ºBµ²±¼{» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn» ¼~dU S oz¼q BM,» k¼ U BM»½ nb½ n

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1 1382 q¼½bq.3 nbª{, µjpa j Bw. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«Exceptional Talents, 2003 (Autumn), Vol. 12, No. 3 ºBµ²±¼{» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn» ¼~dU S oz¼q BM,» k¼ U BM»½ nb½ n # jbpªw Ap±«Cy Aj ²k¼ña»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{» ¼~dU xq¼ A b± w ¼M MAn»wnoM kµ BM yµ sq ½A» «B«pBw»{p±«C Aj nj (» B½n ²oª )» ¼~dUS oz¼q BM,» k¼ U BM 177 n± «½kM /SwA ²k{ B\ A Ao U BTwo { (jbpªw) Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA xn oq tb¼ «³M Ao U jbpªw µan ±w Bw Ap±«Cy Aj pa (ovq 97 otij 8å) o (1995) ² A» k¼ UBM»½ nb½ nºbµ²±¼{ ³«B zwoq (1989) k o» ¼~dU xq¼ A A Bvª¼» B½n oª» ¼~dU S oz¼q }ib{ k jaj gwbq (1981) t±«q ¼ ¼M,yµ sq [½BT /k{ ZAohTwA Bµ» j±«pc» ¼~dU S¼í ³«B nb pa ³ j±m Ap±«Cy Aj xq¼ A najb í «MAn,» q¼ A»M,» ¼~dU xq¼ A b± w B¼«pA ³ jaj Bz»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{ B¼«nj ¼ `ªµ /k naj» ¼~dU S oz¼q BM najb í«slx«man» nj Bz» ¼~dU S oz¼q BM An» TvLªµ ½oTz¼M ³ Ãv«oM q oªt½ nb½ n ±¼{,» k¼ UBM»½ nbçç½ n ²±¼ÇÇ{ q¼çç»{q¼çç A b± ÇÇw o½bççw»wnoççm nj ºnAjB íçç«çççman /jaj B j 1381 ²Bª½j nj» BµAo» kªd«ot j ºB C»½Bª µan ³M ³» Be Rozî Bi ³«B B½BQ pa K B\ ½A w±u ³ B «½A # (ºA²rA ja±]) /SwA ²k{ ½ ku ZAohTwA 259

2 260. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«ºB U B ÇU»wnoÇM /S{AkÇ j±]» ¼~dU S oz¼q BM B\¼µ om q oªt«¼m An ºnAjB í«ºpbw k Bªµ ¼ U,»{q¼ A b± w nj AovQ AoTij RAoª ¼ B¼«R B U,»T¼v ] /jaj Bz B\¼µ om q oªt½ nb½ n ±¼{» o¼m ¼ U ²k{,» ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq,» k¼ ÇU,»½ nbç½ n ºBµ²±¼Ç{,» ¼~dU xq¼ A:Bµ²rA /x±µq¼u ³«k «É jnaj ³ BÇw naqçµ j» ±Ç um MBÇw x±µq¼u k«cowjao A ±«Ao¼Q oñ U º R B U µbm Bh{AAoa k AkM k{ k ª Àî Bv AnBM ¼ AºAoM³ jjo»«om» B«p³MÁBªTeA g½nbçu ± nj k«cow Bh{A ³ jjo»«b½bª»{±µq¼u ±«Ao¼Q» Bª]A í B «BM /k naj ºBǵjAkíTÇwA,kz½kÇ A»Ç«xj±Çi S oz¼çq ¾B ÇM ³M ³ ºA³í«B] oµ k A²j±M ³]±U jn±«o{» B ] S oe ð½ ³ SwB Bw» n± M/kµj»«nAo ³]±U ± B njan j±i Bzinj ³»½Bµn±z /SwA ²jo ºo¼ S ], B{±µq¼U B Lh BL nj²s½ ³]±U Sªw ³M ²k{ An»½Ao o¼w p om p n ³ñ M k Tv¼ ±U Be nj,k»ª B ªµ S oe ½A BM An j±i x±µq¼çu³çm ³]±U kî,o ½j º±w pa /k o¼»«a nb ½A BM ºjB½p nb¼vm ³ æb k ½Bª¼Q»«x±µq¼UjAo A o i» A nºb ½nBª¼MpA»ioM/k{ kµa±iº» A nk¼wck]±«²aoªç ³ BÇ oç KUBñ«k½B î AkMA,nBªíTwA jakltwa,»îbªt]a ºnBñµqM /k{bm»«³m SLv ²s½ ³]±U kî oªy,o ½j ºB L¼wC paºnb¼vm nbl B½p é½b æ íw±u k¼ / SwA x±µq¼u jo S oz¼çq ³ÇM x±µq¼çu kítçv«ap±ç«cy Aj» k p pa ºA³ eà«mb yhm ³ B\ C pa xn oçq xp±«c AnB nk A Swj S¼MoU ¼ íu B~~hT«,j±{»«±Mo«B C» ¼~dU ǽA»ÇUAl ºBǵjAkíTÇwA Bµ»½BÇ A±ÇU»½B ±ñ{ k{n S ] nj k naj A±U nj ³` C»Tv½BM dçu BÇ«A jo¼»ç«nao»tyan K B ð½ nj ³ao»{±µq¼U Ao½p,k o¼ nbñm Ap±«Cy Aj (1998 v ¼ÇMAn pa Ç ³ÇM,1991) 1 «k Ç /jnaj» TvM» ¼d«ºBµ²k ¼¼íU ³M C» \U ²jA± BÇi S BÇM j±ç jbçí A ±Ç ºBµ»½B A±U ³ k»«n±»t BµB XTwA> :k½±»«</k n C µao ºA³ ¼ M ½Ao{ ²k{ éª] µ BM»{p±«C ºB Tæo íç RBL]±Ç«³Ç An» Ç«A±Çî ³Ç k ±Ç«xn oçq xp±«c AnB k A Swj ½AoMB M

3 261. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«jkçæ nj q¼ç k ½BªÇ éç n»½bwb Ç{ k n C»Ç«ÇµAoÇ An x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU /jjo»«b C otz¼m ³aoµ» ¼~dUS oz¼q K]±«³ k {BM» «A±î S½± U»½BwB { ³ Ãv«B¼M É S¼íÇ pa j±çi ºjBÇî vªçµ Ap±Ç«Cy Aj BM ³v½B «nj x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj Á±ªí«x±µq¼U Ap±«Cy Aj³ SwA» ¼~dU «Bî ½AuQnjé A nj/k najn±iomºot M» ¼~dU ³ jnaj j±] jb TîA ½A BµlA paºnb¼vm nj ½A om ² Àî /jjo»«±zñ«b C ºB ¼ s½ B Ç C º BÇM o L{±Çµ pa»wbñí A H oæ,x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU T B½ S½q«S¼í B¼Ç«nj» ¼~dÇU ºBµ»TwBÇ B ¼½BwnBÇ kµbç{ k½blç ½o½mPÇM An çoç ǽA /k{bm»«b¼ç«nj ºp±Ç«C Ç Çµ ºp±«Cy¼ÇM ǵ ³Ç»Un±Çæ nj, ¼{BÇM x±µq¼ççu Ap±ÇÇ«Cy Aj B¼ÇM,(1996,nBU pa ³M,1986) 2 n±«s½a /j±{»«²kµbz«x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj ºBµ» BTwo¼ÇMj kænj 2å BU 1å k Tvµ p±«c x±µq¼u B j± kænj 5å BU 15 ³ k»«k»«±ª µn «½A ³M An B«,S¼í A ½A /k najn±iom»½ BM»½B A±U pa ²jo ¼~dU ou Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dUjoñ ªî k ³¼]±U³ jnajj±] ºo ½j «A±î BM o L{±µpAo¼ Ap±Ç«Cy Aj xoç, ǽk A RÀ¼~dÇU Aq¼Ç«,²jA± Bi»µB n RB Bñ«A :o¼ /k {BM»«é ±«,ou BM j±i S«oe,oUSLX«ºn BMj±i,oT M S{Ak Q j±i, ¼~dU ³M SLv ²jA± Bi BªÇ]oÇU k A±U»««A±î ½A pa ð½ oµ ³ ///»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{,xq¼ A,RnB» nj BLUnA»wnoM SwA ²j±M o k«¼ du ½A nj ³` C B«A /k{bm Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU joñ ªî /k{bm» ¼~dUS oz¼q BM»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{ xq¼ A Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dUS oz¼q njoyæ« «Bî An xq¼ A,(2ååå)»wj B½n /k joñ ªÇî SLXÇ«n± ÇM» ¼~dÇU xq¼ç A ³Ç kç A³T o½mçq»{q¼ A ºBµ³½o» n± M ºAoÇM»{q¼Ç A joçñ½ n nj o TǽAkǵ ³½o Ç ð½ /kµj»ç«nao o¼yfu SdU An Ap±«Cy Aj ³ jnaj»«nb A ³½o ½A /SwA,(2ååå) B½n»wj 3 ºnBTh«j±i ½o,» ¼~dU joñ ªî xq¼ A pa»u B T«o½jB «ºAnAjB U³ jao A/k{BM»«keA k½kq k o¼ om nj Rnk Mxq¼ A ³ÇM xq¼ç A ±Ç nj çnbíu ½A k naj ÀTiA q¼ xq¼ A ± S ] o pa ³ñ M k Tvµ

4 262. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«Bµjoñ ªÇî»Ç½Aoa ³M» í½,jnaj BLUnA,k ±{»«nb B\ A WîBM ³»wBwA AkµA RAo T o o nj kmy ¼ BñU B\ AºAoMH½± k A±U»«p±«Cy Aj BX«A± î³m/jjo»«±mo«k A±U»«A³ñ ½AB½/j±{²q¼ ABM ½k A B½ í«s½b n K ]o BhM,³ Àî º Bñ\ ³ Ãv«/jjo ²q¼ A BM,J±i RAoª ³M»MB¼Twj ¼ j³m B½ B UnB «paºk½k] \«ºo¼ jb½ o BhM o H ê «xq¼ A ± B S¼µB«B«Ak{BM»ª R B T«HUn o,xq¼ Ao½jB «,B BX«½Anj kç A±U»Ç«Ap±Ç«Cy Aj» ¼~dÇU joñ ªÇî k»«b¼m,ºnbth«j±i ³½o ½AoMB M /k»«/k{bm 6» q¼ A»M B½ 5» o¼m ³Th¼ AoM, 4» nj Th¼ A om paaq\«ºbµk«b¼q» ím ³M»MB¼Twjn± «³M S¼ Bí ³ SwA» B«p ³M ±Mo o¼m xq¼ A,»wj B½n pa ³M,1968, 7 q«nbaºj) SwA jb U nj» nj xq¼ ABM ³ jo¼»«b\ A C j±]» o¼m xq¼ A pa ºjkíT«A± A ³ k»«jb z¼q ºnBTh«j±i ½o,k a oµ /(2ååå /k naj jnak j±] ªî nj ºkªî k~ ³ k»«b¼man»t Be,xq¼ A Ak B½» q¼ A»M /(2ååå,»wj B½n) SwA»~h{ S¼ î tbvea k íu k B,jo nbt n»wnom x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Ajxq¼ AS¼µB«o½jB ½BwB jna±«³m³]±ubm k{bm»«yµ sq ½A AkµApA»ñ½» ¼~dUS oz¼q BM»{q¼ Ab± w ½ApAð½oµ BLUnA /SwA ²j±M ³]±U jn±«otª» L RB ¼ Ap±Ç«Cy Aj»½ nbç½ n ºBµ²±¼Ç{ ¼ÇM An ºnAjB íç«çman Ao zµ sçq,o ½j o pa /(1997,t± ±Q± ºqT B«;1996,òoL k½o q ±wnbq) k A²jAj Bz B C» ¼~dUS oz¼q oçm q oªtç ± j ³M An»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{ Th«A± A,(1991) t nap ªñ ±»MB½pnA ±`ªµ» ± pa ³ Ãv«oM q oªt«ºb { n nj /k A²jo ¼v U B\¼µ om q oªt«³ Ãv«oTz¼ÇM RBîÀ A º±\Tv] ³ Ãv«S î jo }hz«ºaom xàu B½» «¼ du,»tib {,nbñ A,JB T]A ±a»½b { n B\¼µ om q oªt½ nb½ n nj /j±{»«²jb TwA ñz«nbmnj /j±{»«³t o nbñm»îb j ºB «q¼ Bñ«k{» BL~î, jo ³½o X B\¼µ ¼ hu SLXÇ«ÇMAn» ¼~dÇU S oz¼q BM ³ Ãv«oM q oªt½ nb½ n ±¼{ ³ k T B½nj Ao zµ sq pa ³Ç» Ap±«Cy Aj» í½,jnaj» «MAn» ¼~dU S oz¼q BM B\¼µ om q oªt½ nb½ n ±¼{ ºBµ²±¼Ç{ pa ³Ç» Ap±«Cy Aj ³M SLv k»«²jb TwA ³ Ãv«oM q oªt½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{

5 263. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«/k najn±iom ºoT M» ¼~dUS oz¼q pa,k»«²jb TwA B\¼µoM q oªt«bm BLUnAnj³ n± M»½ nb½ nºbµ²±¼{ xq¼ A «Bî j,²k{ B\ AºBµyµ sq nj S oz¼çq BÇM, ǵ BÇM o¼ T«j ½A BLUnA»wnoM /k A³T o nao»wnom jn± ¼~dU S oz¼q nj /SwA ²j±LÇ o Ç jn±ç LÇ RB ¼ du nj ³ k{bm»«yµ sq ½A ±w kµ» ¼~dU» ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq ¼ `ªÇµ»½ nbç½ n ºBµ²±¼Ç{ q¼ç xq¼ AS¼µB«yµ sq ½A,S½B /kµj»«nao ³v½B «jn±«an x±µq¼u AovQ AoTij ¼ du S¼ªµA É pa M nj k ±{»«J±vd«³í«B] oµ» «ºBµ³½B«ow pa x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj À TwA ³M k¼wn ºAoM ³ ¼» k p ºn±z nj B«/k½C ªî ³M SL Ao«Bª k½bm B C ³ÇM» µo绪 Çî,»Tí æ ºjB~T A,»îBªT]A ºjo ºBµ³ ¼«p nj ³L B] ³ªµ S oz¼q k «pb¼ B A±U oµb«ºbµswj k ªz½k A»½Bµq «nak¼m»½b j ³M ³T B½k{n»½BµS¼~h{,ºn± Ç«¼ Ça ºAoÇM /k ±Ç{ S¼MoÇU k½bçm B TÇwj Bµ j Bµq «BµS¼~h{ ¼ a /SwA xp±ç«c AnB nkç A Swj o½bw BwB z A n S¼MoU ¼ íu B~~hT«³ jnaj Rn o ²sǽ ³M B«n±z» Bv A émb «S¼MoU ¼ íu q k o¼ nbñm k naj A±U nj ³` C xn oq ¼ as¼mounjk A±U»«³»½B µanpa/k µj ³îB{A k ¼¼LUAnjAkíTwA BM x±µq¼u B S½± ÇU»½BwB Ç{ q¼ç,» Ç««A±î é n»½bwb {,j±{ é A oy櫺k ªz½k A ºBµq «A± î ³M xq¼ A³ B\ C pa /k{bm»«x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU joñ ªî nj SLX««A±î SLX«MAnjkíT«Ao zµ sq SwA²k{ ³TiB {xp±«cnj»tib z A nrb e૽otª «BÇz jkít竺bµyµ sçq q¼ç k A²jo RBLYA» ¼~dU joñ ªî xq¼ A ¼M ºk «o¼ BM» ¼~dUjoñ ªî»½ nb½ nouom ºBµ²±¼{ºo¼ nbñm ¼MºnAjB í«slx«mank µj» ¼~dÇU ºBµjoñ ªÇî pa»zhçm k Ç A±U»Ç«±Ç «BÇî j ǽA kwn»«o ³M jnaj j±]» ¼~dUjoñ ªî BMBµo¼ T«½A MAn»wnoM ½AoMB M/k ½Bª ³¼]±Uq¼ An x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj xn oçq ºq½n³«B oçm nj»m±çi ºBz µan k A±U»«x±µq¼U Ap±«Cy Aj /k{bm n±z BzinjºBµjAkíTwA o¼ Ç,x±µq¼ÇU jaoç A» B\¼Çµ»T¼~hÇ{ ºBµ» sç½ jn±«nj ³T o Rn±æ RBí B «

6 264. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«w±tç«ap±ç«cy Aj pa ounb pbçw x±µq¼çu Ap±Ç«Cy Aj ³Ç k µj»«bz, «ourbí B «/k {BM»«³ÇM SLÇv (jbpªçw) x±µq¼çu Ap±Ç«Cy Aj ³Ç S Bǽnj» ¼ dçu»ç,(1372) BÇioÇU /k najn±iom ºoU» nj RnB é ±«BM j±i S«oe paj±i vªµ ºjBî Ap±«Cy Aj JAo Ç A,j±Çi S«oÇe j±çi pa n±~u» ±du»wnom ª,(1375)» B¼T{C»dT BM ³v½B «nj x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj ³ jo¼»«³\¼t,ºjbî x±µq¼u B A±]± nj» jov A /k j±m ¼½BQ» jov A JAo A BMj±iS«oe j±ipan±~uºanaj,ºjbî Ap±«Cy Aj BM³ MB «±d njo¼ T«ð½ A± î³m x±µoya ³ kµj»«bz,(1375)»½b ¼ du[½bt,» Ao o¼ ºA³ MB «ºBµjoLµAn ºo¼ nbñm nj x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj SwA najb í k¼ U ºBµ³L ] om q oªu»~~huºb ñª º±\Tv],º± í«s½bªe º±\Tv],»îBªT]A S¼ Bí,³ æbçe [½BTÇ ¼ `ªÇµ k j±ª xnaq An ºoTª jb TwA Aq¼«,³ MB «kî jolµan SLX«R B ÇU ²j±L najb í«³ MB «jolµan ºo¼ nbñm JBhT A nj S¼v ] oya ³ SwA ½A /jn±i»ª za ³M AovQ AoTij ¼M³ ¼«p ½A njºjb½p nj» A ns«àw BM C BLUnA» k¼ UBM»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{»wnoM ª,(1376)» nj jbpªw tnak«ap±«cy Aj ³ jo¼»«³\¼t, Ao U o { Bi ºjBî tnak«b A±]± ºA³ MB Ç«±¼Ç{ pa otz¼çm ²j±ÇM najn±çiom ºoTz¼M» A n S«Àw pa ºjBî tnak«bm ³v½B «/k»«²jb TwA³ Ãv«oM q oªt«ºjbî x±µq¼u» BTwo¼Mj Ap±«Cy Aj»T¼~h{ ºBµ» s½ v½b «nj,(1376)»ñª K Ç ³M otz¼m y½ao»t¼~h{ ºBµ» s½ o pa (jbpªw) x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj ³ S B½nj, AoÇ ½j nbtç n nj S j,ºnbth«j±çi,³]±çu K Ç]»½Bª j±çi,s oz¼çq «BÇî SLXÇÇ«K Ç ³ÇM otz¼m y½ao q¼ ³T{Aj»L ± U ºpn o «,»{± Shw ªdU,»L ºoUoM /k naj» ±MptBveA ¼ñªU «Bî» «nj x±µq¼çu Ap±Ç«Cy Aj ³Ç S oç ³\¼TÇ A±U»«,³T o B\ A ³»UB ¼ du³m ³]±U BM é ±Ç«, BÇM j±i S«oe :o¼ ) ºoUoM»T¼~h{ ºBµ» s½ pa ºjBî Ap±«Cy Aj BM ³v½B «S{Ak Qj±i,» A ns«àw,» njxq¼ A,ºnBTh«j±i,» nj ºoTª JAo A» k¼ UtBveA,RÀñz«BM ³ ]A±«B µ nj ²j±M najn±iom (/// SLX«

7 265. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \ ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq o pa k»«²jb TwA ºoUSLX«ºA³ MB «ºBµ²±¼{ pa ³\¼T nj ³T{Aj /k naj nao ou BM»d wnjºjbî Ap±«Cy Aj ³M SLv xn oq xp±«c»mb¼{pnanj «ºBµ}iB{ pa»ñ½ Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU S oz¼q È /j±{» Uo«A ½A³M k B{±Q ªî «B] é A nj B ½AºBµyz B z{± BªU SwA ½nBíÇU xn oçq xp±ç«c B Ç nj S oz¼çq jbíma pa»ñ½ A± ím» ¼~dU S oz¼q pa /SwA ²k½jo ³ÄAnA ºjkíT«Ç¼ A /jjoç ¼¼íÇU kç A±U»Ç«Ap±«Cy Aj joñ ªî»MB¼{pnA BM» ¼~dU S oz¼q Aq¼«¼¼íUS ] ºA³ ¼w > An»MB¼{pnAº /SwA ²k{ SLY o ½BU An B ³M»MB¼{pnApA»ªwn ½oíU AkǵA ³ÇM ³]±UBÇM /kç Aj»«<o jn±«j± {p±«cºb kµ ³M k¼wn nj ³«B om S¼ ±«Aq¼«pA Ap±Ç«Cy Aj» ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq Aq¼Ç«y\ Çw S Ç]» ½±ÇñU»MB¼Ç{pnA pa»{p±çç«c ºnB\ÇU ºB ±Ç«pC,³TiBÇw í竺b ±Ç«pC o¼ Ç» ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq Th«ºB ºBµ»MB¼Ç{pnA pa ²jB TÇwA S¼ªÇµA ³ÇM ³]±U BM /j±{»«²jb TwA ²k{ Aq¼«ºB ±«pc xp±«c³m ±Mo«RB ¼ dunj,»{n oq»{p±«cºbµºo¼ ¼ª~U nj «@À«tBwAoM ³]±ÇU jn±ç BdTÇ«A RAoª» ¼~dU ³«B nb pa ²jB TwA, Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU S oz¼q /k{bm»«pa /SwA ²k{ ²jAj nao ²jB TwA jn±«q¼ Bi tnj ð½ nj RAoª k B«o ½j î ³M ³ k jaj»«¼ñzu jbpªw Aj An o Be ¼ du ±ª ºB îa ³ B\ C» Bǽn tnj RAoªÇ ¼ dçu ǽA nj,k ±{»Ç«J±vdÇ«n±Çz x±µq¼ççu Ap±ÇÇ«Cy Aj»ñ½» B½n nj»½b A±U Ao½p k{ ³T o o nj» ¼~dUS oz¼q }ib{ A± î³m Ap±«Cy Aj SwA»wBÇwA n ð½» B½n S¼ MB y\ w kµj»«¼ñzu An x±µ ½jB¼ M ºBµ³L ] pa t nj pa otz¼m nb¼vm» B½n tnj nj RAoª» ¼ `ªµ /(1378,» ¼ e»ª ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq ºAoÇM»M±Çi }ibç{ kç A±U»Ç Bǽn oªç ǽAoMB ÇM k{bm»ç«oç ½j ²jB TwA Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU «B nb paraoª ½A³M»MB¼TwjºAoM k{bm jbpªw Ap±«Cy Aj ¼dÇ«ºjoÇ Ç«A±î ¼e j ³M A±U»«An» ¼~dUS oz¼q om oyæ««a±î» n± M»TiB {»T¼~h{ºBµo¼ T«k µj»«bz ³ ¼«p ½AnjRB ¼ du[½bt ³ n± C/jo ¼v U

8 266. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \îbªtç]a,» ¼dÇ«Ç«A±Çî ¼LÇ pa Bµo¼ TÇ«o½BÇw kænj jbt µ H\«(ºjo «A±î),» BǵAoÇ ) k µj»ç«b~tçia j±çi ³ÇM An» ¼~dÇU S oz¼q u B½nA kænj»w,»t¼í ±«/(1994 S¼ ±Ç«ºB µb TwBÇi,» ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq ºBµ³Çz½n B¼M nj,(1375)» ¼ e»ª nj /kµj»«nao»wnom jn± ¼d«ºjo «A±î :»wbwa ¼e j nj An» kµj»«³äana» ¼~dUS oz¼q ³ ¼«pnjAnºkíM [ Q» «BíUº± A ð½ Aºjo «A±î BM³ MAn /SwA ºo¼ jb½ x n» ¼~dUxo,RB«± í«,jakítwa,sl n jbíma «B{ S¼íÇ pa j±çi ºjBÇî vªµ Ap±«Cy Aj BM ³v½B «nj x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj Á±ªí«x±µq¼U Ap±«Cy Aj³ SwA» ¼~dU «Bî ½AuQnjé A nj/k najn±iomºot M» ¼~dU ³ jnajj±] jb TîA ½A BµlA paºnb¼vm nj ½AoM ² Àî /jjo»«±zñ«b C ºBµ» s½ B Ç C ou BÇM o L{±Çµ pa»wbñí A H oæ,x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU T B½ S½q«S¼í B¼Ç«nj» ¼~dÇU ºBµ»TwBÇ B ¼½BwnBÇ kµbç{ k½blç ½o½mPÇM An çoç ǽA /k{bm»«b¼ç«nj 9 ºp±«C Ç Çµ 8 ºp±«Cy¼ÇM Çǵ ³ñ¼Un±ÇÇæ nj ¼{BÇÇM x±µq¼ççu Ap±ÇÇ«Cy Aj /j±{»«²kµbz«x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj /SwA» ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq pa ²kÇ najpbm» «Bî» jov A k µj»«bz q¼ ºo ½j RBí B ««BÇî [ ÇQ»½±] j±çi» Ç{»MB½S½±Çµ,» ¼~dU» jb«c,» ¼d«ºnB pbw,» A n» jb«c /(138å,» ¼ e»ª SwA» ¼~dUS oz¼q dujn±«njºjo xq¼ A È paan»æbi nbt n, ¼í«B«p nj jo«aoa k»«b¼m³ SwA ºo ± «ð½ 10 xq¼ A S¼ BíÇ k~ç ºBµ³L Ç] ¼ Ç AkÇU S½Akǵ,ºro A «B{,xq¼ A /k µj»«p om j±i /k{bm»«om B U ³ SwA»eÀ æa»wb z A n µo nj SwA S oe yl ]ºB í«³m xq¼ A ³ñ M ¼»ª»wnoM Hª¼ Tv«An xq¼ A B«/j±{»«À A» nj B½»UAl ºBµ²q¼ A B XîBM / ¼½Bª»«BL TwA (B T oz¼q) Bµjn BTwj, AkU ºnAk½BQ,xÀU, ¼ ñu JBhT A paao C ²kµBÇzÇ nj xq¼ç A ºBµk ½Co»wnoM ³í B «³M ºA²k ½Ao Àî o¼ia ºBµ³µj nj

9 267. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \ o¼çm» nj Th««A±î ºnAm o¼yfu ±d»wnom ¼«p nj otz¼m RBí B «½A /j±{»tç»tçe ³Ç joç y½b«pc ¼ BñU BµS¼ Bí nj jao A ºn y om C o¼yfu xq¼ AoM ³ k»«jb z¼q» njxq¼ A ± «/SwA ³Th¼ AoM v¼ B na,k nak j±]» æaºbµpb¼ C³ñ M,nB C³M ±Mo o¼m ºB {AjBQ o BhM³ ½±{»«³Th¼ AoMºnB B\ AºAoMK AB«,(1996,ºoTQpA ³M,1965) 11 S Bµ /SwA³T o Rn±æ»í¼L B½/SwA nb Ç«S½± ÇU» o¼çm émb Ç«w±ÇU BµnBTÇ n ªµ ³ñ ½A :jo B¼M ³ j±m ºpAjoQ³½o ¼ A j±ç]» ÇæA ºBµpB¼»T»Te ³ jo Bz o Bi S Bµ /SwA» KwB «B,k ±{»«B\Ç A ºAoÇM K A B«³ k»«jb z¼q» nj xq¼ A ± «/SwA ³Th¼ AoM v¼ B na,k nak xj±çi,nb C ³ñ M,nB C ³M ±Mo«ß» o¼m ºB {AjBQ o Bi ³M ³ ½±{»«³Th¼ AoM /SwA xajbq» ¼~dU S oz¼q xq¼ A ¼M BLUnA È o¼yfu SdUAn» ¼~dUjoñ ªî SLX«n± M» ¼~dUxq¼ A³ k A³T o½mq»{q¼ A ºBµ³½o nbñm joñ ªî xq¼ A ¼M BLUnA»wnoM ºAoM An»U B T«ºBµjoñ½ n,bµ³½o /kµj»«nao /ºk«C nb j±i ³½o kµ ½o xpna-nb T A ½o X«/k A²joM ºnBTh«j±Çi ½o Ç,» ¼~dU joñ ªî ºAoM»{q¼ A joñ½ n nj o T½Akµ ³½o ð½ Bǽ» o¼m Th¼ A om,» nj ³Th¼ AoM k A±U» ¼~dU nbt n ³ jnaj»«nb A ³½o ½A SwA /k{bm» q¼ A»M nj» ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq» TvLªÇµ,(1998, v ¼ÇMAn pa Ç ³M,1991) AnBñªµ 12 ±M M,xq¼Ç A k T Bǽnj B Ç C /kç jaj naoç»wnoçm jn±«an RB¼ B½n nj toz¼q B A±] pa ºjAkíU nj RB BdTÇ«A ºnB¼TiA ºB XdM nj S o{» ¼~dU ºB T¼ Bí nak «¼w ³M ³ ³ ± Bªµ) o Ç nj km,k{bm» ¼~dU S oz¼q nj oy櫼my¼q ¼«±w (j±{»«²k¼\ w BTwo¼Mj /³ Bi ¼d{p±«C S¼ ¼ T S oz¼q ot él «,»{q¼ A ¼µB «¼M³ MAn»wnoM> A± îbm,1373 Bw nj³» ¼ dunj k½jo }hz«,k{ B\ A Zq½j ²jAp ve w±u < B o o { ºB BTwo¼Mj j Bw AovQ» ¼~dU» ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq,k {BM»ÇÇ nj ot Ç él Ç nj xq¼ A ºAnAj ³» Ap±«Cy Aj

10 268. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«oçmaoçm An» ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq»ç nj xq¼ç A ¼ÇM» TvLªÇµ yµ sq ½A nj A /k naj ºoU BM /SwA ²jo xnaq å.4113» ¼~dUS oz¼q S oz¼q xq¼ A MAn»wnoM> A± îbm1373 Bw nj³ ºo ½j ¼ dunj ³» Ap±«Cy Aj k½jo ± í«,k{ B\ A» ±U w±u < Akªµ o { ³ w±t«é «Ap±«Cy Ajnj /k naj µ ºoU BM» ¼~dUS oz¼q,k Tvµ ºoU BM S oz¼q xq¼ A ºAnAj BM S oz¼q xq¼ A ºjB wa ºB ñlw ¼M MAn»wnoM> A± îbm,138å Bw nj³» ¼ dunj ²q¼ A ¼MºnAjB í«slx«³ MAn³ k½jo }hz«s o B\ A»înAp w±u<» ¼~dU S oz¼q /jnaj j±]» ¼~dUS oz¼q S oz¼q Bz,ºjBî x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj ¼Mnj» k¼ U BM ³ MB «±d»wnom ª,(1379)»½B - ǽA nj ºjB½p R B U ²j±L najb í«,³ MB «jolµan ºo¼ nbñm JBhT A nj S¼v ] oya ³ jaj /jn±i»ª za ³M AovQ AoTij ¼M³ ¼«p pa AkÇ oµ ¼M MAn»wnoM SwA ²j±M ³]±U jn±«otª ³T{m RB ¼ dunj ³ ³` C» B«qªµ n± ³M»½ nb½ nºbµ²±¼{ xq¼ A MAn ¼ `ªµ» ¼~dU S oz¼qbm»{q¼ Ab± w ºBµ²±¼Ç{»{q¼ A b± w BLUnA»wnoM ª yµ sq ½A ½AoMB M /k{bm» ¼~dU S oz¼q BM»{q¼ A b± w w Aq¼«j±ª }hzq nj,s¼v ] «Bî,» ¼~dU S oz¼q BM»½ nb½ n njyµ sçq ǽA ºBµ³¼ o Am /j±m x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU S oz¼q nj»½ nb½ nºbµ²±¼{ :k k{ bo «o½p R AÆw K B j±ç] ³ ÇMAn jbpªçw Aj» ¼~dU S oz¼q»{q¼ A b± w ¼M B½C -1?jnAj jbpªçw Aj» ¼~dU S oz¼q» k¼ UBM»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{ ¼M B½C -2?jnAj j±] ³ MAn S oz¼çq nj» k¼ U BM»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{»{q¼ A ºBµo¼ T«pA ð½ oµ w Aq¼«-3?SwA nk a jbpªw Aj» ¼~dU?jnAj j±] ÀTiA jbpªw otij Ap±«Cy Aj»{q¼ A b± w ¼MB½C -4?jnAjj±] otij Ap±«Cy Aj»½ nb½ nºbµ²±¼{ ¼MB½C-5 j±] ÀTiA jbpªw otij Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU S oz¼q Aq¼«¼M B½C -6

11 269. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«?jnaj ±ª x n,ºnb«c ³í«B] È»½Bª µan ±w ½BQ nj ³ k{bm» Ap±«Cy Aj ¼ «B{,yµ sq ½A nj ºnB«C í«b] BÇw nj Ao ÇU ºB BTwo Ç{ (jbpªçw) Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA xn oq» «B«pBw ³M ³TvMA j±m ¼~dU³M ± z«138å - 81» ¼~dU p±ç«cy Aj 186 H\Ç«³Ç oçvq 1å4 otçij 82 «B{,yµ sq ½A nj ³ ±ª \e Ê pa o 5 otij Ap±«Cy Aj pao j,yµ sq ºAo]A é ±«nj ³ B\ CpA» /j±m,k k{»«o BhÇM) ovq Ap±«Cy Aj pa o j me S î ³M ¼ `ªµ,k j±m K½B ovq Ap±«Cy Aj yµbç (oçvq 97 otçij 8å) p±ç«cy Aj 177 ³M ³ ±ª \e,(bµ³«b zwoq ¼ªñU nj } /S B½ BTwo Ç{ j Ao ÇU ºB BTwo Ç{ B¼Ç«pA AkTÇMA ³Ç j±çm Rn±æ ½kM ±ª ±d Ê ±Çw ³½BÇQ nj ³Ç»Ç Ap±«Cy Aj ¼M pa,k½jo JBhT A» jb~u Rn±~M ºno { o z«àwa (t) K ǽp BÇ ApoÇ BÇ ApoÇ q oç«) BTwo { j ½A jbpªw ³M ³TvMA µan JBhTÇ A ³ ±ªÇ A± Çî ³ÇM»Ç Ap±«Cy Aj,k j±m ¼~dU ³M ± z«(»tz Mk¼ {»½B]nk¼ { ³ÇM ± Çz½Bª µan ±w ³½BQ nj nj ³» Ap±«Cy Aj jakíu ³ B\ C pa» /k k{ ³ ±ªÇ A± Çî ³ÇM µan ±w ³½BQ Ap±«Cy Aj ¼ Am /j±m,k j±m ¼~dU «BÇ xnbªç{ ½oÇ pa Bǵ²jAj ¼ du o pa» n± M /k k½jo JBhT A / ¼½Bª n± «³í«B] pa ºA³ ±ª A± î ³M An ²kµBz«jn±«jAo A ¼ A±U»«k{BM ²k{ ºn ²j±LÇ jbç½p Ak Ça ³í B Ç«jn±Ç«í«BÇ] jaoç A jakíu ³ kµj»«fn ºjnA±«nj S Be ½A /k{bm ³T{Ak»Un o ±ª Bµo¼ A È» k¼ ÇU BÇM»½ nbç½ n ºBµ²±¼Ç{ «B zwoçq j pa yµ sçq ½A ºBµo¼ A ºAoM /k½jo ²jB TwA Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU «B nb ¼ `ªµ» ¼~dUxq¼ A «B zwoq A± A BM B A±]±»½ nb½ n» ± a ³M jom»q n± «³M /»½ nb½ nºbµ²±¼{ «B zwoqê

12 270. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«Ç½A /joç ¼ ÇU An ºA³«B zwoçq,²kç{ B\Ç A ºB zµ sçq ºB LÇ«oM,(1995) ² A,Bµ» k¼ U oçm C ºAoÇ]A BÇM º /j±çm»mb T]A B\¼µ om q oªt«,³ Ãv«oM q oªt«ºb { n «B{ ³«B zwoq BÇU å.76 ¼M ºnBLTîA K½Ao kä±w ª½,B¼ BT½A,k µ, BTwnB\«n±z [ Q B A±]± pa»µ /jn C SwkM å.88 ³ÇM An (1981) t±ç«q ¼ ¼M «B zwoq (1995) ² A «B zwoq pa» ¼ U,(1376)» nbñm Ao U o { Bi ºjBî tnak«b A±]±» k¼ U BM»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{»wnoM n± «/SwA ²joM gwbq 22 «B{ ³«B zwoq ½A /k{ ³T o nbñm» ¼ U «B zwoq Bªµ q¼ o Be yµ sq nj ºk M³ L B\¼µ om q oªt«ºb hwbq ³ Ãv«oM q oªt«ºb hwbq ² o j ³M ³ k{bm»½ nb½ n /k A²k{,(1989) AnBñªÇµ kç o RoÇMAn w±çu BTwo¼ÇMj hçv / 13» ¼~dÇUxq¼ AtB¼ «Ê ±Ç«pC 𽠱ǫpC ǽA SwA ²k{»eAo (1985)»wj B½n ºnBTh«j±i ½o tbwaom ³ÇM AoÇa> AÆÇw ³M gwbq nj ²jB«28 ½A /SwA ²k{ ¼ñzU ²jB«28 pa ³ SwA ºm B - jak«k½bm Bµ» j±«pc k½c»«om ±«pc ªí An±Twj pa ³ñ B `ªµ /k ±{»«bo «<?k½ n»«³wnk«aæw ³MgwBQ nj²jb«oµ BM An j±i S Bh«B½ S A±«Aq¼«ºA³]njS µ nbtw±¼qð½ tbwaom o Bz <S µ> jkî, «B S Bh«o Bz <ð½> jkî nbtw±¼q ½Anj/k ½Bª }hz«²k{ jb½ S µ H\«±«pC ½A /k{bm»«j±m o»m B½ w ke o B¼M <nb a> jkî «B S A±«xq¼ A, k¼ª ºAoM» nj xq¼ A> c w ³w BM» nj xq¼ A:k\ w»«an»{q¼ A ²pBw ¼ U>:c w ³wBM» o¼m xq¼ A <ð½odu Mo\UºAoM» njxq¼ A,nB B\ AºAoM» nj /» q¼ A»M pbw HT½B <²k{ ºpBwk Bªµ» ½nqU,» o¼m ºAo]A pa æbe [½BT /SwA ²k{»MB½nB\ µ,(1379) ºo BM w±u,» ¼~dU xq¼ AtB¼ «o { ºB BTwo¼Mj Ap±«Cy Aj í«b] njtb¼ «½A³ j±ª }hz ¼~dUxq¼ A tb¼ «xq¼ A «Bî [ Q ³M, «Bî S µ pa ±«pc ½A ³ ºn± M,jjo»UAo¼¼ U x±htwj, Ao U» q¼ç A»ÇM» o¼çm ¼ U,» ½nqU ¼ U,²k{ ºpBwk Bªµ ¼ U, k¼ª ºAoM» nj /kmb½»«¼ U²jB«24 ³M ²jB«28 pa ¼ `ªµ» ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq ¼Ç j KwB MB½pnA S ] o Be yµ sq nj :» ¼~dUS oz¼qê

13 271. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«ºBµ³L ] ½oUnAk½BQ pa»ñ½ Bµ³«B nb Ao½p,SwA ²k{ ²jB TwA» ¼~dU «B nb pa p±«cy Aj S î³m» B½n tnj oª kµj»«bz An A» í½ S¼MoU ¼ íu /SwA ²k{ ³T o o nj» ¼~dU [½BT É» k¼ ÇU BÇM»½ nbç½ n ±¼{,» ¼~dU S oz¼q «B{, ¼ du ºBµo¼ T ¼æ±U ºBµ}iB{,²k{ ºpBwk Bªµ ¼ U,» nj xq¼ A, B\¼µ om q oªt k¼ U BM»½ nb½ n ±¼{,³ Ãv«oM q oªt«/swa ²k{ ³ÄAnA1 k] nj» q¼ A»M» o¼m ¼ U,» ½nqU ¼ U ¼ du ºBµo¼ T«nj Bµ» j±«pc» ¼æ±U ºBµ}iB{ -1 k] jakíu nb¼í«aod A ¼ B¼«}iB{ o¼ T« » B½n ²oª» ¼~dU S oz¼q ³ Ãv«oM q oªt½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{ B\¼µ om q oªt k¼ U BM » nj xq¼ A å8 ²k{ ºpBwk Bªµ ¼ U » ½nqU ¼ U» ¼~dU xq¼ A å.51» o¼m ¼ U » q¼ A»M,» ¼~dÇU xq¼ç A ºBµo¼ TÇ«j±ÇM ºA³ æbç Ǽ j ³ÇM, ¼ du R AÆw»wnoM S ] È pasvh,b C ¼M³ MAn Aq¼«¼¼íUn± «³Mq¼» ¼~dUS oz¼q» k¼ U BM»½ nb½ nºbµ²±¼{» ¼My¼ÇQ n± Ç«³ÇM,³ B k Ça ±¼woÇ n x n upw ²k{ ²jB TwA wo¼q» TvLªµ x n» ¼~dÇU xq¼ç A ºBµo¼ TÇ«½oÇ pa, Ap±Ç«Cy Aj (» Bǽn)» ¼~dU S oz¼q RAoª ºnAjB í«v½b wnom kµ BM S½B nj /k{ ³T o nbñm,» k¼ U BM»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{ S oz¼q» k¼ UBM»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{» ¼~dUxq¼ A ºBµo¼ T«nju ] j ¼MR B U /k½jo ²jB TwA t ±«pc pa,» ¼~dU (» Bǽn ²oª )» ¼~dU S oz¼q jbpªw Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU xq¼ Ab± w ¼M B½C :1 AÆwÈ?jnAjj±] ³ MAnB C

14 272. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \ ¼~dU xq¼ A ³ B [ Q b± w ºnAj» í«c w» TvLªµ, AÆw ½A»wnoM ºAoM /SwA ²k{ ³ÄAnA2 k] nj C [½BT ³ k{»wnom» ¼~dUS oz¼q» ¼~dU S oz¼q» ¼~dU xq¼ A b± w ¼M» TvLªµ -2 k]» ¼~dU S T«p» TvLªµ ¼My¼Q o¼ T«å.å4 å.15 #» nj xq¼ A å.61 -å.å4 ²k{ ºpBwk Bªµ ¼ U å.37 å.å7» ½nqU ¼ U å.6å -å.å4» o¼m ¼ U å.åå2 -å.23 ##» q¼ A»M # p<å.å5 ## p<å.å1 ¼Må.å1 c wnj(r =-å.23) ºnAjB í «MAn2 k]» TvLªµK½Ao tbwaom (r =å.15) ºnAjB í«slx«man,o ½j º±w pa /jnaj j±]» ¼~dU S oz¼q» q¼ A»M xq¼ A b± wo½bw ¼MB«A/jnAjj±]» ¼~dUS oz¼q» njxq¼ A ¼Må.å5 c w nj MAn» ¼~dUS oz¼q BM» o¼m ¼ U» ½nqU ¼ U,²k{ ºpBwk Bªµ ¼ U» í½» ¼~dU /jnak j±] å.å1 c w njºnajb í«³ MAn B C» ¼~dUS oz¼q jbpªw Ap±«Cy Aj» k¼ U BM»½ nb½ nºbµ²±¼{ ¼M B½C :2 AÆwÈ?jnAj j±] BÇM»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{ ºBµo¼ T«ß ¼M ºnAjB í«c w» TvLªµ A±w ½A»wnoM S ] /SwA ²k{ ³ÄAnA3 k] nj C [½BT ³ k½jo ³LwBd ¼~dUS oz¼q» k¼ U» ¼~dU S oz¼q» k¼ U BM»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{ ¼M» TvLªµ -3 k]» ¼~dU S T«p» TvLªµ ¼My¼Q o¼ T«å.å3 å.16 # ³ Ãv«oM q oªt½ nb½ n ²±¼{ å.18 å.1å B\¼µ om q oªt½ nb½ n ²±¼{ # p<å.å5

15 273. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«S oz¼çq ³ ÃÇv«oÇM q oªtç½ nb½ n ±¼{ ¼M,j±{»«²k½j 3 k] nj ³ n± Bªµ»½ nb½ n ±¼{ ¼MB«A/jnAjj±] å.å5 c w nj(r =å.16) ºnAjB í«slx«³ MAn,» ¼~dU /jnak j±] ºnAjB í«³ MAn» ¼~dUS oz¼q B\¼µoM q oªt«nj,» k¼ ÇU BÇM»½ nb½ nºbµ²±¼{» ¼~dU xq¼ AºBµo¼ T«pA ð½oµ w Aq¼«:3 AÆwÈ?SwA nk a jbpªw Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dUS oz¼q» ¼My¼Q ºBµo¼ TÇ«)» k¼ ÇU BM»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{» ¼~dU xq¼ A ºBµo¼ T«w ¼¼íU ºAoM ºo¼ T«k a ±¼wo n x n T«)» ¼~dUS oz¼q RAoª» ¼My¼Q nj( ¼My¼Q jna T«BM» TvLªµ ½oTz¼MºAnAj³ ºo¼ T«x n ½Anj/k{²jB TwA B ³M ½oTz¼M» q¼ A»M,²k{ ³ÄAnA4 k] nj³ n± Bªµ, ¼ du ½Anj/j±{»«±¼wo n³ jbí«jna ±¼woÇ n ³ jbíç«nj ²k Bª¼ BÇM o¼ T«B U A± î ³M jnaj» ¼~dU S oz¼q BM An» TvLªµ /j±{» q¼ A»M º n pa» ¼~dU S oz¼q ±¼wo n ºAoM u B½nA ¼ du -4 k] ºnAjB í«c w F RAn m\«¼ B¼«ºjApC ³]nj RAn m\«±ª\«rao¼¼ U él «å.åå ±¼wo n k BªvQ 176 B ³M B k«±¼wo n ¼ duºaom (F =9.69),²k{ ²kµBz«F SLv 4 k] ³M³]±U BM ³ 2 k] ºBµ²jAj q¼ ²k{ ²kµBz«F SLv ºnAjB í«³m ³]±U BM /SwA najb í«a B nj j±ç] (» Bǽn ²oª )» ¼~dU S oz¼q» q¼ A»M ¼M» «najb í TvLªµ jaj Bz S Ç] nj An» ¼~dU S oz¼q ²oª» ¼My¼Q A±U,» q¼ A»M ³ S A±U»«½AoMB M,jnAj /jnaj t±ñíl B] R AÆw ³M ±Mo«ºBµ³T B½ È BM,SwA ²k{ ³T o o njºa³~¼~i o¼ T«A± î³m u ]o¼ T«, ¼ du ½Anj³»ÄB\ CpA

16 274. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«AoTijnj» ¼~dUxq¼ A b± w³v½b «³M, Tv«ºBµ² o S j±twa t ±«pcpa²jb TwA /j±{»«³tiajoq AovQ AÆw»wnoMºAoM?jnAjj±] R B U AovQ AoTijnj» ¼~dUxq¼ Ab± w ¼MB½C :1 AÆw /k{ ²jB TwA Tv«ºBµ² o t ±«pc pa, ± jbpªw AovQ AoTij» ¼~dU xq¼ A b± w ³v½B «ºAoM Tv«ºB µ o t ±«pc -5 k] ºnAjB í«c w t ºjApC ³]nj jakíu nb¼í«aod A ¼ B¼«u ] o¼ T«å.875 å å otij ovq» nj xq¼ A å.å25 # å otij ¼ U 96 4.å ovq ²k{ºpBwk Bªµ å å.å14 # å.35 å # p<å.å otij ovq otij 96 5.å ovq 81 5.å otij ovq» ½nqU ¼ U» o¼m ¼ U» q¼ A»M ¼ U,» ¼~dUxq¼ A b± w B¼«nj³ kµj»«bz t ±«pc \¼T 5 k] ³M ³]±U BM R B Uå.å5 c wnj(t =2.48)» o¼m ¼ U å.å5 c wnj(t =-2.25) ²k{ºpBwk Bªµ /kµj»«bz AovQ AoTij ¼MAn ºnAjB í«r B ÇU,» ¼~dÇU xq¼ç A b± Çw ¼ ÇM nj ³Ç kµj»ç«bçz ¼ `ªµ k] ºBµ²jAj b± Çw nj, AoÇvQ AoTij RAoª ¼ B¼ í½ /jnak j±] AovQ AoTij ¼M ºnAjB í«/jnak ºnAjB í«r B U» q¼ A»M» ½nqU ¼ U,» nj xq¼ A,»{q¼ A ºAoÇM?jnAj j±] R B U jbpªw AovQ AoTij» k¼ U BM»½ nb½ nºbµ²±¼{ ¼M B½C :2 AÆwÈ /k{ ²jB TwA Tv«ºBµ² o t ±«pc pa, AÆw ½A»wnoM

17 275. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«jbpªw AovQ AoTij» k¼ U BM»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{ ³v½B «ºAoM Tv«ºB µ o t ±«pc -6 k] ºnAjB í«c w t ºjApC ³]nj jakíu nb¼í«aod A ¼ B¼«u ] o¼ T«å.åå3 ## -3.å1 175 å.66 å å1 otij»½ nb½ n ²±¼{ ovq B\¼µ om q oªt« otij»½ nb½ n ²±¼{ ovq ³ Ãv«oM q oªt«## p<å.å1 k ǵj BÇz, TÇv«ºBµ² o t ±«pc ³\¼T,SwA ²k{ ³ÄAnA 6 k] nj ³ n± Bªµ,t = -3.å1) B\¼Çµ oçm q oªtç½ nbç½ n ²±¼{ nj AovQ AoTij ¼M R B U j±m najb í½ nb½ n ²±¼{nj t ±«pc \¼T njj±{»«²k½j k] nj³ n± BªµB«A /SwA (p = å.å1 /jnak j±] AovQ AoTij ¼MºnAjB í«r B U,³ Ãv«oM q oªt«?jnaj j±ç] R B ÇU jbpªçw AoÇvQ AoTij (» B½n ²oª )» ¼~dU S oz¼q ¼M B½C :3 AÆwÈ nj ³Ç t ±Ç«pC ³\¼TÇ /kç{ ²jB TwA Tv«ºB µ o t ±«pc,pa q¼ AÆw ½A»wnoM S ] AoTij» ¼~dUS oz¼q oª ¼MºnAjB í«r B U³ kµj»«bz,swa²k{ ³ÄAnA7 k] /jnak j±] å.å5 c w njjbpªw AovQ jbpªw AovQ AoTij» ¼~dU S oz¼q ³v½B «ºAoM Tv«ºB µ o t ±«pc -7 k] ºnAjB í«c w t ºjApC ³]nj jakíu nb¼í«aod A ¼ B¼«u ] o¼ T«å otij å 14.9å ovq» ¼~dU S oz¼q WdM É S oz¼qbm» k¼ U BM»½ nb½ nºbµ²±¼{» ¼~dUxq¼ AºBµo¼ T«¼M» TvLªµ»wnoMÈ pa j±m» ¼~dUS oz¼q» q¼ A»M ¼M» «najb í TvLªµ k µj Bz ±vñ½pa» ¼~dU q oªt½ nb½ n²±¼{ ¼ `ªµ» njxq¼ A ¼MºnAjB í«slx TvLªµ,o ½j º±w /S{Aj j±]» ¼~dUS oz¼q BM ³ Ãv«oM

18 276. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«¼ ÇU»Ç nj xq¼ç ABM ³ Ãv«oM q oªt½ nb½ n²±¼{,jaj Bz ¼ du [½BT ¼ `ªµ È ³ñ¼ Be nj/jnaj najb í «³ MAn» q¼ A»M BM q¼,najb í«slx«³ MAn ²k{ ºpBwk Bªµ /jnaj najb í«slx«man» q¼ A»M BM B\¼µoM q oªt½ nb½ n ²±¼{» ¼My¼ÇQ nj An Çw ½oTz¼M,» q¼ A»M o¼ T«, B ³M B x n ³M ±¼wo n ¼ du nj È ³TiB {»ª «o¼ T ¼~dU S oz¼q» ¼My¼Q ºAoM Bµo¼ T«o ½j S{Aj» ¼~dU S oz¼q AoTij» ¼~dU xq¼ A b± w ³v½B «ºAoM Tv«ºBµ² o t ±«pc [½BT ¼ `ªµ /k kz ¼ ÇU q¼ ²k{ ºpBwk Bªµ ¼ U RAoª ¼ B¼«¼M ºnAjB í«r B U ³ jaj Bz AovQ omq oªt½ nb½ nºbµ²±¼{raoª ³v½B «o ½j º±wpA/jnAjj±] AovQ AoTij» o¼m /jaj Bz An ºnAjB í«r B U AovQ AoTij B\¼µ BM»½ nb½ n ±¼{» ¼~dUxq¼ AºB wb¼ «²joi³¼ MRAoª ¼Mºo ½j najb í«r B UÈ /S{Ak j±] AovQ AoTij» ¼~dUS oz¼q RAoª q¼ ³ Ãv«oM q oªt k¼ U»Ç nj xq¼ç A ¼M ºnAjB í«slx«³ MAn ³ SwA o«a ½A ¼ duºbµ³t B½ È ;RB ¼ dçu [½BTÇ BÇM Bµ³T B½ ½A /jnaj j±] jbpªw Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU S oz¼q» ¼~dU B½n;(1998)»wj q«b¼ ½ ;(1378)»½±ñ ;(1373) Zq½j ²jAp ve;(1998) o B½no L :j±ª ¼¼LU ¼ a A±U»«An³T B½ ½A/kµj»«Bz»½±vªµ (2ååå)»wj» BÇv A xq¼ç A ºk M³ LÇ nj»{q¼ç A c Çw ½oUnBTh«j±Çi ½oU BM,» nj xq¼ A /k{bm»«s oz¼çq» q¼ç A»M c w ¼M An ºnAjB í «³ MAn o Be ¼ du,o ½j o pa È,(1997,tB«±U jn± pa ³M,1995) jn± ºBµ³T B½ BM Bµ³T B½ ½A ³ /kµj»«bz» ¼~dU xpna»çmpa» q¼ A»M ³ B\ C pa /jnaj» A±hªµ (1989) B B½n ¼ `ªµ (1996) jn± CJ± «k«b¼q ²jpBM³MºjB TîA»M nb C B\ AºAoM» Tv½B{ tbvea Ak,S¼ Bí j±m»½bµ o¼ç w±çu B C ºBµnBT n ³ k»«n±~u ²q¼ A»M jao A kwn»«o Tv½B{B tbvea nbaj ½AoMB M j±{»«¼ U B C ot paouao j±{»«wîbm ½A k»ª B Cj±L MS ]nj»{àu_¼µ ³Tv /k {BM ³T{Aj» ¼í» ¼~dUjoñ ªî nb½ n²±¼{ ¼M ºnAjB í«slx«man ³ SwA ½A o Be ¼ duºbµ³t B½ È

19 277. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«q ±wnbqºbµ³t B½ BM³T B½ ½A/jnAjj±] jbpªw Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dUS oz¼q ³ Ãv«oM q oªt«³m,1994) o nbq o k A;(1379) ºpo«Ao ;(1997,199å) t± ±Q± ºqT B«;(1996) òol k½o oçm q oªt½ nb½ n ²±¼{ ¼M najb í«slx TvLªµ j±] /k{bm»«±vªµ,(ºpo«ao pa An»T¼~h{ºBµ» s½ ºjkíT«RBí B «:jo ¼¼LU ¼ a A±U»«An» ¼~dUS oz¼q ³ Ãv«q oªt«±¼{ ¼MSLX«³ MAn om Ao zµ sq k A³Tv Aj oyæ½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{ pa ²jB TwAnj nb Ç«é ±Ç«BÇM S{Ak Qj±i ºk«CnB j±i,(1995,q¼u±u) BM j±i S«oe ³ Ãv«oM ºBµ» s½ ¼ apa³» Ap±«Cy Ajk µj»«bz RBí B «½A[½BT k A²j±ª nj ³ Ãv«oM q oªt«x n pa» ¼~dURÀñz«BM ³ ]A±«B µ njᱪí«k najn±iom»t¼~h{,»tib {»MB½pnA ±`ªµ» ± pa,³ Ãv«oM q oªt«ºbµx n nj ³ B\ C pa /k»«²jb TwA ñ{ ²nBMnjoTz¼MRBîÀ Aº±\Tv] ³ Ãv«S î jo }hz«ºaomxàub½» «¼ du»½b { n ¼ a lbhua³ kwn»«o M»í¼L,(1987, AnBñªµ ½BT{Ao½± ) j±{»«²jb TwA /j±{ o\ «BM» ¼~dUS oz¼q ot M joñ ªî ³M ³Ç ³ ÃÇv«oM q oªt½ nb½ n²±¼{» q¼ A»M» nj xq¼ AºBµo¼ T«B¼«¼ `ªµ È o ½j ºBµo¼ T«³MSLv» q¼ A»M w Aq¼«,k T{Aj» ¼~dUS oz¼q BMºnAjB í TvLªµ ½A /k{bm»«otz¼m (uñî S ] nj ³TL A) jbpªw Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU S oz¼q» ¼My¼Qnj Ap±Ç«Cy Aj» ¼~dU S oz¼q nj ( C ± pa o oæ) xq¼ Aj±] S¼ªµA om ³T B½ /k½bª»«(1991,1985)»wj B½n;(1997) tb«±u jn± ;(1996,1995) jn± ºBµ³T B½BM³T B½ ½A Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU S oz¼q nj» q¼ A»M» «BM w Aq¼«¼¼LU nj /k{bm»«±vªµ ³ñ M k {BM»«xq¼ A pa»u B T«o½jB «ºAnAj B U ³ jao A ³ k»«b¼m(2ååå)»wj B½n xq¼ AnAk «o pa ³» Ap±«C y Aj ³» í«½km /k Tvµ q¼ xq¼ A pa»u B T«A± A ºAnAj y Aj /k {BM ³T{AjR B U µ BM»{q¼ A S¼µB«o paswa ñª«k {BM»«Bvñ½»d wnj RAoª ³M»MB¼Twj,³ Àî º Bñ\, ½k A B½ í«s½b n K ]o BhMSwA ñª«ºp±«c HUn o xq¼ A nak «B BX«½A nj /j±{ ³Th¼ AoM k A±i tnj ºAoM,³¼L U pa tou B½ ot M /SwA R B T«H ê «xq¼ A ± B S¼µB k{bm»ª R B T«nj»{q¼ A S¼µB«o pa ³» Ap±«C y Aj k aoµ ³ kµj»«bz o Be ¼ du[½bt È

20 278. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«S oz¼q,k A²jo Kv»½ BM RAoª b± w ½A nj k naj ºB]» nj ounbth«j±ib± w, C S¼µBÇ«BM ³v½B «nj» Th¼ AoM xq¼ A nak «kwn»«o M» k naj»½ BM» ¼~dU ³Ç»Ç Ap±Ç«C y Aj oç ½j»UnBLî ³M /jnaj Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU S oz¼q nj ºoTz¼M S¼ªµA ºoT ÇM» ¼~dÇU joñ ªÇî k Ç A±U»«( C S¼µB«pA o oæ) k Tvµ» ¼~dU xq¼ A ºAnAj» /k{bm»«²aoªµ ºnAk½BQ ³ Àî BM,oU» nj,xq¼ A BM E±Uºo¼ jb½ k aoµ,k {BM ³T{Aj kç A±i tnj ºAoM» o¼m B½» nj «Bî _¼µ oya nj k {BM»«²q¼ A»M ³» Ap±«C y Aj k BÇ ²q¼ A»M jao A Ao½p,k {BM»«í nbaj» ¼~dU joñ ªî o pa,k ±{»ª ³Th¼ AoM» Ap±«C y Aj SwA ñª«k Tvµ»T¼ Bí oµ B\ A ºAoM p ºro A ³ od«º o¼ ³ ± oµ /k ½Bª ¼~dU ou»te ³Tz ºk¼«± tf½ nbaj k {BM kµ»m ºro A»M ¼ a ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq nj C S¼µBÇ«BM ³v½B «nj xq¼ A nak «³ kwn»«o M» ½kM ½AoMB M /k{bm ºoTz¼M S¼ªµA qäbe Ap±«Cy Aj BÇM ³ ÃÇv«oÇM q oªt½ nb½ n ±¼{ ³ kµj»«bz o Be ¼ du[½bt o ½j º±w paè» ¼My¼ÇQ nj BÇØ«A,jnAj jbpªçw Ap±Ç«Cy Aj» ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq BÇM ºnAjB í TvLªµ ³ñ ½A n± Bªµ ³ j±ª ¼¼LU³ ± ½A A±TMk½B{ /k{bm ³T{Aj ºjB½p w k A±U»ª» ¼~dUS oz¼q Ap±Ç«Cy Ajk µj»«bz (1376,» B ;1379,»½B ) o ½j RB ¼ du o Be ¼ du ¼ªµ ³M k»«²jb TwA ³ Ãv«oM q oªt½ nb½ n ±¼{pA» í½ k Tvµ nak«³ w jbpªw Ap±«Cy Aj» ¼~dU S oz¼q» ¼My¼Q nj k A±U»ª ³ Ãv«oM q oªt«±¼{ ¼ j /k{bm ³T{Aj ºjB½p ²k{ ºpBwk Bªµ ¼ U»{q¼ A b± w nj An ºnAjB í«r B U o Be ¼ duºbµ³t B½ È ounbth«j±i»{q¼ A b± w nj otij Ap±«Cy Aj /kµj»«bz AovQ AoTij ¼M» o¼m ¼ U S B½nj ovq Ap±«Cy Aj BM³v½B «njan ºoTª RAoª ounbth«j±io¼ b± wnj ou BM RAoª ³Ç S oç ³\¼TÇ A±U»Ç«,k{BM»Ç«nAjB íç«c Çw j nj Ç R B U ½A k aoµ /k /k Tvµ ou³th¼ A nj RÀ¼~dU ³M SLv,ovQ Ap±«Cy Aj pa otij Ap±«Cy Aj ¼MAnºnAjB í«r B U³ (1996) k½o UB k½o UB RB ¼ du[½bt BMo Be ¼ duºbµ³t B½,(1379) ºo BÇM ºBµ³T Bǽ BÇM BÇ«A /k{bm»ªç ±vªçµ,k joñ xnaq AovQ AoTij xq¼ A /jnaj» A±hªµ

21 279. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«xo½mq BM S A±U»«AoTij»{q¼ A c w j±m BM BM ³ MAn nj o Be ¼ du ¼¼LUnj ³ ÀîoTij Ap±«Cy Aj,» {» ¼~dUºBµ³ ¼«pnj B pºbµsl n BµjAkíTwA»îBªT]A pa ³\¼T nj k A²jo Ak¼Q» ¼~dU» { ºBµS¼ ±«³M»MB¼Twj S ] nj ºoTz¼M ½BªU /k A³T o»z¼q ovq Ap±«Cy Aj om xq¼ A o B\¼µ om q oªt½ nb½ n ±¼{njºnAjB í«r B U³ SwA ¼ du ½A[½BT È otij Ap±«Cy Aj ¼M ³ Ãv«oM q oªt½ nb½ n²±¼{ nj B«A /jnaj j±] AovQ AoTij ¼M S î k½b{ k{bm»«r B T«³ ¼«p ½A nj RB ¼ du[½bt /kz ²kµBz«ºnAjB í«r B U ovq Bµ» j±«pcnjj±]±«ºb U B UB½ ²k{ ³T o nbñmºb ±«pc ± nj ÀTiA,» µbªµb ½A oçya (1378)»½B Ç ¼ `ªµ (138å)»«ÀwA ;(1997) t± ±Q± ºqT B«o¼»UB ¼ du/k{bm ±Ça»UB ¼ dçu» /kç A²joÇñ xnaq najb í½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{ ºo¼ nbñm njans¼v ] AoTij»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{ ¼MºnAjB í«r B Uk jaj Bz (1379) ºo,(1379) ºpo«Ao ²±¼{ AoTij k»«²jb TwA³ Ãv«oM q oªt«²±¼{paotz¼m AovQ ³ñ½n± MjnAjj±] AovQ ;(1376)» B ;(1995) ² ÔAo¼»UB ¼ dunjb«a/k o¼»«nbñman B\¼µoMq oªt½ nb½ n Kv ºoTz¼ÇM RAoªÇ B\¼Çµ oçm q oªtç½ nb½ n ²±¼{ nj AoTij,o Be ¼ du ¼ `ªµ ²kµBz«AovQ AoTij ¼MºnAjB í«r B U³ Ãv«oM q oªt«±¼{ºo¼ nbñm njb T «/k ¼M³ Ãv«oM q oªt½ nb½ n ²±¼{ ºo¼ nbñm njnajb í«r B U kî ¼¼LUnj /SwA ²k½jo Aj An ± ¼ du ±ª ºB îa ³ B\ CpA:S ¼ a A±U»«AovQ AoTij ªíM RB ¼ du L k {BM»«n±z x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj oí«³ k µj»«¼ñzu jbpªw é ±Ç«,SLX«S{Ak Qj±i, BM j±i S«oe o¼ ou» ºA³ MB «émb «pa Ap±«Cy Aj ½A ²k«C nj ºoTz¼ÇM»½BÇ A±ÇU ³Ç SwA» ½kÇM,k TÇvµ najn±çioçm, BÇM ºkÇ«CnB j±çi ot» nj ǽA ºo¼ nbçñm nj ǽAoMB M /k naj ³ Ãv«oM q oªt«k«cnb»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{ ºo¼ RAoªÇ ¼ B¼«j±M BM B«A /j±{»ª ²k½j ºnAjB í«r B U jbpªw AovQ AoTij ¼M ²±¼{ k{»îbªt]a ¼ o ³M (1995) ² ÔAAn AovQ ³MSLv, B\¼µ om q oªt½ nb½ n ±¼{nj AoTij pa ³í«BÇ] RAnB TÇ A pa oyftç«aoçvq AoTÇij kç{»îbªtç]a,tbwa ½AoM /k µj»«bluna B\¼µ om q oªt«ºb { n pa AoTij ²jB TwA,³í«B] RAnB T A ³M ³]±U BM /SwA B C ºBµy jn±ç«nj BÇ«A /jo¼»ªç nao y pow jn±«j±m» Bî S½Bªe º±\Tv] nj B½ jo ³½o X«

22 280. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«Bµ» k¼ UBM³ ]A±«nj AovQ jo ³½o,B µo paºnb¼vmnjao½p jnajj±] Cuñî AovQ pbç C nj ÀTÇiA pa»{b k A±U»«R B U ½A S î ¼ `ªµ /SwA ²Aoªµ Ao ½j y pow BM ³½BÇQ Ap±Ç«Cy Aj ¼ dçu ½A ºBµ» j±«pc Ao½p k{bm AovQ AoTij ï± M ¼ w» A±]± BµnBÇz BÇM AoÇvQ ³ÇM SLÇv AoTÇij, w ½A nj ³ k j±m (15» w j ke)»½bª µan ±w RAoªÇ ³\¼T nj ³T{Aj ºoTz¼M JAo A» k¼ U tbvea ²j±M ³]A±«ºoTz¼M ºBµ AodM /k A²j±ª Kv B\¼µoM q oªt«²±¼{nj»½ BM Ap±«Cy Aj» B½n RAoª ¼M najb í«r B U j±] kî o Be ¼ du[½bt È /k{bm»«ovq otij»½b A±Unj»T¼v ]ºB U B U³ ¼ duk~ñ½ pay¼mnj,(199å) ±«Bª,k½Bµ ¼ du tnj nj AoTÇij pa ot ÇM ºjoñ ªî AovQ» n± M jaj Bz,k j±m ²jo»wnoM An» B½n Çw ³ÇM ³]±U BM RAoYA ½A ³M ³»«B µ ½AoM q A /SwA nb¼vm R B U» k naj» B½n ºoUoÇM AovQ ³M SLv» A±]± pb C BU AoTij,j±{»«S j n±mq«rbí B «nj Bµ» j±«pc pa ot ÇM ºjoñ ªÇî» Bǽn ÄBÇv«Çe nj ²sǽ ³M AovQ,» A±]± pb C nj,k µj»«bz joñ ªÇî nj R B U ³ k naj jb TîA Ao zµ sq pa ºnB¼vM» n± M /k»«pb C An AoTij /(2ååå,Bª ) k{bm»«k{±d«be nj[½nku³m AovQ AoTij» B½n ¼ Ça A±U»Ç«o¼ÇiA ºB Bw nj An AovQ AoTij» B½n joñ ªî nj R B U kî S bç A±ÇU nj ²kÇ{ ²kµBz«R B U ± oµ,197å Bw BU ²k{ B\ A ºBµyµ sq ³ j±ª ¼¼LU B U B ÇU,n BM ½A tbwaom ³ k Tv Aj»ñ½r± ±¼M «A±î pa»{b An AovQ AoTij» B½n HUn o BµR B U³ jaj Bz RB ¼ du[½bt 199å BU197å ºB Bw ¼M/j±Mo½mQB o¼¼ U SMBY ǽA nj, Ao zµ sq ³ k{bm»îbªt]a» ¼d«î pa»{b k A±U»«³T{Ak»ñ¼T r ¼ j ThÇ«ºBµ ¼¼LÇU ³ÇM AoÇvQ AoTÇij ¼M»T¼v ] ºBµ³ æb î jo }hz«ºaom ²nBM ³ñ ½A³ ª]pA/(2ååå,Bª pa ³M;1992, ¼ ;1987, op Bµ)k A³TiAjoQ ºjB~TÇ A Ç»îBªTÇ]A S¼íÇ, kç{»îbªt]a ±d nj R B U pa»{b k A±U»«B U B U ½A ½k A Bª í«w±urb¼ B½n nbmnj» µo ºB {pna B T A» ± a, Bª í«³wnk«b CºBµjB wa B {o j±iºbµ»½b A±UpA Ap±«Cy ± a, Ap±«Cy Aj³M AoTij ºB U B U»wnoM pa uq,(1998) ½j± ³` B a /k{bm» ¼~dU joñ ªî nbmnj

23 281. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«,k nak AovQBM»U B URB¼ B½n»½B A±U nj AoTij:k»«xnAq ¼ a,rb¼ B½n nj AovQ /k µj»«bz RB¼ B½n ³M ºoTª Àî AovQ³M SLv B C S A±U»«È È È B T{AjjB½ 1- Feldman 3- Self-Determination Theory 5- Extrinsically motivated 7- Decharms 9- Underachievement 11- Hunt 2- Whitemore 4- Intrinsically motivated 6- Amotivated 8- Overachievemnt 10- Motivation 12- Benbow 13- Achievement Motivation Scale (AMS) émb «nj»v Ç] ºB U B ÇU»Ç A n nbçz BM ³ MB «ºB ñlw BM ²jA± Bi RÀ«BíU nbtibw ³ MAn»wnoM,(138å) /&AkLî,»«ÀwA - / Ao U í«s¼mou ²B z Aj,k{nA»wB {nb ³«B B½BQ, B{B BTwo {»µb z Aj y¼q²n j Ap±«Cy Aj»wB {nbç ³«BÇ B½BÇQ, Ao ÇU ºBµ BTwo¼Mj Ap±«Cy Aj ¼M» ¼~dU xq¼ A tb¼ MB½nB\ µ,(1379) oæb,ºo BM - / í«s¼mou ²B z Aj,k{nA S oz¼çq u Ç RqÇî,RnB Ç é ±Ç«¼ÇM ÇMAn»wnoM,(1374) n j» î ºA²rA ja±],» Uo«, BioU - /( ) 8 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA ³ \«,ºjBî x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj nj» ¼~dU ³«BÇ B½BÇQ, Ao U o { ºBµ BTwo¼Mj Ap±«Cy Aj» A n S«Àw om» k¼ U BM ³ MB «ºBµ²±¼{ o¼yfu,(1377) ¼ «,» ±U - / Ao U ²B z Aj,k{nA»wB j BÇw AoÇvQ» ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq ot Ç él «,»{q¼ A ¼µB «¼M ³ MAn»wnoM,(1372) B «n,zq½j ²jAp ve - / í«s¼mou ²B z Aj,k{nA»wB {nb ³«B B½BQ, B o o { ºBµ BTwo¼Mj»wB {nb ³«B B½BQ,» ¼~dU S oz¼q BM S oz¼q q¼ A ºjB wa ºB ñlw ¼M ³ MAn»wnoM,(138å) B o¼ î,»înap - / í«s¼mou ²B z Aj,k{nA,j±i S«oe,j±i pa n±~u» ±du»wnom,(1375) ºA²rAjA±] n±~ «j±ªd«, BTwjAj fo½oq,» î» B¼T{C»dT - /(7-34) 17 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA ³ \«,ºjBî x±µq¼u B A±]± nj» jov A JAo A ³«BÇ B½BÇQ,» ¼~dÇU S oz¼çq»ç A n nbçz BÇM ³ MB Ç«²±¼{»TiB { ºB ñlw ³ MAn»wnoM,(1379)» î,ºpo«ao - / í«s¼mou ²B z Aj,k{nA»wB

24 282. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«³ \«,ºjBî x±µq¼u Ap±«Cy Aj ¼M nj» k¼ U BM ³ MB «±d,(1378) BTñ½»µ±ñ{ vd«îa,»½b - /(15-35) 33 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA 3å BÇzinj ºBǵjAkíTÇwA ³ \«,»{p±«c ºpBw»» ¼~dU ºn BMj±i,(1378) ½k AoæB,» ¼ e»ª B - /( ) /(39-45) 37 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA ³ \«,» ¼~dU S oz¼q ºk ª kµ,(138å) ½k AoæB,» ¼ e»ª B - ºBǵjAkíTÇwA ³ \Ç«,»{p±Ç«C»TiB Çz A n RB eàç«,» B½n»{±µq¼U,(1375) ½k AoæB,» ¼ e»ª B - /( ) 19 Bzinj» k¼ ÇU BÇM»½ nb½ n ºBµ²±¼{»wnoM,(1376) y «B¼ B o¼ î ºA²rA ja±],³½kªe» ~«,»w±«,» B - /(15-25) 21 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA ³ \«, Ao U o { Bi ºjBî tnak«b A±]± nj» A n S«Àw BM C BLUnA S oz¼çq yhm j±çi ºo¼ jbç½ ºBµjoLǵAn,»{q¼Ç A ºBµn BÇM,S¼ ÀÇi ³ ÇMAn,(1378), ±¼M,»½±ñ - /(133-16å 4-19) 3å 29 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA ³ \«,» ¼~dU ovq otij» BTwo¼Mj Ap±«Cy Aj»T¼~h{ ºBµ» s½ ³v½B «,(1376) n j» î ºA²rA ja±],aoµp,»ñª - /( ) 22 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA ³ \«,ºjBî x±µq¼u B½±\Çz Aj A±Ç] ºB Ç] p nj AodÇM BÇM ³ MB Ç«ºB ñlçw ºkÇ«CnB j±i ¼M ³ MAn»wnoM,(1379) &ARqî,ºo - / í«s¼mou ²B z Aj,k{nA»wB {nb ³«B B½BQ, Ao U ºBµ²B z Aj Achor,T.&Tarr,A.(1996)."Underachieving ERIC clearinghouse on handicapped and gifted children, Reston, Va. Gifted Students". Revision Paper. Farahany. F. M. N. (1994). The relationship of locus of control, extravesion, neuroticism with the academic achievement of Iranian Students. For the degree of Doctor of philosophy. The University of New Southwales Australia. Fennema E. (2000), Gender and mathematics, National. Institute for Science Education, Detroit, Michiggan. Feuerstein,M;Labbe,E.E.&Kuczmierczyk,A.R.(1987)."Health Psychology". NewYork: Plenum Press. Ford,D.Y.&Thomas,A.(1997)."Underachievement among gifted minority students: Problems and promises". The ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education. Goldberg, M. D. & Cornell, D. G. (1998). The influence of intrinsic motivation and self-concept on academic achievement in second and thire grade students. Journal for the Education of the Gifted. 12(2), Gottfried. A. E. & Gottfried. A. W. (1996). "A longitudinal study of academic intrinsic motivation in intellectually gifted children" Gifted Child Quarterly, 40,(4)

25 283. ///» ¼~dU xq¼ A ¼M MAn. 47 Bzinj ºBµjAkíTwA \«Mantzicopoulos, P. (1997). "How do children cope with school failure?" Psychology in the School, Vol, 34(3). Moos,R.H.&Schaefer,J.A.(1993).Copingresources and precesses: Current Concept and Measures. Olah. A. (1995). "Coping strategies among adolescents: A cross-cultural study." Journal of Adolescent, 18, Parsons, A. & Frydenberg, E. (1996). "Overachievement and coping strategies in adolescent males". Journal of Education Psychology, 66, Petri, H. (1996). "Motivation:Theory, research and application".4 th edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks \ Cole Publishing Com. Robinson, A. (1998). "Giftedness:An exceptionality examines"annual Reviews, Inc. Robinson, N. M. & olszewski-kubilius. P. (1996). Gifted and talented children: Issues for pediatricians. Pediatr. Rev. 17(12): Ryan, R. & Deci, E. (2000). "Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations" Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, Ryan, R. & Deci, E. (2000). "Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic morivation, Social development and Well-being". American Psychological Association, 55(1) Thoits, P. A. (1995). Stress, coping and social support processes: Where are we? What next? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 38, Williams, G. & Deci, E. (1998). "The importance of supporting autonomy in medical education" Annals of Internal Medicine, 129(4) È È È

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