Determination of Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation and its Variability: A Summary (continued)
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1 Introduction Section 5.3 MONTHLY MEANS OF DAILY SOLAR RADIATION AND ITS VARIABILITY R.E. Schulze, M. Maharaj and R.D. Chapman The maps and statistics of solar radiation in this Section supersede the ones in the 1997 Atlas (Schulze, 1997) which were based on Clemence s (1992) equations. These daily estimates of solar radiation were derived using modifications for South African conditions of the Bristow and Campbell (1984) equation (cf. shaded box below and Section 5.2 of this Atlas). The daily values can be used as input in other equations such as the Penman-Monteith equation for potential crop evaporation (cf. Section 13.3). Determination of Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation and its Variability: A Summary The method of estimation of daily solar radiation loadings over South Africa and its verification have been presented in detail in Section 5.2. In summary the method is as follows: Based on the premise that clear sky solar radiation is determined essentially by extraterrestrial solar radiation modulated by an atmospheric extinction function, and dependent on high maximum temperatures associated with a high diurnal range in temperature, while cloudy/rainy conditions are associated with a low diurnal temperature range, the Bristow and Campbell (1984) equation was modified for South African conditions by regionally optimised expressions of clear sky depletion for atmospheric water vapour content, and by Determination of Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation and its Variability: A Summary (continued) month-by-month regionalised expressions for solar radiation extinction by cloudy/rainy conditions. Other than the optimised regional/monthly coefficients and the computation of extraterrestrial radiation, which is undertaken with trigonometrical geometry functions, the only other variables used were daily maximum and minimum temperatures. The latter were determined for the 50 year period at each of one arc minute (~ 1.7 x 1.7 km) raster points over South Africa by techniques outlined in Schulze and Maharaj (2004) and summarised in Section 2.1. Distribution Patterns over South Africa of Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation Over the course of a year, monthly means of daily solar radiation range from < 8 MJ/m 2 /day to > 28 MJ/m 2 /day. In mid-summer months highs in excess of 28 MJ/m 2 /day are found in the lower Orange River basin and the upper Karoo of the Northern Cape province, surrounded by a belt at MJ/m 2 /day along the west coast, the remainder of the Northern Cape, the western half of the Free State, the north of Eastern Cape and the interior regions of the Western Cape - essentially in the rainless winter rainfall and semi-arid regions of South Africa. The lowest mid-summer monthly means of daily solar radiation are in the high-lying high rainfall areas of KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga. A feature of mid-summer monthly means of daily solar radiation is that patterns display an east-west trend of low to high values. Transitional season months such as March and October display patterns of solar radiation largely parallel to the coast, at values of MJ/km 2 /day. By midwinter the trend is much more latitudinal, with values of MJ/m 2 /day in the north, MJ/m 2 /day in the central areas of South Section 5.3 Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation and its Variability 1
2 Africa and 8-10 in the winter rainfall region, but with < 8 MJ/m 2 /day in the extreme southwest of South Africa. Distribution Patterns over South Africa of Monthly Standard Deviations of Daily Solar Radiation Mid-summer month patterns of standard deviation are lowest (< 2 MJ/m 2 /day) in the winter rainfall region and the semi-arid west coast, as would be expected as a result of persistently clear sky days there in summer. Highest standard deviations in mid-summer months are in the relatively high rainfall coastal hinterland areas of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. The mid-winter month with the lowest standard deviation of daily solar radiation is June, with both the semi-arid west coast and sub-humid east coast in its non-rainy season with daily loadings varying by < 1.5 MJ/m 2 /day. The central parts of South Africa have standard deviations in excess of 2 MJ/m 2 /day in mid-winter months. References (In the sequence in which they appear in this Section, with the full references given in Section 22) 1. Schulze, R.E. (1997) 2. Bristow, K. L. and Campbell, G.S. (1984) 3. Schulze, R.E. and Maharaj, M. (2004) Citing from this Section of the Atlas When making reference to this Section of the Atlas, please cite as follows: Schulze, R.E Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation and its Variability. In: Schulze, R.E. (Ed) South African Atlas of Climatology and Agrohydrology. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, RSA, WRC Report 1489/1/06, Section 5.3. Section 5.3 Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation and its Variability 2
3 Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), January Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), April Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), February Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), May Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), March Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), June Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Section 5.3 Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation and its Variability 3
4 Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), July Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), October Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), August Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), November Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), September Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), December Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Section 5.3 Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation and its Variability 4
5 Section 5.3 Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation and its Variability 5
6 Section 5.3 Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation and its Variability 6
7 Standard Deviation of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), January Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Standard Deviation of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), April Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Standard Deviation of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), February Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Standard Deviation of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), May Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Standard Deviation of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), March Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Standard Deviation of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), June Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Section 5.3 Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation and its Variability 7
8 Standard Deviation of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), July Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Standard Deviation of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), October Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Standard Deviation of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), August Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Standard Deviation of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), November Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Standard Deviation of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), September Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Standard Deviation of Daily Solar Radiation (MJ/m 2 /day), December Limpopo Mpumalanga North West Northern Cape Gauteng Free State KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Cape Western Cape Swaziland Lesotho Section 5.3 Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation and its Variability 8
9 Section 5.3 Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation and its Variability 9
10 Section 5.3 Monthly Means of Daily Solar Radiation and its Variability 10
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