Household Projections for Japan 1 : Outline of Results and Methods. Hachiro Nishioka, Toru Suzuki, Masakazu Yamauchi, and Keita Suga

Transcription

1 Household Projections for Japan 1 : Outline of Results and Methods Hachiro Nishioka, Toru Suzuki, Masakazu Yamauchi, and Keita Suga Introduction Household Projections for Japan (Outline of Results and Methods) project the number of households nationwide and are new household projections following the projections released in ). The initial population used as the benchmark of the projections was obtained by adjusting the results of the 2005 Census. I. Framework of Projections 1. Period of Projections The period for the present projections is the twenty-five years from October 1, 2005 to October 1, Method and Results of Projections The essential part of the household projections was carried out by the household transition method, in the same way as for the projections published in This method projects distributions by combination of future marital states and household positions, by setting probabilities of transition of members of private households, and applies them to the population by sex and five-year age group of Population Projections for Japan (Published in December 2006) 3) (medium fertility/medium mortality variant) in order to project the population by sex, five-year age group, and combination of marital state and household positions. Households are identified with markers such as oneperson households, couple-only households, couple-and-child(ren) households, parent-andchild(ren) households, and other households. Markers refer to members regarded as key persons in terms of household formation/dissolution in projection models and usually match with the household heads of the Census. For exceptional cases such as a wife or a child becoming the head of couple-and-child(ren) households, we set certain rules such as the marker of couple-andchild(ren) households always being the husband and the marker of parent-and-child(ren) households always being the parent. We applied the correspondence between head/non-head and marker/non-marker in 2005 to the projected population by sex, by five-year age group, and by marital state and household positions (marker/ non-marker) to obtain the number of heads by sex, five-year age group, marital state, and family type. The detailed results of the projections are shown in Result Table 1 (number and mean size of private households by family type) and Result Table 2 (number of households by head s sex, five-year age group, and family type). 3. Initial Population We obtained the initial population used as the benchmark of the projections based on the 2005 Census, by converting positions of members within private households from heads/non-heads by family type to markers/non-markers by family type. 4. Variants of Projections The present projections handle only one case. However, for reference, we also calculated the number of households under the assumption that the distributions by sex, five-year age group, and combination of marital state and household positions remain constant from 2005 and onward. The purpose of the projections is to obtain the future number of private households by family type. This report deals with five different family types: one-person households, couple-only households, couple-and-child(ren) households, parent-and-child(ren) households, and other households. 4) II. Overview of Projection Results 1. Number of Private Household Members and Number of Private Households (Figure 1) According to the Population Projections for Japan (medium fertility/medium mortality), the total population of Japan will continue declining for a long time from According to the present projections, the development of the number of private household members shows generally the same trends as the total population. As seen in Result Table 1, the number of private household members decreases year by year from million people in 2005 to million in 2030, which is a reduction of million people. On the other hand, the total number of private households, as shown in Figure 1, continues to grow from million in 2005 to 2015 and peaks out at million households. Afterward, however, the number starts to decrease and the 40

2 Figure 1 Number of Private Households 53,000 Figure 2 Mean Size of Private Households 3.30 (1,000 households) 50,000 47,000 44,000 41,000 38,000 35,000 Year Table 1 Number and Percentage of Private Households by Family Type One-person Private households only and-child(ren) Parent-and-child(ren) Number of households (1,000 households) ,824 7,105 21,594 4,460 15,081 2,053 7, ,980 7,895 22,804 5,212 15,189 2,403 7, ,670 9,390 24,218 6,294 15,172 2,753 7, ,900 11,239 25,760 7,619 15,032 3,108 6, ,782 12,911 27,332 8,835 14,919 3,578 6, ,063 14,457 28,394 9,637 14,646 4,112 6, ,287 15,707 28,629 10,085 14,030 4,514 5, ,600 16,563 28,266 10,186 13,256 4,824 5, ,441 17,334 27,452 10,045 12,394 5,013 5, ,837 17,922 26,358 9,762 11,524 5,072 5, ,802 18,237 25,122 9,391 10,703 5,027 5,443 Percentage (%) (People)

3 total number of private households in 2030 is million, which is smaller by 260,000 than in Mean Size of Households (Figure 2) The fact that the number of households continues to increase even under the population decline implies that the household size keeps on shrinking. The mean size of private households will continue to decrease, from 2.56 members in 2005 to 2.27 in However, the tempo of change is expected to slow down as shown in Figure Number and Percentage of Private Households by Family Type (Table 1, Figure 3) As shown in Table 1 and Figure 3, the number of one-person households increases in the future, while couple-only households and parentand-child(ren) households shift from growth to decline, and couple-and-child(ren) households and other private households decrease. The number of households with smaller sizes increases, contributing to the shrinkage of the mean size of households. The number of one-person households keeps on increasing from million in 2005 and is also projected to grow even after 2016 when the total number of private households starts to decline. As a result, the number of one-person households reaches million households in 2030, which is an increase of 3.78 million compared to Its percentage out of the total number of private households also increases from 29.5% in 2005 to 37.4% in 2030, an increase of 7.9 percent points. In 2005, the number of couple-andchild(ren) households is slightly larger than that of one-person households and therefore the most common as a family type. However, one-person households is projected to become the most common family type from The number of couple-only households increases for the foreseeable future, but the rate of increase is not as rapid as for one-person households. Moreover, the number starts to decline in 2016, in the same way as for the total number of private households. That is, after increasing from 9.64 million in 2005 to million in 2015, the number starts to decline from 2016 and reaches 9.39 million in 2030, which is below the level in The percentage out of the total number of private households increases from 19.6% to 20.1% from 2005 to 2015, but decreases to 19.2% in The number of couple-and-child(ren) house- holds has been declining after peaking out in 1985, and this trend accelerates in the future: the number decreases from million to million from 2005 to This couple-andchild(ren) household type used to be the most common family type, accounting for 40% or more of private households, but since then the percentage has already declined significantly to 29.9% in 2005, and is projected to decrease further to 21.9% in Like one-person households, the number of parent-and-child(ren) households continues growing in the future as well, even after 2015 when the total number of private households starts to decrease. However, this trend peaks out in 2025 and starts to decline. The number is projected to increase from 4.11 million in 2005 to 5.07 million in 2025, and then decrease to 5.03 million in The percentage accounted for by this family type changes from 8.4% to 10.3% between 2005 and 2030, due to the decrease of the total number of private households after The majority of other households are stem-families which consist of a family nuclei and direct ancestors or descendants. This family type, in the same way as for couple-and-child(ren) households, started to decline in the second half of the 1980s. The downward trend continues in the future as well and the number decreases from 6.21 million to 5.44 million from 2005 to The percentage it accounts for also declines, from 12.7% in 2005 to 11.2% in Households with Elderly Heads (Table 2, Figure 4) 1) Number of Households with Elderly Heads As shown in Table 2 and Figure 4, the total number of private households with heads aged over 65 years increases by a factor of 1.40, from million in 2005 to million in Although this growth is slightly below the growth of the population of 65 years old or over in this period (a factor of 1.42), it exceeds the growth of the total number of households (a factor of 0.99). Households with heads aged over 75 years also increases by a factor of 2.00, from 5.54 million to million from 2005 to The growth exceeds not only that of the total number of households, but also that of the population of 75 years old or over in the same period (a factor of 1.95). Since the growth rate of the number of households with heads aged over 65 years is higher than that of the total number of private households, the percentage of the households with heads aged over 65 years increases dramatically from 27.6% 42

4 Figure 3 Number of Private Households by Family Type ( ) (1,000 households) (1,000 households) (1,000 households) a) Number of Private Households 55,000 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 - Reference projections c) only Households Reference projections e) Parent-and-child(ren) Households 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2, Reference projections (1,000 households) (1,000 households) (1,000 households) 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 - b) One-person Households Reference projections d) and-child(ren) Households 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000-20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 - f) Households Reference projections Reference projections

5 Year Table 2 Number and Percentage of Households with Heads d Over 65/75 Years by Family Type ( ) One-person Head aged over 65 years Private households only and-child(ren) Parent-and-child(ren) Number of households (1,000 households) ,546 3,865 7,580 4,648 1,918 1,014 2, ,680 4,655 8,844 5,336 2,295 1,213 2, ,028 5,621 10,011 5,991 2,607 1,413 2, ,992 6,311 10,228 6,140 2,573 1,515 2, ,012 6,729 9,873 5,941 2,387 1,545 2, ,031 7,173 9,482 5,685 2,233 1,564 2,376 Head aged over 75 years (re-insertion) ,539 1,967 2,660 1, ,041 2,504 3,520 2, , ,267 2,960 4,223 2, , ,427 3,417 4,835 3,017 1, , ,845 4,023 5,473 3,412 1, , ,097 4,286 5,420 3,374 1, ,391 Head aged over 65 years Percentage (%) Head aged over 75 years (re-insertion) Figure 4 Development of Number of Households with Heads d over 65/75 Years by Family Type ( ) a) Households with heads aged over 65 years b) Households with heads aged over 75 years (1,000 households) 20,000 Parent-and-child(ren) 18,000 16,000 14,000 and-child(ren) 12,000 10,000 only 8,000 6,000 4,000 One-person 2, (1,000 households) 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2, Parent-and-child(ren) and-child(ren) only One-person

6 to 39.0% from 2005 to In other words, the percentage increases from today s level of one fourth to a level far exceeding one third. Moreover, the percentage of households with heads aged over 75 years out of households with heads aged over 65 years also increases, from 40.9% in 2005 to 58.3% in 2030; clearly, the aging of the households advances further. 2) Number of Households with Elderly Heads by Family Type When the values of 2005 and 2030 are compared in terms of number of households with heads aged over 65 years by family type, one-person households shows the highest growth rate of a factor of1.86 (an increase from 3.87 million to 7.17 million), followed by parent-and-child(ren) households with a factor of 1.54 (an increase from 1.01 million to 1.56 million), couple-only with a factor of 1.22 ( an increase from 4.65 million to 5.69 million), couple-and-child(ren) with a factor of 1.16 (an increase from 1.92 million to 2.23 million), and then other private households with a factor of 1.13 (an increase from 2.10 million to 2.38 million); in short, all of the family types are anticipated to increase in this age group. As for the number of households with heads aged over 75 years, all family types show greater growth compared to households with heads aged over 65 years, among which couple-and-child(ren) households shows a particularly prominent growth of a factor of 2.23 (an increase from 480,000 households to 1.07 million), followed by one-person households with a factor of 2.18 (an increase from 1.97 million to 4.29 million) and parentand-child(ren) households with a factor of 2.06 (an increase from 470,000 to 970,000). Looking at the changes of percentages of households with heads aged over 65 years by family type, those showing consistent increase are one-person households and parent-andchild(ren) households, which increase from 28.5% to 37.7% and 7.5% to 8.2%, respectively. On the other hand, couple-only households and other private households steadily decline, from 34.3% to 29.9% and 15.5% to 12.5%, respectively. The percentage of couple-and-child(ren) households starts to decline after peaking out in 2010 and falls down to 11.7% in 2030, which is lower than the 14.2% it accounted for in For households with heads aged over 75 years, only the percentage of one-person households steadily increases from 35.5% to 38.6%. The percentages of couple-only households and couple-and-child(ren) households increase once, but shift to decline and remain around 30 to 33% and 8 to 11%, respectively, while the percentages of parent-and-child(ren) households and other private households first decrease and then turn to increase and remain in the order of 8% and 12 to 17%, respectively. As for the percentage of the number of households with heads aged over 75 years out of the number of households with heads aged over 65 years, all family types exhibit rising trends. and-child(ren) households are likely to become close to twice as common, from 25.1% in 2005 to 48.1% in The percentage of couple-only households increases from 36.7% to 59.3%, other private households from 43.4% to 58.5%, parent-and-child(ren) households from 46.5% to 62.1%, and one-person households from 50.9% to 59.8%: the percentage of each family type increases, indicating further advancement of aging of households. 5. Comparison with the Western Countries (Table 3) Table 3 compares the characteristics of current and future households in Japan with current conditions of the western countries. The mean size of households of Japan in 2005, 2.56 members, is at the same level as in USA and Canada, and higher than the Scandinavian and Western European countries. According to the present projections, on the other hand, the mean size of households in Japan is estimated to drop to 2.27 by This is the average level in the Scandinavian and Western European countries around 2005, almost the same as the size as in Norway and the Netherlands. Although the household size continues shrinking, it is not expected to go below the mean size of households of the current Sweden and Germany for the coming 25 years. The percentage of one-person households in Japan is 29.5% in 2005, which is close to that of the UK. This percentage is projected to increase to 37.4% by 2030 to reach almost the same level as the Scandinavian countries and Germany today, except Sweden. 6. Comparison with Reference Projections (Table 4) The reference projections estimate future changes of the number of households by keeping the distributions by combination of marital state and household position by sex and five-year age group constant at the values in The projections are based on the assumption that the household formation/dissolution behaviors do not change from 2005, which means that changes in the future are brought about only by the changes of population 45

7 Table 3 International Comparison of Mean Size of Households and Percentage of One-person Households Country (Year) Mean size of households (persons) Percentage of one-person households (%) Norway (2005) Sweden (2005) Denmark (2006) UK (2006) Germany (2006) Austria (2005) Netherlands (2005) USA (2005) Canada (2006) South Korea (2005) Japan (2005) Japan (2030) Materials: Norway: Statistics Norway ( Sweden: Statistics Sweden ( asp). Denmark: Statistics Denmark ( aspx). UK: National Statistics, UK ( Germany: Federal Statistical Office, FRG ( Austria: Statistik Austria ( Netherlands: Statistics Netherlands ( default.htm). USA: U.S. Census Bureau ( Canada: Statistics Canada ( South Korea: Korea National Statistics Office ( go.kr/). Table 4 Comparison between the Present Projections and Reference Projections Number of private households One-person only and-child(ren) Parent-and-child(ren) ,063 14,457 28,394 9,637 14,646 4,112 6,212 Present projections (1,000 households) ,287 15,707 28,629 10,085 14,030 4,514 5, ,600 16,563 28,266 10,186 13,256 4,824 5, ,441 17,334 27,452 10,045 12,394 5,013 5, ,837 17,922 26,358 9,762 11,524 5,072 5, ,802 18,237 25,122 9,391 10,703 5,027 5,443 Reference projections (1,000 households) ,594 14,209 29,014 10,230 14,665 4,119 6, ,766 14,089 29,159 10,552 14,451 4,156 6, ,457 13,971 28,853 10,648 14,059 4,146 6, ,700 13,760 28,266 10,619 13,564 4,083 6, ,410 13,304 27,518 10,535 13,020 3,963 6,588 Index (reference projections = 100)

8 size and sex/age structures projected by the national population projection (medium fertility/ medium mortality variant). According to Table 4, the number of households will continue to increase until around 2015 even if the household formation/dissolution behaviors do not change at all in the future, but the margin of increase is smaller than in the present projections. The change of household formation/dissolution behaviors increases the number of households in 2030 by 3% compared to the case where there is no change in the behaviors. The change in future population size and sex/ age structures work in the direction to decrease the number of one-person households from million in 2005 to million in This is because the population group in their 20s, many of whom are one-person households, decreases due to declining number of births, which has been progressing for the past 30 years. Therefore, it can be concluded that the increase of one-person households in the present projections is mainly brought about by changes in marriage/household formation behaviors, such as tendencies of marrying later, not marrying at all, increased divorces, and decreasing numbers of parents and child(ren) living together. The numbers of couple-only households, couple-and-child(ren) households, and parentand-child(ren) households, which together are classified into family nuclei, all increase for a while and then start to decrease in the reference projections. The long-term trends of changes coincide with the present projections. However, the speed of changes is faster in the present projections. In other words, it is possible to understand that the trends of these three types of households as the results of factors of population structure and behavioral changes acting at the same time. The trends of other private households show contrasting results between the present projections and the reference projections. More specifically, this family type increases until around 2025 assuming there are no changes in the household formation/dissolution behaviors. Thus, it is safe to say that the future decline of this family type is brought about mainly by the changes in behaviors, including changes in co-residing with parents or children. III Method of Projections 1. Outline of Projection Method The computations involved in the projections were conducted according to the procedure shown in Figure 5. The essential part of the household projection was carried out by the household transition method, as in the previous projections. In this method, survivors are divided into several different states and the future population by state is projected by applying the transition probability matrix. Here, the states to be projected are combinations of marital state and household position. There is a strong correlation between household position and marital state in the Census. It is rare that single children living together with parents become heads or that wives living together with husbands become heads. If such exceptional combinations are left as is, not only does the transition probability matrix become unnecessarily large, but it also becomes impossible to obtain reliable transition probabilities from survey data. For this reason, we define markers as reference members of target households of the projection model and set the following rules to limit the combinations of marker s position, sex, and marital state, for the household heads of the Census and the Fifth National Survey on Household Changes (explained later). (1) Husbands are set as markers in couple-only households and couple-and-child(ren) households. (2) Parents are set as markers in parent-andchild(ren) households. (3) Husbands are set as markers in case wives living with their husbands are heads of other households. (4) Fathers are set as markers in case single persons are heads of other households that include their parents. As a result, we defined the following 12 and 11 types of combinations between marital state and household position, for male and female, respectively. Since it is very rare that married men are markers of parent-and-child(ren) households, this case is integrated with one-person households in the projection model and separated again after making the projections. The initial population in 2005 was obtained by converting the number of heads/non-heads of the Census by sex, five-year age group, and family type, into the corresponding numbers of markers/non-markers by sex, five-year age group, and family type. Since the transition probability related to institutional household members cannot be obtained due to restrictions on data, we projected the percentage of institutional households by sex, fiveyear age group, and marital state by extrapolating the trends, as explained later. By applying this to the projected population by sex, five-year age group, and marital state, we obtained the number of private household members. On the other hand, we employed the transition probability matrix 47

9 Figure 5. Procedure of Household Projections Population projection (medium fertility/ medium mortality variant) Transition probability matrix between marital states Population by marital state Projection of percentage of institutional households Private household members by marital state Institutional household members by marital state Private household members by combination of marital state and household position Transition probability matrix between combinations of marital state and household position S; hs Single One-person household marker S: hs Single One-person household marker S: ho Single household marker * S: ho Single household marker * S: nh Single Non-marker S: nh Single Non-marker M: hs Married One-person household marker ** M: hc Married only household marker M: hn Married and-child(ren) household marker M: hs Married One-person household marker M: hp Married Parent-and-child(ren) household marker M: sp Married Spouse M: ho Married household marker M: nh Married non-marker M: nh Married Non-marker W: hs Widowed or divorced One-person household marker W: hp Widowed or divorced Parent-and-child(ren) household marker W: hs Widowed or divorced One-person household marker W: hp Widowed or divorced Parent-and-child(ren) household marker W: ho Widowed or divorced household marker W: ho Widowed or divorced household marker W: nh Widowed or divorced Non-marker W: nh Widowed or divorced Non-marker * Households not including parents ** Include parent-and-child(ren) household markers 48

10 between the combinations of marital state and household position shown above to obtain the distribution, from which we obtained the population by marital state and household position (marker/ non-marker), by sex and five-year age group. Based on the result at five-year intervals, we obtained the result for each year via linear interpolation. Moreover, we applied the conversion of the procedure at the time when the initial population of 2005 was created in reverse, to obtain the population by sex, five-year age group, marital state, and position within household. 2. Setting of Future Transition Probabilities among Marital States We first created a tentative transition probability matrix among marital states, based on 2005 Census and the Vital Statistics of Japan. We applied this matrix to 2000 Census, adjusted various probabilities such that the distributions by sex, five-year age group, and marital state of the 2005 Census could be reproduced, and then created a transition probability matrix between marital states corresponding to the period Using this matrix as the starting point, we created future transition probability matrices between marital states considering changes of probabilities of first marriage, remarriage, divorce/ bereavement, and death (five periods from the period to the period ). The probability of first marriage of women was obtained by applying the rate of change of the first marriage rate used in the Population Projections in Japan (medium fertility/medium mortality variant) to the probability of first marriage in the period The probability of remarriage of women was also assumed to change according to the same rate of change as first marriage. The probabilities of first marriage and remarriage of men were adjusted such that they match the total number of marriages caused by the probabilities of women s first marriage and remarriage. The probability of death was adjusted such that it matches the probability of death in the future life table used in the Population Projection, while maintaining the disparity of mortality among marital states. The probability of divorce/bereavement is the weighted average of the probability of bereavement and probability of divorce, but the probability of bereavement was reduced according to the reduction of the probability of death of the opposite sex in the future life table. We assumed that the probability of divorce would keep on increasing in the future as well because it increased in the period , but we assumed that the margin of increase would shrink linearly. 3. Projections of Percentage of Institutional Household Members In the Fifth National Survey on Household Changes 5), the pattern of transition among household positions of private household members can be obtained, but data related to transition between private households and institutional households cannot be obtained. For this reason, we projected the percentage of future institutional household members by extrapolating the current trends. In other words, we smoothed out the rate of change of the percentage of institutional household members by sex, five-year age group, and marital state obtained from 2000 and 2005 Censuses; these rates were assumed to decline linearly and stop changing in Creation of Transition Probability Matrix We obtained the transition probabilities among household positions from the marital transition matrix and the conditional transition patterns obtained from the Fifth National Survey on Household Changes. In this survey, household positions on the survey date as well as five years ago were asked. We performed conversions from heads/nonheads to markers/non-markers on this survey data according to the combinations of marital state and household position defined above. For example, if wives are household heads, they are replaced by husbands and if single children are household heads, they are replaced by parents, placing priority on fathers. We created a transition frequency matrix by sex and five-year age group, for household positions after the adjustment. We omitted very rare transitions to simplify the matrix. From this matrix, we obtained the conditional transition probability for each transition between marital states. We then multiplied the transition probability among marital states by the thus obtained conditional transition probability to create the transition probability matrix between combinations of marital state and household position, by sex and five-year age group. We multiplied the vector of household positions obtained from the 2000 Census with this matrix and compared the result with the vector of household positions obtained from the 2005 Census, to adjust the transition probability. In the Fifth National Survey on Household Changes, it was observed that both men and women have been leaving their parents households at an increasingly later age. For this reason, we assumed that the younger the cohort, the lower the transition probability from single/non-marker to single/one-person household marker, for both men and women, up to the population born in 49

11 the first half of the 1990s. We then projected the future transition probability via the proportional hazard model. 5. Initial Population The initial population, which is the benchmark of the projections, i.e., private household members by sex, five-year age group, and combination of marital state and household position (marker/nonmarker) as well as institutional household members by sex, five-year age group, marital state, was obtained from the 2005 Census. Private household members were obtained by converting heads/nonheads to markers/non-markers according to the aforementioned rules. 6. Projection Results In the present projections, we first determined the future population by sex, five-year age group, and marital state. We obtained this figure as follows based on the distribution by sex, five-year age group, and marital state in the 2005 Census. We applied the prepared transition probability matrix among marital states to this base data sequentially to obtain the future distribution by marital state, and then multiplied the projected population by sex and five-year age group (medium fertility/ medium mortality) with this distribution. We then applied the prepared projections of the percentage of institutional households by sex, five-year age group, and marital state to this obtained future population to divide the population into private household members and institutional household members. We started from the aforementioned initial population in 2005 and obtained the future distribution by combination of marital state and household position, by sequentially applying the transition probability matrix. We then multiplied private household members by sex, five-year age group, and marital state obtained above with the thus obtained distribution and obtained the future (five-year interval) population by combination of marital state and household position (marker/ non-marker). Based on this, we obtained the result for each year via linear interpolation, converted it from marker/non-marker to head/non-head, and finally obtained the number of household heads by sex, five-year age group, marital state, and family type. This number of household heads is the projected future number of households. Notes: (1) This report is based on the material published on March 14, (2) The National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Household Projections for Japan (National Projection): , Published in October 2003, Population Research Series No. 308, November (3) The National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Population Projections for Japan: , Appendix: Reference Projections , Published in December 2006, Population Research Series No. 315, March (4) private households consist of other relative households and non-relative households in the household structural categories of the Census. The latter accounts for as little as 4.3% in Note that approximately 70% of other relative households are three-generation households. (5) National Institute of Population and Social Security Research Fifth National Survey on Household Changes (2004), Field Survey Series No. 21, February

12 Result Table 1 Number of Private Households by Family Type, Private Household Members, Mean Size of Households Year Number of private households (1,000) andchild(ren) Parent-andchild(ren) Private household members (1,000) Mean size of households (persons) ,063 14,457 28,394 9,637 14,646 4,112 6, , ,335 14,713 28,461 9,722 14,550 4,189 6, , ,611 14,978 28,525 9,831 14,423 4,271 6, , ,865 15,230 28,579 9,933 14,294 4,353 6, , ,093 15,475 28,615 10,023 14,159 4,434 6, , ,287 15,707 28,629 10,085 14,030 4,514 5, , ,363 15,866 28,582 10,102 13,902 4,577 5, , ,449 16,046 28,523 10,135 13,744 4,644 5, , ,517 16,221 28,453 10,161 13,584 4,708 5, , ,570 16,395 28,369 10,182 13,419 4,768 5, , ,600 16,563 28,266 10,186 13,256 4,824 5, , ,586 16,711 28,125 10,153 13,106 4,866 5, , ,576 16,876 27,972 10,130 12,933 4,909 5, , ,551 17,038 27,808 10,104 12,755 4,948 5, , ,509 17,193 27,636 10,078 12,575 4,983 5, , ,441 17,334 27,452 10,045 12,394 5,013 5, , ,342 17,458 27,246 9,979 12,236 5,031 5, , ,242 17,590 27,030 9,922 12,061 5,048 5, , ,127 17,714 26,809 9,867 11,882 5,060 5, , ,997 17,829 26,586 9,815 11,703 5,068 5, , ,837 17,922 26,358 9,762 11,524 5,072 5, , ,659 17,997 26,122 9,681 11,375 5,066 5, , ,466 18,069 25,877 9,607 11,208 5,062 5, , ,258 18,134 25,627 9,533 11,039 5,055 5, , ,032 18,188 25,373 9,458 10,868 5,046 5, , ,802 18,237 25,122 9,391 10,703 5,027 5, , Percentage (%)

13 2005 Result Table 2 Number and Percentage of Private Households by Head s Sex and Five-year Group, by Family Type 49,063 14,457 28,394 9,637 14,646 4,112 6, ,019 1, ,804 1,619 1, ,874 1,351 2, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,606 1,107 3,490 1,038 1, , , ,093 1,384 1, , ,687 1, , ,233 1, , ,518 1, , ,546 3,865 7,580 4,648 1,918 1,014 2, ,251 7,665 25,256 9,551 14,562 1,143 5, ,240 1, ,064 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,104 1,029 1, , ,815 1,376 1, , ,462 1, , ,041 1, , ,364 1, ,572 1,051 6,798 4,630 1, , ,811 6,793 3, ,

14 2005 Result Table 2 Number and Percentage of Private Households by Head s Sex and Five-year Group, by Family Type (Continued) ,974 2, ,335 14,713 28,461 9,722 14,550 4,189 6, ,997 1, ,706 1,566 1, ,817 1,353 2, , ,060 1,078 2, , , , , , , , , , , ,872 1,192 3,629 1,080 1, , , ,903 1,295 1, , ,737 1, ,863 1,005 2,301 1, , ,587 1, , , ,037 4,039 7,874 4,811 2,006 1,057 2, ,340 7,793 25,277 9,636 14,467 1,175 5, ,229 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,222 1,071 1, , ,637 1,288 1, , ,505 1, , ,101 1, , ,427 1,

15 2006 Result Table 2 Number and Percentage of Private Households by Head s Sex and Five-year Group, by Family Type (Continued) , ,922 1,125 7,061 4,793 2, , ,995 6,920 3, , , ,115 2, ,611 14,978 28,525 9,831 14,423 4,271 6, ,971 1, ,629 1, ,716 1,335 2, , ,132 1,124 2, , , , , , , , , , , ,646 1,176 3,468 1,029 1, , , ,967 1,323 1, ,449 1,005 2,803 1, ,930 1,026 2,353 1, , ,658 1, , ,

16 2007 Result Table 2 Number and Percentage of Private Households by Head s Sex and Five-year Group, by Family Type (Continued) 14,534 4,214 8,171 4,975 2,095 1,101 2, ,420 7,922 25,294 9,746 14,340 1,208 5, ,215 1, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,072 1,020 1, , ,691 1,315 1, , ,563 1, , ,148 1, , ,492 1, , ,277 1,199 7,327 4,956 2, , ,191 7,056 3, , , ,257 3,

17 2008 Result Table 2 Number and Percentage of Private Households by Head s Sex and Five-year Group, by Family Type (Continued) 49,865 15,230 28,579 9,933 14,294 4,353 6, ,931 1, ,574 1, ,584 1,306 2, , ,218 1,174 2, , , , , , , , , , , ,316 1,137 3, , ,971 1,077 3,085 1,374 1, ,565 1,048 2,868 1, ,956 1,036 2,379 1, , ,725 1, , , ,981 4,376 8,437 5,120 2,175 1,142 2, ,485 8,044 25,300 9,848 14,211 1,242 5, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,792 1,365 1, , ,621 1, , ,171 1, , ,553 1, , ,593 1,268 7,564 5,100 2, , ,380 7,186 3, ,