues as the leader our OEM and Aftermarket customers depend on. This circuit diagram illustrates a variation on our original test. The three test points remain in the same places, but this time they re used to track what happens when additional resistance is added or removed on the ground side of the test circuit. Circle #20 Visit us: Remy: the largest aftermarket supplier of starter motors and alternators Industry leading late model coverage Complete all-makes and all-models coverage Patented designs and components State-of-the-art engineering and manufacturing processes and facilities We start the world...and keep it running TM August
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