FS-FNG-001 SLUDGE THICKENING SERIES: SLUDGE TREATMENTS TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETS FOR EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANTS IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY

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1 FS-FNG-001 TECHNOLOGY FACT SHEETS FOR EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANTS IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY SLUDGE THICKENING SERIES: SLUDGE TREATMENTS TÍTLE SLUDGE THICKENING (FS-FNG-001) Last update September 2015 Last review

2 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 SLUDGE THICKENING (FS-FNG-001) Date September 2015 Authors Reviewed by Joaquín Suárez López Alfredo Jácome Burgos Pablo Ures Rodríguez Amendments Date Amended by Modification objective

3 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 1 of 31 INDEX 1.- SLUDGE THICKENING Objective Thickening process types 2.- GRAVITY THICKENING General description of the unit Fundamentals of concentrated suspensions settling-thickening Utility and applicability Design Design parameters Design criteria Specific technical considerations Expected results Operating problems 3.- THICKENING BY CENTRIFUGATION/BY CENTRIFUGES Fundamentals of thickening by centrifuges Utility and applicability Design Design parameters Design criteria Specific technical considerations Expected results 4.- THICKENING WITH BAND FILTERS BY GRAVITY BELT THICKENERS Fundamentals of thickening by thickening tables Utility and applicability Design Design parameters Design criteria Specific technical considerations Expected results 5.- ROTATING DRUM THICKENERS Fundamentals of thickening by rotating drum Utility and applicability Design Design parameters Design criteria Specific technical considerations Expected results 6.- SPECIFICATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF SLUDGE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEX 1 ESTIMATE OF REQUIRED AREAS ANNEX 2 GRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS UNITS

4 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 2 of SLUDGE THICKENING Objective Fluids leaving the water line create the WWTP sludge line. Two basic operations are sludge pre-treatment and thickening. Thickeners aim at separating the two phases (solid and water) efficiently, increasing solids concentrations, so that the volumes are lower a nd handling and final disposal is easier. The volume reduction is beneficial for subsequent processes such as hydrolysis, digestion, dehydration, drying and combustion. Thickening reduces the volumes to be transported and therefore, the necessary equipment, the reagent amount for its conditioning, the heat amount required by digesters, or fuel quantity to be used in any other process; necessary equipment for dehydration are also reduced and their efficiency is enhanced. Thickening is generally conducted through physical processes, including gravity thickening, flotation and centrifugation, among others Thickening process types The sludge thickening unit typology is directly linked to the characteristics of sludge to be treated. Physical, chemical and biological factors of sludge significantly influence one or another thickening process application, as well as their operation conditions. Major factors that influence: Solid particle size and shape. Viscosity and temperature. Septicity and dissolved oxygen. Natural or potential electric charge Z. Bioflocculation trends. Occluded water. Many kids of sludge are non-newtonian fluids, i.e., they show plastic or pseudoplastic properties. Typical processes are as follow: Gravity thickener. Flotation thickener. Centrifuges. Band screen filter. Rotary drum screen filter. Gravity thickening is usually used for primary and mixed sludge, as well as the ones derived from a physicalchemical process. If the sludge treatment line includes their aerobic stabilization, the thickener is generally positioned after this, as this process does not require very high sludge concentrations, not above 2-2.5%, for its proper operation. Flotation is unsuitable for concentrating biological sludge from secondary clarifier, also called excess or biological sludge. The use of centrifugation and screen filters based techniques has been extended its presence in wastewater treatment plants in recent years. Each of these will be further assessed below.

5 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 3 of GRAVITY THICKENING General description of the unit The gravity thickening design is similar to a clarifier. Thickeners are usually circular-shaped; the feed is carried out through a pipe to a central hood serving as distribution and still area, with a height that has no effect on compaction or compression bottom area. Except for small thickeners, static and with hopper floor, these units have a system of very strong bottom scrapers, which carry the sludge to a central tank and on which pickets are installed. These vertical bars, that move smoothly, enhance mass homogeneity and create preferential channels enabling the disposal of interstitial water and occluded gases generated by fermentation phenomena and facilitating the thickening. The supernatant liquid is collected by a perimeter weir and sent to the plant head or primary treatment. Figure 1.- Gravity thickener plan and height. The thickening effluent recirculates to the plant head although its SS concentration must be small. The bridge supporting the scrapers is usually fixed with a central traction. The thickened sludge is collected at the thickener bottom and is pumped to digesters or dehydration equipment, depending on the sludge line configuration. The rotating mechanism is commonly a central drive with double diametrical arm. This type of drive is convenient for the necessary torque so as to ensure the system movement. A torque limiter is commonly installed in order to avoid overvoltage events in the geared motor.

6 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 4 of 31 An appropriate gravity clarifier design involves taking account of the potential overloads and septic condition development. To avoid possible odors, the thickener is often covered with a sealed housing; this can be fixed, with masonry, or removable, being more advisable because it facilitates maintenance. Reagents are often not used in order to improve thickening Fundamentals of concentrated suspensions settling-thickening When high particle concentrations remain in the liquid, interferences among them start to arise and free settling principles cannot be applied. Three settling types are, thus, differentiated: a) Flocculent particle settling (Class or Type I): This kind of settling is present with low concentrations ((SS) below mg/l). It is typical of primary clarifiers. b) Zonal settling (Class or Type II): It occurs when intermediate solids concentrations are present ((SS) between mg/l). It is typical of secondary clarifiers. c) Compression settling (Class or Type III): This occurs with very high solids concentrations ([SS]> mg/l). It is also called thickening. Figure 2.- Relationship between settling types and concentration that are typical of suspension flocculation. The zonal settling takes place in suspensions with solids concentrations higher than mg/l. The particles interfere with each other and settle together. Since the beginning the interaction is so strong that it affects the finest particles. If water with suspended solids concentration similar to the above is left in a test tube, a clean water area at the top is observed in which the removal yield has been very high. This forms a kind of blanket that goes down and a distinct interface between the settled sludge and the clarified water appears. This settling type is typical of flocculated or coagulated suspensions.

7 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 5 of 31 Figure 3.- Zonal settling behavior of a sludge. Initially, all suspension had a uniform concentration and the interface height was h0, as shown in the figure below. During a first phase of the process A-B, the interface goes down at a constant velocity, there is a solid-liquid interface restrained settling. A deceleration area appears over time, an area defined as B-C. In C-D area a sludge compression occurs. Figure 4.- Kynch test. Zonal settling. In the clarified area the performance is in the order of 90%. The particles have been dragged and only a few remain in suspension. Performance was considerably low in smaller concentrations. The higher the concentration, the lower the interface descent velocity. The settling velocity will depend on the particle concentration and characteristics. For such a clarifier design, the main parameter is the HYDRAULIC LOADING RATE (HLR=Q/Sh), but the HRT is often limited as well. In the settling bottom area, compression settling exists. Solids concentration is very high. The settling from concentrations higher than 5000 o mg/l is of this nature. Particle weight is supported by the ones at the bottom. The design parameters from this type of settling are the HLR in order not to drag the SS, and the SOLIDS LOAD. Solids load is understood as the ratio between the solid flow entering the clarifier (Kg SS/hour) and its horizontal surface. Their units are Kg/(m 2 h). This last parameter is central in obtaining high final concentrations.

8 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 6 of 31 Figure 5.- Scheme of thickener areas. Three areas can be observed in the stationary operation of a thickener. At the top there is what might be called "clarified area", which has a low solids concentration leaking with the supernatant liquid from the weir. The following area, known as "feeding area", is characterized by presenting a significantly uniform solids concentration. Finally, the "compaction area" is included, where there is an increased concentration to the purge point of these ones Utility and applicability Table 1.- Gravity thickening utility and applicability Design TYPE OF SLUDGE Primary Primary and biological (mixed sludge) Biological USE FREQUENCY Traditional use. Very good results. High concentrations, up to 10%. Used in small plants. Satisfactory outcomes. Sludge concentrations between 4-6%. It does not bring major benefits in large plants. Not recommended. Low concentrations, about 2-3% Design parameters Hydraulic loading rate and solids load are the main design parameters. Hydraulic loading rate: it is based on the real flow through the unit, that is, which goes by the perimetral discharge weir(s) (outflow). Where: HLR = Hydraulic loading rate (m/h) Q = sludge flow sent to the thickening unit (m 3 /h) A = horizontal thickener surface (m 2 ) Solids load: it defines the required surface for an appropriate sludge thickening in the unit bottom part (compression area).. Where: CS = solids load (kg SS/m 2 /h) Q = sludge flow to the thickening unit (m 3 /h) X = solids concentration (mg/l) A = horizontal thickener surface (m 2 )

9 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 7 of 31 Hydraulic retention time: Where: HRT = hydraulic retention time (hours) h = water depth under weir (m) V = net thickening volume (m 3 ) Factors determining the gravity thickening unit operation are as follow: Sludge origin and characteristics. Flocculation nature. Influence on the process of returned solids on the water effluent. Solids load on the thickener. Solids retention time in the thickening area. Sludge blanket depth. Hydraulic retention time. Thickener form and slope. Velocity induction originated by the purge. Purge flow. Feeding system Design criteria Table 2.- Values for general design parameters. PARAMETERS PRIMARY SLUDGE ACTIVE SLUDGE (low and half load) SOLIDS LOAD (kg/m 2.day) HLR (m/hour) SLUDGE HRT (hours) THICKENED SLUDGE CONCENTRATION (%) TYPE OF SLUDGE MIXED SLUDGE (1 st and 2 nd ) EXTENDED AERATION SLUDGE STABILIZED SLUDGE OR AEROBIC DIGESTION < 130 < 35 < 70 < 35 < 35 < 1.40 < 0.45 < 0.9 < 0.45 < 0.45 > 24 > 24 > 24 > 24 > Specific technical considerations Specific technical considerations: Overflow collection will ensure both its proper distribution along the trough and the elimination of problems caused by the floaters. The central baffle height will be higher than 35% of central tank depth and its feeding will be carried out through aerial pipeline. In thickeners with scrapers, the slab shall have a minimal slope of 10%. The material used for sludge scrapers will be defined, and special emphasis will be given to sizing of the dragging geared motor, that will have to absorb the torque originated by the scrapers, for which the uniform solids load per scraper lineal meter will be at least 40 kg/m. Gravity thickeners must be covered and leak free, but facilitating inspection operations, scrapers maintenance and reparation, as well as the deodorization system, if applicable, will have to receive special attention. Thickeners, with diameter under 5 meters and hopper floor (slope greater than 45º and lower than 60º) do not have scraper systems. The compaction cone is equipped with mixing blades that prevent excessive static sludge compaction. The discharge pipelines must have large diameter so as to avoid clogging problems. A perimeter weir bringing water to the plant head is usually available for disposal of flows incorporated to the thickener. The sludge extraction from the central tank can be performed through valves or by direct suction with pumps. The extraction system should have the possibility to be timed. It may be even necessary to carry out the collection at different levels.

10 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 8 of 31 Figure 6.- Basic sketch of flows in a gravity thickener Expected results Achievable sludge concentration depending on the sludge type to be thickened: Table 3.- Typical sludge concentrations non-thickened and thickened by gravity. SLUDGE CONCENTRATION, % TYPE OF SLUDGE NON-THICKENED THICKENED Separately: Primary sludge 2 7 / / 5 10 / 8 10 / 8 10 Sludge of trickling filter 1 4/ / 7 9 Biodiscs Active sludge / / / 2-3 Extended aeration sludge F+Q Sludge with metallic salts Aerobic stabilization sludge Together: Primary sludge and trickling filter 2 6 / / 7-9 Primary sludge and biodiscs Primary sludge and active sludge / / Operating problems Table 4.- Summary of operating problems in sludge thickening system. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED CAUSES POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS Low and unusual purge Increase frequency and/or purge flow Septic odors or rise of the sludge Excessive hydraulic retention bed Reduce the retention time time Reduce the volume extracted from the High hydraulic load system Low thickening concentration Frequent or high flow purge Reduce pumping inflow Short circuits Baffle installation Sludge losses in weir located sections Height in weirs Maintenance Accumulation of very dense sludge Sludge agitation near the collector with pressurized-water lances Increased torque of scraper system Fallen objects, included from Maintenance the system itself Sand cemented sludge Review grit removal operation Review of full valve opening, Sludge clogging in discharge pipes Very high concentration unclogging with pressurized water and decreased concentration due to a purge increase Irregularities and bulking in weirs Biofilms Pressurized-water cleaning Continuous sludge loss all over the High hydraulic load Reduce the inflow weir High solids load Reduce influent concentration

11 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 9 of THICKENING BY CENTRIFUGATION/BY CENTRIFUGES Fundamentals of thickening by centrifuges The centrifuges are used to both thicken and to dehydrate sludge. Their application for the thickening is generally limited to the activated sludge thickening. The separation process of sludge solid-liquid phase using thickening centrifuges is very similar to the one that takes place in the gravity thickening; the difference is that with the centrifuges, a centrifugal force being 500 to 3000 times greater than the gravity force is applied to the sludge, and it causes the suspended solids separation and concentration. The centrifugal force application on the sludge leads to the movement of the suspended solids, moving away from the centrifuge rotation axis. The most commonly used centrifuges in the sludge thickening are the horizontal axis ones. Their main elements are a cylindrical drum with truncated cone shape on an end and a spiral conveyor screw. They are equipped with a motor to produce the drum and screw rotation, and the devices for the sludge and clarified liquid disposal. The screw and drum rotate at a different velocity. The sludge is fed into the unit continuously and the solids concentrate in the periphery. The spiral screw that rotates at a slightly different velocity moves the accumulated sludge to the truncated cone end, where an additional solids concentration is carried out prior to discharge. Depending on the progress of thickened sludge and clarified liquid within the centrifuge, two types of centrifuges can be distinguished: Centrifuges working via a current flow: the sludge and clarified liquid move in the same direction. Centrifuges working via a counter-current flow: the sludge and clarified liquid move in opposite directions (more common). At present, there is a wide range of models in the market, whose characteristics vary according to the manufacturer, and the one that best suits the sludge conditions must be elected. Figure 7.- Sketch of a centrifuge working via a counter-current flow (Alfa-Laval) Utility and applicability Generally, the centrifuges are used for the biological sludge thickening and occasionally to reduce the volume of the sludge already stabilized. The use of this equipment for the primary sludge thickening is not recommended due to its high settling capacity and because they contain materials that might be abrasive for the centrifuge equipment. It should be noted that such equipment is expensive, so extra care and maintenance should be taken. Under normal conditions, the centrifugation thickening can be performed without polymer addition. However, the energy and maintenance costs of the process may be considerable. This process is interesting for medium and large plants, with limited space and where skilled labor force is available, or in plants with sludge difficult to thicken with other techniques.

12 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 10 of Design Design parameters The factors affecting the process are as follow: A) Centrifuge design parameters: Flow factors. Co-current flow operation. Counter-current flow operation. Drum and screw geometry. Diameter. Length. Angle of the conical section, etc. Factors related to the sludge and polymer. Situation of the feeding points. Maximum rotational velocity. B) Operating parameters: Drum velocity. Differential velocity between the drum and the screw. Sludge feed factors. o Hydraulic load. o Solids load. Flocculant usage. C) Sludge characteristics Particle and floc size. Particle density. Viscosity. Temperature. SVI. Sludge age. Of all these, the basic parameters for the process control would be: Feeding sludge concentration and flow (hydraulic and solids load). Polymer concentration. Differential velocity between the drum and the screw. Thickened sludge concentration and flow. Clarified liquid concentration and flow Design criteria The most important variables in the centrifuge operation are the hydraulic load and the solids load that feeds it. The former concerns the clarified liquid quality and the latter is related to the sludge dragging capacity within the centrifuge. An increase in the feeding flow will prejudice the solids recovery in the process and/or will involve greater polymer consumption. Any change in the solids load shall be accompanied by a change in the differential velocity between the drum and the screw. The highest thickened sludge concentration is achieved with the minimum differential velocity and a flow being in line with the sludge transport capacity. Although it is not entirely necessary, the use of polymers is recommended for the optimization of the process. The use of polymers allows for increased hydraulic load in the centrifuge, as well as for higher yields in the thickened sludge concentration and in solids recovery. If the thickened sludge concentration normally obtained is between 3% and 6%, the polymer addition provides concentrations of 8%. The solids recovery increases from 85-90% to 90-95%. The type of polymer to be used and its concentration will be dependent on the characteristics of the sludge to be thickened. It is advisable to test with different types before deciding on a specific one.

13 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 11 of Specific technical considerations [This epigraph has been intentionally left blank) Expected results It is common the centrifuge yields to be quantified by the capture percentage, defined as follows: Cr Capture _ percent 1 Cs Cc Cs Cc Cr Where: Cr = solids concentration in the clarified water resulting from the process (rejection or centered), mg/l, in %. Cc = solids concentration in the cake, from the thickened sludge, mg/l, in %. Cs = solids concentration in the fed sludge, mg/l, in % Table 5.- Concentration ranges and polymer use. PARAMETER VALUES Inlet sludge concentration (%) Thickened concentration (%) 3-10 Capture efficiency (%) Polymer consumption (kg P/ t MS) THICKENING WITH BAND FILTERS BY GRAVITY BELT THICKENERS Fundamentals of thickening by thickening tables This system is rooted in dehydration band filters. The equipment consists of a band moving on rollers driven by a variable-velocity motor. The sludge conditioned by polymer is conducted into a distribution-feeding chamber located at the end of the unit. This chamber is used to distribute the sludge uniformly over the full mobile band width, while water drains through it and the sludge is guided to the discharge end. Along the way over the band, a series of blades/wedges cut and form furrows in the sludge, allowing the released water to pass through the band. Once the thickened sludge is removed, the band goes through a washing cycle. The belt should be washed with pressurized water at a certain frequency to prevent the blockage of its pores. Such frequency will depend on the used polymer quantity and type. In thickening tables, the sludge concentration takes place via drainage of the free water present in it when this is deposited on the porous horizontal belt that is in motion. This system consists of the following equipments: Sludge pumping. Polyelectrolyte preparation equipment. Thickening belt. Belt cleaning system. Sludge collection equipment. Filtering collection equipment.

14 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 12 of 31 Figure 8.- Basic scheme of a thickening table Utility and applicability Such equipment is specially indicated for gross activated sludge and digested sludge, and requires polymer addition. Occasionally, it can be used to thicken primary sludge and is not successful in physical-chemical sludge Design Design parameters Design parameters: Hydraulic load: Main design parameter of a thickening table. The feeding hydraulic load is expressed in terms of flow per belt width. Solids load Design criteria Design criteria: Hydraulic load: Table 6.- Typical values for an active sludge in a concentration of 0,5-1% are the following ones. BELT WIDTH (m) HYDRAULIC LOAD (L/s.m) Solids load: Table 7.- Solids load depending on the sludge type. TYPE OF SLUDGE SOLIDS LOAD (kg MS/m.h.) FINAL CONCENTRATION (%) Primary and biological mix Extended aeration Sludge coagul+floccul. with metallic salts The polymer amount to be used ranges between 1.5 and 4.5 kg/t MS. Flocculation time is estimated between 20 and 40 seconds.

15 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 13 of 31 The main variables the operator has in order to achieve optimum process yield are the following ones: Amount of polymer to be used. Sludge density. Belt velocity. The following table lists the influence of different variables on the results to be achieved: Table 8.- Influence of the different parameters on the results to be achieved. VARIABLES THICKENED SLUDGE CONCENTRATION SOLIDS RECOVERY USED POLYMER QUANTITY Increase in the sludge D D A feed flow Increase in the feeding A A/N D sludge concentration Long sludge age D D A Decline in the belt A A N velocity Belt blockage D A A Low pressure washing D D A Low volume of wash water D D A A: It increases D: It decreases N: It does not vary Specific technical considerations [Este apartado está en blanco de forma intencionada] Expected results Table 9.- Expected final concentrations. TYPE OF SLUDGE FINAL CONCENTRATION (%) Active sludges 4-8 Primary and biological mix 6 8 Extended aeration 3 5 Sludge coagul+floccul. with metallic salts 2-5 Digested sludge up to 10 The solids recovery is usually around 90-98%. 5.- ROTATING DRUM THICKENERS Fundamentals of thickening by rotating drum Thickening by rotating drum consists of a biological sludge conditioning system (including the polymer feeding) and cylindrical rotary sieves. The sludge is mixed with the polymer inside the mixing and conditioning drum, and then the sludge passes through a series of rotary sieves (baskets) that separate flocculated solids from water. The thickened sludge exits at the end of the drums, while the water is filtered through the sieves. The solid-liquid phases present in the sludge are separated by filtration by passing sludge, flocculated with a reagent, through a rotating drum that is the filter element capable of retaining this sludge and separating it from water. The system requires the use of a coagulant-flocculant agent, usually organic, of cationic polymer type. The main elements of the system are: Sludge feeding pumps Polyelectrolyte dosing and preparation equipment

16 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 14 of 31 Drum Filtrate or draining output Sludge output Before feeding the drum with the sludge to be thickened, polymer addition is performed (directly in the conduction or through an in-line mixing system). Once the flocculation has taken place, the conditioned sludge is introduced into the drum, along which it advances. As the drum itself is a filter medium, because it is equipped with a mesh or sieve, the flocs are retained and the released water drains outwards. The sludge output already concentrated is found at the end of the drum. On the other hand,, filtered water is collected and sent for processing. The cleaning of the drum filter mesh is a key factor in order to avoid its blockage and is performed with pressurized water, fed through a number of nozzles Utility and applicability Rotating drums are used for the thickening of biological sludge, usually derived from processes of active sludge and extended aerations. They can also be used in a thickening prior to some dehydration systems, such as filter presses. Not very high investment cost, little space requirement and no odor emission in the process are their advantages over the other thickening systems. However, they have the disadvantage of the high polymer concentration needed and the degree of attention required. These systems are commercialized in different sizes depending on the sludge flow and its concentration. The system often has certain variables which may be modified in order to optimize the operation in response to changes in the type, concentration or even in the sludge flow to be treated, although it is advisable to work within certain limits that should be specified by the equipment supplier Design Design parameters Solids load. Hydraulic load Design criteria The variables on which action can be carried out for optimizing the process are as follow: Sludge feed flow. Type of reagent. Reagent concentration. Reagent feed dosage. Agitator velocity in the flocculation reactor. Sludge transport velocity along the drum. Polymer dose will be dependent on the sludge flow to be thickened, on its concentration and settling capacity. In general, the necessary polymer dose will be increased with the VS amount and SVI. The polymer amounts needed vary depending on the sludge type, but they are usually high, around 6 kg/t MS. In any case, it should be taken into consideration that the non-formation of flocs may be due to both a low amount of added polymer and an excess of this, though in the latter case, the sludge concentration results can be improved by increasing the sludge transport velocity. The drum velocity will be determined by the sludge feed flow so as to maintain a specified output concentration. When the sludge transport velocity along the drum is high, some turbulences may occur inside, resulting in low quality filtering.

17 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 15 of 31 The drum inclination is another element to be taken into account. Very high inclination angles may lead to a product with higher concentration, but reduce drum capacity. The inclination degree should be determined on the spot in each case. The drum rotational velocity is usually in the range of 5-20 rpm Specific technical considerations [This epigraph has been intentionally left blank) Expected results Biological sludge thickenings about 3-4% are obtained with polymer addition. 6.- SPECIFICATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF SLUDGE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY [This epigraph has been intentionally left blank)

18 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 16 of 31 BIBLIOGRAPHY DEGREMONT; (1979); "Manual técnico del agua"; cuarta edición; ISBN DEGRÉMONT; (1991); "Water Treatment Handbook"; Sixth Edition; Vol.1 y 2; París. ECKENFELDER, W.W.; (1980); "Principles of water quality management"; CBI Publishing Company, Inc.; Boston. ECKENFELDER, W.W.; et al.; (1992); "Activated sludge process desing and control, theory and practice"; Technomic; Suiza; 268 págs.; ISBN GOMELLA, C.; GUERREE, H.; (1983); "Les eaux usées dans les aglomerations urbaines et rurales"; 2 vol.; Ed. Eyrolles; París. HERNÁNDEZ, A.; (1993); "Depuración de aguas residuales"; Colección Seinor (nº 9); Colegio de Ing. de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Madrid; 3º edición; ISBN IMHOFF, K.; (1969); "Manual de saneamiento de poblaciones"; Blume, Madrid. KEINATH, T.M.; WANIELISTA, M.; (1975); "Mathematical modeling for water pollution control processes"; Ann Arbor Science; Michigan. LUE-HING, C.; et al.; (1992); "Municipal sewage sludge management: processing, utilization and disposal"; Technomic; Suiza; 683 págs.; ISBN METCALF-EDDY; (1985); "Ingeniería sanitaria. Tratamiento, evacuación y reutilización de aguas residuales"; Editorial Labor; Barcelona; ISBN METCALF-EDDY; (1991); "Wastewater engineering: treatment; disposal, reuse"; 3ª Edición; McGraw-Hill International Editions; Civil Engineering Series; 1334 pags.; ISBN RAMALHO, R.S.; (1991); "Tratamiento de aguas residuales"; Editorial Reverté; Barcelona; 705 págs.; ISBN SÁNCHEZ, J.A.; (1992); "Espesamiento de fangos"; capítulo 14 en el Curso "Tratamiento de aguas residuales y explotación de estaciones depuradoras"; CEDEX - MOPT. SOBRADOS, L., LASHERAS, A.M., GÓMEZ, J. (2012); Producción y características de los fangos. Sistemas de espesamiento. Curso Tratamiento de aguas residuales y explotación de estaciones depuradoras, CEDEX, Madrid. VERNICK, A.S:; WALKER, E.C.; (1981); "Handsbook of wastewater treatment process"; Marcel Dekker Inc.; Nueva York. VESILIND, P.A.; (1974); "Treatment and disposal of wastewater sludges"; Ann Arbor Science Publishers, INc.; Michigan. WEBER, W.J.; (1979); " Control de la calidad del agua. Procesos fisico químicos"; Editorial Reverté, 654 pgs.; ISBN WEF; (1980); "Sludge thinkening"; MOP FD-1; Water Environmental Federation; Alexandria, Virginia; 159 págs. WEF; (1990); "Operation of municipal wastewater treatment plants"; Water Environmental Federation; 3 vol.; Alexandria, Virginia; 1342 págs. WEF - ASCE; (1992); "Desing of municipal wastewater treatment"; MOP 8; Water Environmental Federation; 2 vol.; American Society of Civil Engineering; Alexandria, Virginia; 1592 págs.

19 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 17 of 31 WEF; (1993); "Guidance manual for polymer selection in wastewater treatment plans"; Water Environmental Federation; Alexandria, Virginia; 212 págs. WEF; (1994); "Basic activated slugge process control"; Water Environmental Federation; Alexandria, Virginia; 240 págs. WEF; (1994); "Activated sludge"; MOP OM-9; Water Environmental Federation; Alexandria, Virginia; 182 págs. WRc; (1994); "Guidelines for desing and operation of sewage sludge consolidation tanks"; Water Research Center; Gran Bretaña; 167 págs.

20 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 18 of 31 ANNEX 1 ESTIMATE OF REQUIRED AREAS SOLIDS LOAD (kg/m 2.day) FLOW (m 3 /h) ESTIMATE OF REQUIRED AREA FOR GRAVITY THICKENING Concentration (g/m 3 ) Adopted value Solid flow (kg/h) REQUIRED AREA (m 2 ) Approximate diameters (m)

21 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 19 of 31 Estimate of gravity thickening table sizes (AquaBelt trademark is used as a reference).

22 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 20 of 31 Estimate of required area for centrifuges (PIERALISI trademark is used as a reference).

23 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 21 of 31 ANNEX 2 GRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS UNITS Figure 1 General view of a gravity thickener with scraper bridge Figure 2 General view of a gravity thickener with scraper bridge.

24 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 22 of 31 Figure 3 Detail of bottom scrapers and mixing pickets. Figure 4 Detail of the central baffle at the sludge feeding inlet.

25 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 23 of 31 Figure 5 General view of a thickener with a concrete coverture. Figure 6 General view of a thickener with plastic covering.

26 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 24 of 31 Figure 7 Gravity thickener with floating sludge problems. Figure 8 Gravity thickener with floating sludge problems.

27 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 25 of 31 Figure 9 Metallic sludge thickener with hopper bottom. Figure 10 General view of a thickening centrifuge.

28 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 26 of 31 Figure 11 Thickening centrifuge scheme. Figure 12 General appearance of a centrifuge (Alfa-Laval). Figure 13 Rotating conveyor detail in a centrifuge (Alfa-Laval).

29 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 27 of 31 Figure 14 Gravity belt thickener. Figure 15 Gravity belt thickener operation scheme Figure 16 Final appearance of a thickened sludge

30 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 28 of 31 Figure 17 Gravity belt thickener view. (OMEGA 30 THC). Figure 18 Gravity belt thickener elements detail. (EMO-Environment by tecnology).

31 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 29 of 31 Figure 19 Rotating drum sludge thickener (ROTAMAT-HUBER, RoS 2). Figure 20 Rotating drum thickener operation scheme (ROTAMAT-HUBER).

32 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 30 of 31 Figure 21 Basket thickener for biological sludge (Alfa Laval). Figure 22 Basket centrifuge (Alfa-Laval).

33 SLUDGE THICKENING FS-FNG-001 Page. 31 of 31 Figure 23 Basket detail in a thickener Figure 24. General view of a discscreen thickener (HUBER - ROTAMAT RoS 2S sized for 35 m 3 /h).

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