Pipe Strut vs. Laced Strut

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1 Pipe Strut vs. Laced Strut Chiew Sing-Ping School of Civil and Environmental Engineering NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 9 July 2015

2 Pipe Strut vs. Laced Strut Pipe Strut Laced Strut 2

3 PLAXIS Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis Wall (Beam element) Strut (Bar element) 3

4 PLAXIS Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis Wall deflection profile Distribution of wall bending moments d hmax = 68.9 mm Wall max BM = knm/m and knm/m 4

5 PLAXIS Soil-Structure Interaction Analysis Strut forces compression is -ve 5

6 Pipe Strut vs Laced Strut Part 1: What is Pipe Strut? Production Process: ERW, Spiral, UOE Press-Forming & Roll-Forming Part 2: Why use Pipe Strut? Design of Pipe Strut vs. Laced Strut Section Efficiency Study Part 3: How to use Pipe Strut? Pipe Connectors for Fixed and Free Ends 6

7 How to produce a pipe? What is Pipe Strut? ROLL-FORMING SPIRAL-WELDING UOE PRESS-FORMING ELECTRIC-RESISTANT WELDING 7

8 ERW Electric Resistant Welding 8

9 UOE Press-Forming 9

10 Spiral Welding 10

11 Why use Pipe Strut? Design of pipe strut according to EC3 1. Section classification 2. Non-dimensional slenderness f y L cr i Buckling curve hot finished cold formed 4. Reduction factor Buckling resistance N b, Rd Af y M 0 11

12 Design of Laced Strut 2 types of built-up struts Laced Strut Battened Strut Chord Lace Batten Module 12

13 Design of Laced Strut Efficient Laced Strut: z' I z z I yy z y (affected by module length a) Strong laced members y y z' 13

14 Design of Laced Strut Section properties of laced strut with two identical members Effective second moment of area: I 2 eff 0.5h0 A ch (EC3-1-1, ) A ch Area of the chord h 0 distance between the centroids of chords 14

15 I Design of Laced Strut 2 2 ' ' 0.5h A z z 0 ch I yy Achiy I I ' z z yy ' 0.5h i 2 0 Ach 2 y Ach y 0.5h i 1 h i y 0 2 radius of gyration about y-axis 15

16 Effect of Global Stiffness Buckling modes: h i y 0 2 h i y 0 2 Out-of-plane buckling In-plane buckling 16

17 Effect of Module Length a Buckling mode with inappropriate module length between lacing members: Local In-plane chord buckling 17

18 Effect of Laced Member Buckling modes with weak laced members: Laced member buckling Torsional buckling 18

19 Section Efficiency Study Strut Force h Strut Strut length L Strut force (kn/m) Strut spacing (m) Force (kn) Strut 6m c/c 19

20 Compressive Resistance 6000 kn Weight kg/m for pipe and laced struts for various length Grade S275 Strut L (m) Pipe λ Weight (kg/m) Strut L (m) Laced λy Weight (kg/m) UB UB UB UB UB UB UB UB UB UB UB

21 Weight (kg/m) Compressive Resistance 6000 kn Pipe Laced Strut length (m) 21

22 Compressive Resistance kn Weight kg/m for pipe and laced struts for various length Grade S275 Strut L (m) Pipe λ Weight (kg/m) Strut L (m) Laced λ y Weight (kg/m) UB UB UB UB UB UB UB UB UB UB / UB

23 Weight (kg/m) Compressive Resistance kn pipe Laced Strut length (m) 23

24 Resistance & Slenderness vs. Steel Grade Design resistance of strut = 1500kN Suitable pipe sections with unit-weight (kg/m) for various strut length are given below Strut L (m) Pipe Weight (kg/m) Slenderness λ Resistance (kn) S275 S355 S460 S275 S355 S

25 Resistance (kn) Slenderness Slenderness Resistance & Slenderness vs. Steel Grade When the slenderness is beyond the range of , the high strength steel contributes little to compression resistance S275 S355 S460 Slend275 Slend355 Slend Strut length (m) 0 25

26 Influence of Steel Grade Design resistance =1500 kn Suitable pipe sections with different steel grade Strut L (m) Pipe S275 S355 S460 Weight (kg/m) Pipe Weight (kg/m) Pipe Weight (kg/m)

27 weight (kg/m) Influence of Steel Grade S275 S355 S Strut Length (m) 27

28 Advantages of Pipe Strut Design of pipe strut is simpler; lesser chance of making a mistake Smaller diameter pipe strut will not be competitive Larger diameter pipe strut can span longer and/or take higher strut force without any intermediate restraint (i.e. no king post, runner beam or splay; hence, higher productivity) No clear advantage in using higher grade steel because design govern by buckling for long span strut 28

29 How to use Pipe Strut? Hydraulic Jack Free End for manual pre-loading Mast Section Connector Fixed End Automatic hydraulic system 29

30 Example of Free End Type 1 Common specification: Φ800*1450 mm Adjustable range: 0-30 cm 30

31 Example of Free End Type 1 Detachable End 31

32 Example of Free End Type 2 Steel wedge to lock the strut after pre-loading 32

33 Example of Free End Type 3 33

34 Example of Free End Type 3 Typical connection between Free End and Waler Steel pipe Detachable End Hydraulic Jack Steel wedge Filling pile Bolted connection Free End Hydraulic Jack Waler 34

35 Example of Fixed End 900mm Twin Waler 700mm 500mm 300mm 500mm 35

36 Flexible Cone Connectors Twin Waler Stiffener Flexible cone connector 36

37 Flexible Cone Connectors Stiffener 500mm φ 300mm φ 37

38 Connection between Mast Sections Bolted connections and connectors Connector Bolts 38

39 Concluding Remarks Use of laced struts in Singapore is highly developed and efficient because of our many years of experience of MRT construction. For pipe strut to be more competitive and productive, it has to space wider and span longer without any intermediate restraint. This will naturally lead to the use of larger diameter pipe struts. However, pre-loading and connection design will be more challenging. Some clever device for manual or automatic pre-loading and flexible connectors will have to be developed. 39

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