WORLD TARIFF PROFILES

Transcription

1 WORLD TARIFF PROFILES 2017 Applied MFN tariffs 0<2 2<4 4<6 6<8 8<10 10<15 15<20 20<

2 About this publication World Tariff Profiles is a co-publication of the WTO, ITC and UNCTAD on market access for goods. This annual publication provides comprehensive information on the tariffs and non-tariff measures imposed by over 170 countries and customs territories. Non-WTO members are included if data on the tariffs they applied in 2016 or 2015 are available in the databases of the WTO, ITC or UNCTAD. For more information The statistical tables included in this report can be downloaded from the WTO web site at The map on the cover represents the latest available average MFN tariffs applied by countries/customs territories. These tariffs () are grouped into eight categories. Data are sourced from this publication (covering 2016 and 2015) and from previous publications if more recent data are not available. The boundaries shown on the map do not imply any judgment, official endorsement or acceptance by the WTO as to the legal status or frontier of any territory.

3 Contents General note and abbreviations 2 Introduction 3 I SUMMARY TARIFF TABLES I. tariff tables 4 Description of column headings 6 Technical notes 7 All products II. Country/territory tariff profiles 26 Index of tariff profiles 28 Technical notes 30 Country/territory tariff profiles 35 III. Non-tariff measures Non-tariff measures introduction Statistics on some selected non-tariff measures Anti-dumping Countervailing duties Safeguards 208 IV. Special topic: Export diversification 214 I. Introduction 216 II. Product diversification globally and by country 216 III. Other diversification indicators 225 IV. Conclusions 231 V. Annexes 236 A. Data sources 238 B. Frequently asked questions 243 Acknowledgements 246 II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES IV SPECIAL TOPIC III NON-TARIFF MEASURES V ANNEXES 1

4 Abbreviations AVG AG AVE HS Max MFN NAV Non-AG SSG TL UV Notations Average Ad valorem equivalent Harmonized System (nomenclature) Maximum duty Most favoured nation Non-ad valorem duty Non agricultural products Special safeguards Tariff line Unit value Not applicable 0 = 0 (not rounded) 0.0 >0 and < =100 (not rounded) >99.95 and <100 Blank Italics US$ Bound or applied duties and/or imports are not available at all for a given country or territory. Maxima, based on AVE estimates are printed in italics; this also applies in cases when the ad valorem is part of a compound or mixed duty as ceiling or floor. United States dollar General note and abbreviations The statistics related to applied tariffs and imports are calculated using data which are based on the HS nomenclature adopted by the country for the reference year. For statistics on bound tariffs, the calculations are based on the approved schedule of concessions of the WTO member. In previous issues of World Tariff Profiles, each schedule is based on the HS version which the member used when it acceded to the WTO. Starting with the 2010 issue of this publication, bound tariff statistics are based on the approved schedule of concessions for each member in the most recent HS version. This might have some implications on the historical series of various bound tariff indicators affected by the use of a different nomenclature. While the member s commitments have not changed as a result of the transposition, some aggregate statistics might have been affected as a consequence of the change to another HS version. The classification of products into agricultural and non-agricultural is based on Annex 1 of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture which lists all products covered in the Agreement. The Annex enumerates HS codes that are subject to the agriculture negotiations in the WTO and are considered agricultural products. HS codes which are not in Annex 1 are subject to the non-agricultural market access negotiations and are considered non-agricultural products. In the comparison of bound and applied duties within countries and across countries, the following caveats need to be taken into account besides that of the effects of different HS versions used and nomenclature breakdowns. These are: (1) binding coverage; (2) tariff bindings not fully implemented; and (3) AVEs. While binding commitments cover all agricultural products, in principle, this is not always the case for non-agricultural goods. There are a number of WTO members where the binding coverage for non-agricultural products is less and sometimes much less than 100 per cent. Also, a number of developed countries have not yet fully bound all the tariff lines in their schedules. Any comparison of bound and applied tariff indicators is only valid in cases of full binding coverage. For most WTO members, except the most recently acceded ones, all commitments dating back to the Uruguay Round have by now been implemented. In cases where commitments are not yet fully implemented, one may see MFN applied averages or maxima exceeding the corresponding bound duty indicators. Last but not least, the calculation of AVEs may affect the comparison between bound and applied duties when the changes in nomenclature have resulted in the use of different unit values. In other cases, bound duties have been expressed in a way that is not directly comparable with the currently used applied duties. In a number of cases, the estimated MFN applied AVEs were adjusted when the corresponding bound tariff lines were defined in ad valorem terms. In these cases, the corresponding bound ad valorem duty was used as ceiling for the AVE estimate. 2

5 WTO The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. The WTO s main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. It does this by administering trade agreements, acting as a forum for trade negotiations, settling trade disputes, reviewing national trade policies, assisting developing countries in trade policy issues through technical assistance and training programmes and cooperating with other international organizations. ITC The International Trade Centre (ITC) is the joint agency of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations. ITC enables small business export success in developing countries by providing, with partners, sustainable and inclusive trade development solutions to the private sector, trade support institutions and policymakers. ITC s strategic objectives are to strengthen the international competitiveness of enterprises, to develop the capacity of trade service providers to support businesses, and to support policymakers in integrating the business sector into the global economy. UNCTAD Established in 1964, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) promotes the developmentfriendly integration of developing countries into the world economy. UNCTAD has progressively evolved into an authoritative knowledge-based institution whose work aims to help shape current policy debates and thinking on development, with a particular focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually supportive in bringing about sustainable development. Introduction The World Tariff Profiles is a joint publication of the WTO, ITC and UNCTAD devoted to market access for goods. This statistical yearbook contains a comprehensive compilation of the main tariff parameters for each of the 164 WTO members plus other countries and customs territories where data is available. Each tariff profile presents information on tariffs imposed by each economy on its imports complemented with an analysis of the market access conditions it faces in its major export markets. Statistics for all countries and territories are given in standardized tables which allow easy comparisons between countries/territories, between sectors and, specifically for WTO members, between bound and applied tariffs as well. The calculations are based on national tariff schedules and imports in conformity with a standard Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature version. To the extent possible, ad valorem equivalents (AVEs) of nonad valorem tariffs are estimated and are included in the estimation of tariff indicators. Nonetheless, certain caveats apply in the interpretation of these indicators and the reader is advised to read the methodological notes that precede the statistical tables. The publication is presented in five main parts. The first part shows summary tariff statistics for all countries and territories for all products, as well as a breakdown into agricultural and nonagricultural products. The second part shows for each of these countries and territories one full page with disaggregation by sectors and duty ranges. It also contains a section on the market access conditions faced in their respective major export markets. A new third part has been added to this edition to cover information on non-tariff measures which are of increasing importance in international trade. The fourth part contains the special topic which presents a new subject in each edition. The annexes are in part five and include the data sources and the compilation of Frequently Asked Questions. The summary tariff tables in the first part are designed to allow cross-country comparison as well as comparison of the levels of bound and applied duties. Apart from the standard indicators like tariff averages, maxima, percentage of duty-free tariff lines, peaks and non-ad valorem duties, it also contains indicators of tariff dispersion such as the number of distinct duties and the coefficient of variation. The calculation of these indicators is based, where applicable, on a pre-aggregation to HS six-digit subheadings, which leads to a standardization across countries and thus makes the comparisons more compatible. The tariff profiles tables are divided into two blocks covering (A) the domestic market access protection and (B) the protection faced in the major export markets. In part A, information on bound and applied duties is shown by duty ranges and by sectors. Information for agricultural and non-agricultural duties is shown separately. In addition, there are indicators on the occurrence of special safeguards and on tariff quotas. In part B, the trade diversification and market access conditions in the five major export markets are depicted, broken down into agricultural and non-agricultural products. The third part contains the summary tables on anti-dumping actions, countervailing duties and safeguard measures. The new special topic presented on the fourth part is entitled Export diversification. 3

6 4 I. tariff tables

7 Description of column headings 6 Technical notes 7 Tables: All products

8 Description of column headings Column headings Year of MFN applied tariff Binding coverage Simple average Duty-free Non-ad valorem duties Duties > 15 % Duties > 3 * AVG Concessions not yet implemented in 2016 Maximum duty Number of distinct duty rates Coefficient of variation Number of MFN applied tariff lines Description or method of calculation Calendar year or start of fiscal year Share of HS six-digit subheadings containing at least one bound tariff line. Full binding coverage is indicated by 100 without further decimals. If some tariff lines are unbound but the result still rounds to 100 this is reflected by maintaining one decimal, i.e Simple average of the ad valorem or AVE HS six-digit duty averages. Share of duty-free HS six-digit subheadings in the total number of subheadings in the product group. Partially dutyfree subheadings are taken into account on a pro rata basis. Share of HS six-digit subheadings subject to nonad valorem duties. When only part of the HS six-digit subheading is subject to non-ad valorem duties the percentage share of these tariff lines is used. Share of HS six-digit subheadings subject to ad valorem duties or AVEs greater than 15 per cent. When only part of the HS six-digit subheading is covered by such duties, the calculation is done on a pro rata basis. Share of HS six-digit subheadings subject to ad valorem duties or AVEs greater than three times the national average. When only part of the HS six-digit subheading is covered by such duties, the calculation is done on a pro rata basis. Share of HS six-digit bound subheadings not yet implemented in When only part of the HS six-digit subheading is covered by such duties the calculation is made on a pro rata basis. Maximum tariff line level ad valorem duty or AVE. Number of distinct duty rates. Non-ad valorem duties are always treated as distinct because AVE calculations would always yield distinct AVEs. For this indicator, however, duties not provided are not included in the count. Standard deviation of tariff line duty rates divided by the simple tariff line level average of all duty rates. Includes only ad valorem duties or AVEs. Total number of MFN applied tariff lines 6

9 Technical notes Only duties and imports recorded under HS Chapters are taken into account. Each applied tariff schedule is validated against the standard nomenclature at the HS six-digit subheading level of the HS version adopted by the country for the reference year. National tariff lines that do not follow this standard (i.e., the first six digits should be based on the standard subheading nomenclature of the HS version used by the country) are discarded and not taken into account. On the other hand, missing subheadings are added. Hence, all calculations are based on the complete standard nomenclature. All simple averages are based on pre-aggregated HS six-digit averages. Pre-aggregation means that duties at the tariff line level are first averaged to HS six-digit subheadings. Subsequent calculations are based on these pre-aggregated averages. To the extent possible, non-ad valorem duties are converted into ad valorem equivalents. The methodology used for the conversion is in Technical Annex B of World Tariff Profiles I SUMMARY TARIFF TABLES 7

10 All products Country/Territory Year of MFN applied tariff Binding coverage Simple average Duty-free Non ad valorem duties Bound MFN applied Bound MFN MFN Bound Bound applied applied Share of HS 6 digit subheadings in per cent Afghanistan Duties > 15 % MFN applied Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain, Kingdom of Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia, Plurinational State of Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Côte d'ivoire Cuba Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia European Union Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea

11 All products Concessions Number of distinct duty Duties > 3 * AVG Maximum duty Coefficient of variation rates Number of not yet MFN implemented MFN MFN MFN Bound Bound MFN applied Bound Bound Country/Territory applied in 2016 applied applied applied tariff lines Share of HS 6 digit subhdgs in per cent Afghanistan ,413 Albania ,945 Algeria ,961 Angola ,705 Antigua and Barbuda ,032 Argentina ,473 Armenia ,199 Australia ,957 Azerbaijan ,116 Bahamas ,285 Bahrain, Kingdom of ,631 Bangladesh Barbados ,473 Belarus ,302 Belize ,898 Benin ,474 Bhutan ,486 Bolivia, Plurinational State of ,142 Bosnia and Herzegovina ,456 Botswana ,028 Brazil > ,915 Brunei Darussalam ,898 Burkina Faso ,436 Burundi ,767 Cabo Verde ,557 Cambodia Cameroon ,128 Canada ,652 Central African Republic ,491 Chad ,784 Chile ,161 China ,473 Colombia ,390 Comoros ,898 Congo 1.3 > ,999 Cook Islands ,012 Costa Rica ,898 Côte d'ivoire ,890 Cuba ,841 Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti ,354 Dominica ,047 Dominican Republic ,540 Ecuador > 1000 > ,859 Egypt ,978 El Salvador ,747 Ethiopia ,413 European Union > ,967 Fiji ,599 Gabon The Gambia ,254 Georgia ,898 Ghana ,663 Grenada ,184 Guatemala Guinea I SUMMARY TARIFF TABLES 9

12 All products Country/Territory Year of MFN applied tariff Binding coverage Simple average Duty-free Non ad valorem duties Bound MFN applied Bound MFN MFN Bound Bound applied applied Share of HS 6 digit subheadings in per cent Duties > 15 % Guinea-Bissau MFN applied Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Republic of Kuwait, the State of Kyrgyz Republic Lao People's Democratic Republic Lebanese Republic Lesotho Liberia Macao, China Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova, Republic of Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis

13 All products Concessions Number of distinct duty Duties > 3 * AVG Maximum duty Coefficient of variation rates Number of not yet MFN implemented MFN MFN MFN Bound Bound MFN applied Bound Bound Country/Territory applied in 2016 applied applied applied tariff lines Share of HS 6 digit subhdgs in per cent Guinea-Bissau ,373 Guyana ,580 Haiti ,969 Honduras ,533 Hong Kong, China ,587 Iceland ,543 India ,011 Indonesia ,304 Israel ,159 Jamaica ,591 Japan ,699 Jordan ,628 Kazakhstan ,436 Kenya ,347 Korea, Republic of ,285 Kuwait, the State of ,473 Kyrgyz Republic ,725 Lao People's Democratic Republic ,970 Lebanese Republic ,456 Lesotho Liberia ,756 Macao, China ,710 Madagascar ,682 Malawi > ,422 Malaysia Maldives ,898 Mali ,449 Mauritania ,351 Mauritius ,355 Mexico ,474 Moldova, Republic of ,752 Mongolia ,466 Montenegro ,784 Morocco ,197 Mozambique ,820 Myanmar ,456 Namibia 0.6 > ,299 Nauru ,383 Nepal ,510 New Zealand ,425 Nicaragua ,898 Niger ,923 Nigeria ,962 Norway ,321 Oman ,050 Pakistan 1.1 > ,279 Palau ,643 Panama Papua New Guinea ,109 Paraguay ,554 Peru ,223 Philippines ,284 Qatar ,609 Russian Federation ,438 Rwanda ,292 Saint Kitts and Nevis I SUMMARY TARIFF TABLES 11

14 All products Country/Territory Year of MFN applied tariff Binding coverage Simple average Duty-free Non ad valorem duties Bound MFN applied Bound MFN MFN Bound Bound applied applied Share of HS 6 digit subheadings in per cent Duties > 15 % MFN applied Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The FYR of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States of America Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

15 All products Concessions Number of distinct duty Duties > 3 * AVG Maximum duty Coefficient of variation rates Number of not yet MFN implemented MFN MFN MFN Bound Bound MFN applied Bound Bound Country/Territory applied in 2016 applied applied applied tariff lines Share of HS 6 digit subhdgs in per cent ,487 Saint Lucia ,432 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ,482 Samoa ,307 Sao Tome and Principe ,323 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of ,898 Senegal ,829 Serbia ,566 Seychelles Sierra Leone > ,836 9,557 Singapore ,506 Solomon Islands ,456 South Africa ,920 Sri Lanka Suriname ,456 Swaziland > 1000 > ,298 Switzerland ,929 Chinese Taipei ,960 Tajikistan ,436 Tanzania ,562 Thailand ,666 The FYR of Macedonia ,204 Timor-Leste ,898 Togo ,457 Tonga Trinidad and Tobago ,504 Tunisia ,510 Turkey ,436 Uganda ,460 Ukraine ,285 United Arab Emirates ,228 United States of America ,607 Uruguay ,847 Uzbekistan ,304 Vanuatu ,886 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of ,623 Viet Nam ,190 Yemen > ,194 Zambia ,143 Zimbabwe I SUMMARY TARIFF TABLES 13

16 Country/Territory Year of MFN applied tariff Simple average Duty-free Non ad valorem duties Bound MFN applied Bound MFN MFN Bound Bound applied applied Share of HS 6 digit subheadings in per cent Afghanistan Duties > 15 % MFN applied Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain, Kingdom of Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia, Plurinational State of Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Côte d'ivoire Cuba Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia European Union Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea

17 Concessions Number of distinct duty Duties > 3 * AVG Maximum duty Coefficient of variation rates Number of not yet MFN implemented MFN MFN MFN Bound Bound MFN applied Bound Bound Country/Territory applied in 2016 applied applied applied tariff lines Share of HS 6 digit subhdgs in per cent Afghanistan ,075 Albania ,416 Algeria Angola ,158 Antigua and Barbuda ,032 Argentina ,533 Armenia Australia ,178 Azerbaijan ,072 Bahamas ,182 Bahrain, Kingdom of ,100 Bangladesh Barbados ,533 Belarus ,029 Belize Benin Bhutan ,043 Bolivia, Plurinational State of ,171 Bosnia and Herzegovina ,114 Botswana ,031 Brazil > ,164 1,298 Brunei Darussalam Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde ,298 Cambodia Cameroon ,297 Canada Central African Republic Chad ,413 Chile ,476 China ,040 Colombia Comoros Congo 4.6 > ,315 Cook Islands ,661 Costa Rica Côte d'ivoire Cuba Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti ,029 Dominica ,110 Dominican Republic ,054 Ecuador > 1000 > ,272 Egypt ,030 El Salvador Ethiopia ,075 European Union Fiji Gabon The Gambia ,086 Georgia Ghana ,126 Grenada ,163 Guatemala Guinea I SUMMARY TARIFF TABLES 15

18 Country/Territory Year of MFN applied tariff Simple average Duty-free Non ad valorem duties Bound MFN applied Bound MFN MFN Bound Bound applied applied Share of HS 6 digit subheadings in per cent Duties > 15 % Guinea-Bissau MFN applied Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Republic of Kuwait, the State of Kyrgyz Republic Lao People's Democratic Republic Lebanese Republic Lesotho Liberia Macao, China Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova, Republic of Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis

19 Concessions Number of distinct duty Duties > 3 * AVG Maximum duty Coefficient of variation rates Number of not yet MFN implemented MFN MFN MFN Bound Bound MFN applied Bound Bound Country/Territory applied in 2016 applied applied applied tariff lines Share of HS 6 digit subhdgs in per cent Guinea-Bissau ,057 Guyana ,108 Haiti ,197 Honduras ,034 Hong Kong, China ,946 Iceland ,495 India ,320 Indonesia ,205 Israel ,374 Jamaica ,982 Japan Jordan ,683 Kazakhstan Kenya ,739 Korea, Republic of ,182 Kuwait, the State of ,533 Kyrgyz Republic ,298 Lao People's Democratic Republic Lebanese Republic ,114 Lesotho Liberia Macao, China Madagascar Malawi > ,255 Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius ,275 Mexico ,147 Moldova, Republic of Mongolia ,099 Montenegro ,557 Morocco Mozambique ,436 Myanmar ,114 Namibia 3.0 > Nauru Nepal ,073 New Zealand ,173 Nicaragua Niger Nigeria ,392 Norway ,198 Oman Pakistan 3.8 > Palau ,386 Panama Papua New Guinea ,032 Paraguay ,043 Peru ,333 Philippines ,183 Qatar ,683 Russian Federation Rwanda ,027 Saint Kitts and Nevis I SUMMARY TARIFF TABLES 17

20 Country/Territory Year of MFN applied tariff Simple average Duty-free Non ad valorem duties Bound MFN applied Bound MFN MFN Bound Bound applied applied Share of HS 6 digit subheadings in per cent Duties > 15 % MFN applied Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The FYR of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States of America Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

21 Concessions Number of distinct duty Duties > 3 * AVG Maximum duty Coefficient of variation rates Number of not yet MFN implemented MFN MFN MFN Bound Bound MFN applied Bound Bound Country/Territory applied in 2016 applied applied applied tariff lines Share of HS 6 digit subhdgs in per cent ,123 Saint Lucia ,115 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Sao Tome and Principe ,194 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Senegal ,252 Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone > ,781 1,298 Singapore Solomon Islands ,114 South Africa ,064 Sri Lanka Suriname ,114 Swaziland > 1000 > ,134 Switzerland ,503 Chinese Taipei ,466 Tajikistan Tanzania ,303 Thailand ,175 The FYR of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago ,303 Tunisia ,803 Turkey Uganda ,193 Ukraine ,182 United Arab Emirates ,684 United States of America ,495 Uruguay ,428 Uzbekistan Vanuatu ,231 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of ,299 Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe I SUMMARY TARIFF TABLES 19

22 Country/Territory Year of MFN applied tariff Binding coverage Simple average Duty-free Non ad valorem duties Bound MFN applied Bound MFN MFN Bound Bound applied applied Share of HS 6 digit subheadings in per cent Afghanistan Duties > 15 % MFN applied Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain, Kingdom of Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia, Plurinational State of Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Côte d'ivoire Cuba Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia European Union Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea World Tariff Profiles 2016

23 Concessions Number of distinct duty Duties > 3 * AVG Maximum duty Coefficient of variation Number of not yet rates MFN implemented MFN MFN MFN Bound Bound MFN applied Bound Bound Country/Territory applied in 2016 applied applied applied tariff lines Share of HS 6 digit subhdgs in per cent Afghanistan ,338 Albania ,529 Algeria ,186 Angola ,547 Antigua and Barbuda ,000 Argentina ,940 Armenia ,361 Australia ,779 Azerbaijan ,044 Bahamas ,103 Bahrain, Kingdom of ,531 Bangladesh Barbados ,940 Belarus ,273 Belize ,986 Benin ,666 Bhutan ,443 Bolivia, Plurinational State of ,971 Bosnia and Herzegovina ,342 Botswana ,997 Brazil ,617 Brunei Darussalam ,986 Burkina Faso ,660 Burundi ,005 Cabo Verde ,259 Cambodia Cameroon ,831 Canada ,768 Central African Republic ,678 Chad ,371 Chile ,685 China ,433 Colombia ,674 Comoros ,986 Congo 0.5 > ,242 6,684 Cook Islands ,351 Costa Rica ,986 Côte d'ivoire ,054 Cuba ,000 Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti ,325 Dominica ,937 Dominican Republic ,486 Ecuador > ,587 Egypt ,948 El Salvador ,916 Ethiopia ,338 European Union > ,138 Fiji ,778 Gabon The Gambia ,168 Georgia ,986 Ghana ,537 Grenada ,021 Guatemala Guinea I SUMMARY TARIFF TABLES World Tariff Profiles

24 Country/Territory Year of MFN applied tariff Binding coverage Simple average Duty-free Non ad valorem duties Bound MFN applied Bound MFN MFN Bound Bound applied applied Share of HS 6 digit subheadings in per cent Duties > 15 % Guinea-Bissau MFN applied Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong, China Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Republic of Kuwait, the State of Kyrgyz Republic Lao People's Democratic Republic Lebanese Republic Lesotho Liberia Macao, China Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova, Republic of Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis World Tariff Profiles 2016

25 Concessions Number of distinct duty Duties > 3 * AVG Maximum duty Coefficient of variation Number of not yet rates MFN implemented MFN MFN MFN Bound Bound MFN applied Bound Bound Country/Territory applied in 2016 applied applied applied tariff lines Share of HS 6 digit subhdgs in per cent Guinea-Bissau ,316 Guyana ,472 Haiti ,772 Honduras ,499 Hong Kong, China ,641 Iceland ,048 India ,691 Indonesia ,099 Israel ,785 Jamaica ,609 Japan ,750 Jordan ,945 Kazakhstan ,660 Kenya ,608 Korea, Republic of ,103 Kuwait, the State of ,940 Kyrgyz Republic ,427 Lao People's Democratic Republic ,125 Lebanese Republic ,342 Lesotho Liberia ,786 Macao, China ,726 Madagascar ,853 Malawi ,167 Malaysia Maldives ,986 Mali ,676 Mauritania ,471 Mauritius ,080 Mexico ,327 Moldova, Republic of ,850 Mongolia ,367 Montenegro ,227 Morocco ,476 Mozambique ,384 Myanmar ,342 Namibia ,540 Nauru ,591 Nepal ,437 New Zealand ,252 Nicaragua ,986 Niger ,009 Nigeria ,570 Norway ,123 Oman ,171 Pakistan ,516 Palau ,257 Panama Papua New Guinea ,077 Paraguay ,511 Peru ,890 Philippines ,101 Qatar ,926 Russian Federation ,662 Rwanda ,265 Saint Kitts and Nevis I SUMMARY TARIFF TABLES World Tariff Profiles

26 Country/Territory Year of MFN applied tariff Binding coverage Simple average Duty-free Non ad valorem duties Bound MFN applied Bound MFN MFN Bound Bound applied applied Share of HS 6 digit subheadings in per cent Duties > 15 % MFN applied Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The FYR of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States of America Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe World Tariff Profiles 2016

27 Concessions Number of distinct duty Duties > 3 * AVG Maximum duty Coefficient of variation Number of not yet rates MFN implemented MFN MFN MFN Bound Bound MFN applied Bound Bound Country/Territory applied in 2016 applied applied applied tariff lines Share of HS 6 digit subhdgs in per cent ,364 Saint Lucia ,317 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ,623 Samoa ,561 Sao Tome and Principe ,129 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of ,986 Senegal ,577 Serbia ,712 Seychelles Sierra Leone ,259 Singapore ,699 Solomon Islands ,342 South Africa ,856 Sri Lanka Suriname ,342 Swaziland ,164 Switzerland ,426 Chinese Taipei ,494 Tajikistan ,660 Tanzania ,259 Thailand ,491 The FYR of Macedonia ,462 Timor-Leste ,986 Togo ,657 Tonga Trinidad and Tobago ,201 Tunisia ,707 Turkey ,660 Uganda ,267 Ukraine ,103 United Arab Emirates ,544 United States of America ,112 Uruguay ,419 Uzbekistan ,541 Vanuatu ,655 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of ,324 Viet Nam ,256 Yemen > ,326 Zambia ,235 Zimbabwe I SUMMARY TARIFF TABLES World Tariff Profiles

28 II. Country/territory tariff profiles 26

29 Index of tariff profiles 28 Technical notes 30 Country/territory tariff profiles 35 27

30 Index of tariff profiles Afghanistan 35 Albania 36 Algeria 37 Angola 38 Antigua and Barbuda 39 Argentina 40 Armenia 41 Australia 42 Azerbaijan 43 Bahamas 44 Bahrain, Kingdom of 45 Bangladesh 46 Barbados 47 Belarus 48 Belize 49 Benin 50 Bhutan 51 Bolivia, Plurinational State of 52 Bosnia and Herzegovina 53 Botswana 54 Brazil 55 Brunei Darussalam 56 Burkina Faso 57 Burundi 58 Cabo Verde 59 Cambodia 60 Cameroon 61 Canada 62 Central African Republic 63 Chad 64 Chile 65 China 66 Colombia 67 Comoros 68 Congo 69 Cook Islands 70 Costa Rica 71 Côte d Ivoire 72 Cuba 73 Democratic Republic of the Congo 74 Djibouti 75 Dominica 76 Dominican Republic 77 Ecuador 78 Egypt 79 El Salvador 80 Ethiopia 81 European Union 1 82 Fiji 83 Gabon 84 The Gambia 85 Georgia 86 Ghana 87 Grenada 88 Guatemala 89 Guinea 90 Guinea-Bissau 91 Guyana 92 Haiti 93 Honduras 94 Hong Kong, China 95 Iceland 96 India 97 Indonesia 98 Israel 99 Jamaica 100 Japan 101 Jordan 102 Kazakhstan 103 Kenya 104 Korea, Republic of 105 Kuwait, the State of 106 Kyrgyz Republic 107 Lao People s Democratic Republic 108 Lebanese Republic 109 Lesotho 110 Liberia 111 Macao, China 112 Madagascar 113 Malawi 114 Malaysia 115 Maldives 116 Mali 117 Mauritania 118 Mauritius 119 Mexico 120 Moldova, Republic of 121 Mongolia

31 Index of tariff profiles (continued) Montenegro 123 Morocco 124 Mozambique 125 Myanmar 126 Namibia 127 Nauru 128 Nepal 129 New Zealand 130 Nicaragua 131 Niger 132 Nigeria 133 Norway 134 Oman 135 Pakistan 136 Palau 137 Panama 138 Papua New Guinea 139 Paraguay 140 Peru 141 Philippines 142 Qatar 143 Russian Federation 144 Rwanda 145 Saint Kitts and Nevis 146 Saint Lucia 147 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 148 Samoa 149 Sao Tome and Principe 150 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 151 Senegal 152 Serbia 153 Seychelles 154 Sierra Leone 155 Singapore 156 Solomon Islands 157 South Africa 158 Sri Lanka 159 Suriname 160 Swaziland 161 Switzerland Chinese Taipei 163 Tajikistan 164 Tanzania 165 Thailand 166 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 167 Timor-Leste 168 Togo 169 Tonga 170 Trinidad and Tobago 171 Tunisia 172 Turkey 173 Uganda 174 Ukraine 175 United Arab Emirates 176 United States of America 177 Uruguay 178 Uzbekistan 179 Vanuatu 180 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 181 Viet Nam 182 Yemen 183 Zambia 184 Zimbabwe 185 II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES 1. The information provided by the European Union (formerly European Communities) covers its 28 member states. 2. The information provided by Switzerland covers Liechtenstein. 29

32 Row titles Simple average final bound Simple average MFN applied Trade weighted average in billion US$ Binding coverage AG: Tariff quotas () AG: Special safeguards () Description or method of calculation Simple average of final bound duties excluding unbound tariff lines. Simple average of. HS six-digit MFN tariff averages weighted with HS six-digit import flows for traded national tariff lines. in billion US$. Share of HS six-digit subheadings containing at least one bound tariff line. The percentage share is also presented separately for non-agricultural (Non-AG) tariff lines. Full binding coverage is indicated by 100 without further decimals. If some tariff lines are unbound but the result still rounds to 100 this is reflected by maintaining one decimal, i.e Per cent of HS six-digit subheadings in the schedule of agricultural concession covered by tariff quotas. Partial coverage is taken into account on a pro rata basis. Per cent of HS six-digit subheadings in the schedule of agricultural concessions with at least one tariff line subject to Special Safeguards (SSG). Partial coverage is taken into account on a pro rata basis. Technical notes Only duties and imports recorded under HS Chapters are taken into account. Each applied tariff schedule is validated against the standard nomenclature at the HS six-digit subheading level of the HS version adopted by the country for the reference year. National tariff lines that do not follow this standard (i.e., the first six digits should be based on the standard subheading nomenclature of the HS version used by the country) are discarded and not taken into account. On the other hand, missing subheadings are added. Hence, all calculations are based on the complete standard nomenclature. All simple averages are based on pre-aggregated HS six-digit averages. Pre-aggregation means that duties at the tariff line level are first averaged to HS six-digit subheadings. Subsequent calculations are based on these preaggregated averages. To the extent possible, non-ad valorem duties are converted into ad valorem equivalents. The methodology used for the conversion is in Technical Annex B of World Tariff Profiles

33 by duty ranges Column heading Description or method of calculation The shares by duty ranges in the frequency distribution are based on the pro rata shares of tariff line level duties in the standard HS six-digit subheadings. For example, if there are two tariff lines in one HS six-digit subheading, one with a duty of 10 and one with a duty of 20, then half of the HS six-digit subheading is allocated to the 5-10 range and the other half to the range. The frequency distribution includes AVEs whenever those were calculated. The percentages by duty ranges add up to 100 per cent for unless there are non-computable AVEs or missing tariff lines for which no separate category was allocated. For bound duties, the duty ranges add up to the percentage of the binding coverage unless there are non-computable AVEs or missing tariff lines. Please note that the use of different nomenclatures for bound and MFN applied duties affects the comparability of bound and MFN applied duty shares by frequency ranges. When trade is available at the tariff line level, imports are allocated on a tariff line basis to the respective duty ranges. Otherwise, HS six-digit imports are allocated on a pro rata basis to duty ranges, e.g. if there are two tariff lines in one HS six-digit subheading, one with a duty of 10 and one with a duty of 20 then half of the HS six-digit imports are allocated to the 5-10 range and the other half to the range. Share of HS six-digit subheadings subject to non-ad valorem duties: when only part of the HS six-digit subheading is subject to non-ad valorem duties, the percentage share of these tariff lines is used. Final bound duties MFN applied duties AVG Duty free Max Binding AVG Duty free Max Share Duty free Simple average of final bound duties excluding unbound tariff lines Share of duty-free HS six-digit subheadings in the total number of subheadings in the product group. Partially duty-free subheadings are taken into account on a pro rata basis. Highest ad valorem duty or calculated AVE within the product group Share of HS six-digit subheadings containing at least one bound tariff line. Full binding coverage is indicated by 100 without further decimals. If some tariff lines are unbound but the result still rounds to 100 this is reflected by maintaining one decimal, i.e Simple average of. Share of duty-free HS six-digit subheadings in the total number of subheadings in the product group. Partially duty-free subheadings are taken into account on a pro rata basis. Highest ad valorem duty or calculated AVE within the product group Share of imports falling under product group Share of MFN duty-free imports falling under product group in total imports in that product group. Partially duty-free subheadings are taken into account on a pro rata basis if tariff line imports are not available. II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES 31

34 Definition of groups used in part A.2 Product Group MTN 1 Harmonized System nomenclature 2012 (Ag) 17 Ch. 01, Ch. 02, Fruit, vegetables, plants 12 Ch. 07, Ch. 08, , , 1211, Ch. 13, Ch , Ch. 18 (except 1802), 2101 Cereals and preparations x , , , Ch. 19, , Ch , Ch. 15 (except , ), , 3823 Sugars and confectionery Beverages and tobacco 14 Ch , Ch. 24 x x Other agricultural products x23 Ch.05 (except 0508, ), 0604, , , 1802, , , , , 3301, , , , , 4301, , , Multilateral Trade Negotiations (MTN) categories were first defined in the Tokyo Round and adapted for the Harmonized System in the Uruguay Round. The product group breakdown in this publication deviates slightly from the previous definition, which was based on the HS 1992 nomenclature. 32

35 Product Group MTN 1 Harmonized System nomenclature 2012 (Non-Ag) Fish and fish products 11 Ch. 03, 0508, , , , , , 2620, Ch (except ), Ch (except ) Minerals and metals Ch. 25, , 2621, , , , Ch.31, 3403, Ch (except 6807, , ), , Ch (except , ), Ch (except 3301, ), Ch. 34 (except 3403, 3406), , , Ch (except , 3823, , , ) 1 Ch.44, 45, 47, 48, 49, (except ), II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES x , , , , , , , , Ch (except , , , ), Ch. 63, , , , 6601, , , , 8804, , , x2 Ch Leather, footwear, etc. Non-electrical machinery 3 7 Ch. 40, Ch. 41 (except ), (except , , , ), , Ch. 64 (except , ), , Ch. 84 (except ), , , , , 8608, , Ch. 85 (except , , , , but including ) Ch. 86 (except 8608), (except ), , 8716, , Ch. 89 Manufactures, not elsewhere specified , 3406, , 4206, Ch. 46, , , Ch. 67, 6807, , (excluding ), 8710, 8715, 8805, Ch (except 9113), , Ch (except 9605, , ) 2. The part of HS subheading which relates to products originally classified as agricultural has not been taken into account in the product group. 33

36 Column heading Description or method of calculation Bilateral imports in Mill US$ Total imports of major partner countries Diversification: 95 % trade in no. of HS 2 digit HS 6 digit Number of HS Chapters with trade flows after exclusion of 5 per cent of smallest bilateral tariff line trade flows. Number of HS six-digit subheadings with trade flows after exclusion of 5 per cent of smallest bilateral tariff line trade flows MFN Average of traded TL Simple Weighted Simple average of MFN duties based only on tariff lines with imports Trade-weighted average MFN duty Preference margin Weighted Trade-weighted average difference between the MFN duty and the most advantageous preferential duty. Tariff lines where either MFN or preferential duties cannot be expressed in ad valorem terms have been excluded. Duty-free imports TL Value Duty-free tariff lines in per cent of all bilateral trade flows; includes dutyfree preferential treatment. Partially duty-free subheadings are taken into account on a pro rata basis if tariff line imports are not available. Share of duty-free trade in per cent of all bilateral trade flows; includes duty-free preferential treatment. Partially duty-free subheadings are taken into account on a pro rata basis if tariff line imports are not available. 34

37 Afghanistan Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2016 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 96.6 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 96.1 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. India Pakistan European Union United Arab Emirates Russian Federation Pakistan United States of America European Union United Arab Emirates China

38 Albania Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2000 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union United States of America Serbia Senegal Montenegro European Union China Turkey The FYR of Macedonia Montenegro

39 Algeria Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Turkey Tunisia Lebanese Republic Niger European Union , United States of America , Brazil , Japan Korea, Republic of

40 Angola Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1996 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Sao Tome and Principe Namibia Chile Mozambique China , European Union , United States of America , India , Chinese Taipei ,

41 Antigua and Barbuda Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 95.7 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 95.0 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Senegal Korea, Republic of Australia Haiti European Union Angola Benin Turkey Haiti

42 Argentina Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , China , Brazil , India , Viet Nam , Brazil , European Union , United States of America , Chile , Paraguay ,

43 Armenia Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2003 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Russian Federation Georgia European Union United States of America Belarus European Union China Georgia Canada United States of America

44 Australia Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 97.0 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 96.6 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0.9 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0.9 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China , United States of America , Japan , Indonesia , Korea, Republic of , China , Japan , Korea, Republic of , India , European Union ,

45 Azerbaijan Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Russian Federation European Union Georgia Kazakhstan Ukraine European Union , Indonesia , Georgia United States of America Thailand

46 Bahamas Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Haiti United States of America Mexico Russian Federation Dominican Republic United States of America Namibia European Union India

47 Bahrain, Kingdom of Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 72.8 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 68.7 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Kuwait, the State of United Arab Emirates Qatar Oman Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of , United States of America European Union United Arab Emirates Korea, Republic of

48 Bangladesh Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 15.5 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 2.7 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. India European Union Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Russian Federation United States of America European Union , United States of America , Canada , Japan , Turkey

49 Barbados Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 97.5 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 97.2 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 17.0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 17.4 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America European Union Saint Lucia Canada Guyana United States of America Guyana China Bahamas Jamaica

50 Belarus Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Russian Federation , European Union Kazakhstan China Norway Russian Federation , , European Union , Ukraine , China Brazil

51 Belize Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 96.6 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 96.0 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union United States of America Bangladesh Bahrain, Kingdom of Jamaica United States of America Côte d'ivoire European Union Thailand Mexico

52 Benin Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1996 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 39.6 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 29.5 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. India Viet Nam Bangladesh Indonesia China United Arab Emirates India China Niger Switzerland

53 Bhutan Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Bangladesh India Hong Kong, China Japan Singapore India European Union Bangladesh Nepal United States of America

54 Bolivia, Plurinational State of Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Colombia Peru European Union Ecuador United States of America Brazil , Argentina , United States of America China European Union

55 Bosnia and Herzegovina Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Turkey Serbia Belarus The FYR of Macedonia European Union , Serbia Montenegro Switzerland Turkey

56 Botswana Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 94.3 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 93.4 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 37.5 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union South Africa Norway Zimbabwe Namibia European Union , India United Arab Emirates South Africa Singapore

57 Brazil Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0.2 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China , European Union , United States of America , Japan , Russian Federation , China , United States of America , European Union , Argentina , Japan ,

58 Brunei Darussalam Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 95.5 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 95.1 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied > US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Malaysia Canada Egypt India Hong Kong, China Japan , Korea, Republic of Thailand India New Zealand

59 Burkina Faso Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 39.6 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 29.6 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Viet Nam European Union Indonesia Turkey Japan Switzerland India Canada China European Union

60 Burundi Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 22.9 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 10.2 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Pakistan United States of America Rwanda Uganda United Arab Emirates Rwanda China European Union Uganda

61 Cabo Verde Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2008 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America European Union Nigeria Guyana Japan European Union Turkey Indonesia India Morocco

62 Cambodia Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2004 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Viet Nam Thailand European Union China Malaysia European Union , United States of America , Japan Canada China

63 Cameroon Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 14.4 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 0.2 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union China Malaysia Singapore Bangladesh European Union , China India United Arab Emirates Viet Nam

64 Canada Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 99.7 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 99.7 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 9.7 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 6.0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America , China , Japan , European Union , Mexico , United States of America , European Union , China , Mexico , Japan ,

65 Central African Republic Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 62.0 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 56.2 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Indonesia Yemen China United States of America Hong Kong, China China European Union Morocco Turkey Thailand

66 Chad Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1996 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 14.6 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 0.4 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Bangladesh European Union Turkey Viet Nam United States of America United States of America , India Japan European Union China

67 Chile Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0.2 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America , European Union , China , Japan Mexico China , United States of America , European Union , Japan , Korea, Republic of ,

68 China Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2001 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 4.5 in billion US$ , ,420.9 Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Japan , European Union , Hong Kong, China , United States of America , Korea, Republic of , United States of America , , European Union , , Hong Kong, China , Japan , , Korea, Republic of , ,

69 Colombia Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 27.9 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 28.5 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America , European Union , Japan Canada Peru United States of America , European Union , China , Ecuador , Brazil ,

70 Comoros Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. India European Union United Arab Emirates Singapore Mauritius United Arab Emirates Turkey Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Korea, Republic of European Union

71 Congo Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1997 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 17.2 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 3.5 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Morocco India United States of America Central African Republic China , European Union , United Arab Emirates United States of America India

72 Cook Islands Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied > > US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Japan China New Zealand Canada Norway Japan Thailand European Union China Mauritius

73 Costa Rica Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 11.1 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 9.7 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , United States of America , Nicaragua Guatemala Canada United States of America , European Union China Mexico Hong Kong, China

74 Côte d Ivoire Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 34.0 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 23.1 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , United States of America Viet Nam India Turkey European Union , Switzerland Burkina Faso Malaysia India

75 Cuba Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 32.4 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 21.2 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China European Union Russian Federation Hong Kong, China Switzerland Canada European Union China Brazil Honduras

76 Democratic Republic of the Congo Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1997 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union India United States of America Rwanda Angola China , Zambia Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of European Union Korea, Republic of

77 Djibouti Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of European Union Egypt Yemen South Africa United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Yemen European Union Egypt

78 Dominica Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 94.3 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 93.4 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Bahamas Antigua and Barbuda European Union Belize United States of America Bahamas Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Jamaica Guyana European Union

79 Dominican Republic Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 3.3 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America , European Union Haiti Canada Switzerland United States of America , Canada Haiti India European Union

80 Ecuador Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1996 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 2.3 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0.5 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , United States of America , Russian Federation , China Argentina United States of America , European Union , Chile , China Peru

81 Egypt Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 99.3 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 99.2 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied > > > > > II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Russian Federation United Arab Emirates Kuwait, the State of European Union , Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of , United States of America , Turkey , India ,

82 El Salvador Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 12.1 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 11.3 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America Guatemala Honduras European Union Nicaragua United States of America , Guatemala Nicaragua Honduras Costa Rica

83 Ethiopia Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union China Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of United States of America Japan Switzerland European Union China United States of America United Arab Emirates

84 European Union Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 13.2 in billion US$ , ,599.6 Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 23.0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America , China , Switzerland , Japan , Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of , United States of America , , China , , Switzerland , , Turkey , , Japan , ,

85 Fiji Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1996 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 51.1 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 43.0 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied > II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America European Union New Zealand Australia Tonga Australia United States of America Japan New Zealand China

86 Gabon Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Morocco Hong Kong, China European Union Congo Canada European Union , China , Australia Korea, Republic of United States of America

87 The Gambia Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1996 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 14.8 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 0.7 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. India European Union Viet Nam Senegal Mauritania China European Union India United Arab Emirates Viet Nam

88 Georgia Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2000 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Russian Federation Ukraine Kazakhstan Bangladesh European Union Turkey United States of America Canada Azerbaijan

89 Ghana Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 15.4 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 1.3 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , Malaysia United States of America Turkey Viet Nam India , Switzerland , European Union , China , United Arab Emirates

90 Grenada Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1996 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union United States of America Saint Lucia Antigua and Barbuda Canada United States of America Malaysia Egypt Nigeria Saint Lucia

91 Guatemala Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 13.9 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 14.9 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America , European Union El Salvador Canada Honduras United States of America , El Salvador Honduras Costa Rica Nicaragua

92 Guinea Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 39.2 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 29.1 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Viet Nam India Morocco Turkey European Union India United Arab Emirates Ukraine United States of America

93 Guinea-Bissau Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 97.8 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 97.4 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. India Viet Nam Turkey Singapore European Union China Togo United Arab Emirates Côte d'ivoire Angola

94 Guyana Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Jamaica United States of America Nicaragua Panama United States of America Canada European Union Ukraine China

95 Haiti Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1996 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 88.1 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 86.1 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America European Union Switzerland Algeria Canada United States of America Dominican Republic Canada Mexico European Union

96 Honduras Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union United States of America El Salvador Canada Guatemala United States of America , El Salvador Mexico Guatemala European Union

97 Hong Kong, China Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 47.7 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 39.8 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China United States of America Macao, China European Union Singapore European Union , China , India , United Arab Emirates , United States of America ,

98 Iceland Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 95.0 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 94.3 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 35.2 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 41.5 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Japan United States of America Norway Nigeria European Union , United States of America Norway Nigeria Japan

99 India Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 74.4 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 70.5 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0.9 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , United States of America , Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of , United Arab Emirates , Bangladesh , United States of America , European Union , , United Arab Emirates , Hong Kong, China , China ,

100 Indonesia Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 96.3 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 95.8 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 1.0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0.7 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , China , India , Malaysia , United States of America , Japan , United States of America , China , Singapore , European Union ,

101 Israel Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 75.3 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 71.7 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 6.6 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 4.9 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , United States of America Russian Federation Japan Belarus United States of America , European Union , Hong Kong, China , China , India ,

102 Jamaica Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America European Union Canada Japan Guyana Canada United States of America European Union Russian Federation Iceland

103 Japan Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 99.7 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 99.6 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 6.2 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 5.4 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Chinese Taipei Hong Kong, China United States of America China Korea, Republic of China , United States of America , European Union , , Korea, Republic of , , Chinese Taipei ,

104 Jordan Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2000 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of United Arab Emirates Israel Kuwait, the State of Qatar United States of America , India Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of European Union Israel

105 Kazakhstan Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2015 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 2.3 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Russian Federation European Union Kyrgyz Republic China Mongolia European Union , China , Russian Federation , , Turkey , Japan

106 Kenya Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 14.8 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 2.0 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , Pakistan Egypt Russian Federation United States of America Uganda United States of America Zambia European Union Tanzania

107 Korea, Republic of Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 94.9 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 94.1 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 13.8 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 6.5 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Japan , China United States of America Hong Kong, China Chinese Taipei China , United States of America , European Union , Viet Nam , Hong Kong, China ,

108 Kuwait, the State of Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 99.9 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 99.9 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Qatar United Arab Emirates Bahrain, Kingdom of Jordan Korea, Republic of , China , Japan , India , United States of America ,

109 Kyrgyz Republic Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1998 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 99.9 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 99.9 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Kazakhstan Turkey Russian Federation European Union China Switzerland Kazakhstan United Arab Emirates Russian Federation Turkey

110 Lao People s Democratic Republic Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2013 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Thailand China European Union Viet Nam Japan Thailand , China , Viet Nam European Union India

111 Lebanese Republic Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Kuwait, the State of Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of European Union Egypt United Arab Emirates European Union United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Switzerland Kuwait, the State of

112 Lesotho Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. South Africa China Swaziland European Union India United States of America European Union South Africa United Arab Emirates Canada

113 Liberia, Republic of Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2016 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Yemen United States of America Nigeria Angola China European Union United Arab Emirates Bangladesh United States of America

114 Macao, China Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 27.5 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 16.5 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Hong Kong, China China Singapore United States of America Canada China United States of America European Union Hong Kong, China Bangladesh

115 Madagascar Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 30.0 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 19.5 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union India United States of America Mauritius Singapore European Union United States of America China United Arab Emirates South Africa

116 Malawi Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 34.1 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 23.1 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union India United States of America Russian Federation South Africa United Arab Emirates Zimbabwe Mozambique Zambia South Africa

117 Malaysia Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 84.3 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 81.9 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 5.7 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 5.5 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied > > > II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China , India , European Union , Singapore , United States of America , China , United States of America , Singapore , European Union , Japan ,

118 Maldives Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 96.8 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 96.3 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Egypt Bangladesh South Africa Sri Lanka Qatar European Union Thailand Sri Lanka United States of America Japan

119 Mali Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 40.4 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 30.5 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China India Viet Nam Thailand Indonesia United Arab Emirates , Switzerland India Burkina Faso European Union

120 Mauritania Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 39.3 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 30.1 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Mozambique European Union Turkey Angola China European Union Switzerland Japan Nigeria

121 Mauritius Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 20.0 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 7.9 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Madagascar United States of America Zimbabwe South Africa European Union Zambia United States of America South Africa Viet Nam

122 Mexico Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 7.2 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 34.0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America , Canada , European Union , Japan Guatemala United States of America , Canada , European Union , China , Brazil ,

123 Moldova, Republic of Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2001 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 1.8 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Turkey Belarus Russian Federation Kazakhstan European Union Russian Federation Serbia Turkey United States of America

124 Mongolia Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1997 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China European Union Russian Federation India Switzerland China , Switzerland Japan Korea, Republic of European Union

125 Montenegro Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2012 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Pakistan Serbia Bosnia and Herzegovina European Union Russian Federation European Union Serbia China Bosnia and Herzegovina Albania

126 Morocco Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 13.5 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 16.2 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , Russian Federation Belarus United States of America Canada European Union , India , United States of America Brazil Turkey

127 Mozambique Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 14.7 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 0.6 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union India South Africa China Russian Federation European Union , South Africa China India Zimbabwe

128 Myanmar Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 18.8 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 5.3 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. India China Thailand European Union United Arab Emirates China , Thailand , Japan European Union Korea, Republic of

129 Namibia Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 94.3 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 93.4 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 37.5 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. South Africa European Union Norway Angola Botswana Botswana , European Union South Africa China United States of America

130 Nauru Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied > US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Australia European Union Madagascar Russian Federation Nigeria Australia India Japan Hong Kong, China European Union

131 Nepal Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2004 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 99.4 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 99.3 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. India European Union United States of America Singapore China India European Union United States of America China Turkey

132 New Zealand Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0.5 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0.5 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China , United States of America , European Union , Australia , Japan , Australia , China , United States of America , Japan , European Union

133 Nicaragua Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 5.5 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 6.3 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America El Salvador European Union Costa Rica Guatemala United States of America , Mexico European Union Canada Chinese Taipei

134 Niger Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1996 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 96.8 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 96.3 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China Côte d'ivoire Nigeria European Union Benin United Arab Emirates European Union Russian Federation Switzerland China

135 Nigeria Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 20.1 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 6.8 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Turkey Viet Nam Japan India European Union , India , Brazil , South Africa , Japan ,

136 Norway Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 31.0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 47.8 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union United States of America Canada Russian Federation Australia European Union , United States of America , China , Korea, Republic of , Japan ,

137 Oman Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2000 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Yemen Qatar Kuwait, the State of China , Korea, Republic of , Chinese Taipei , India , Japan ,

138 Pakistan Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 98.7 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 99.0 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union China United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Oman European Union , United States of America , China , Bangladesh India

139 Palau Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied > II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Japan United States of America European Union Fiji Korea, Republic of Japan India Turkey Mexico United States of America

140 Panama Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1997 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 3.6 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0.2 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union United States of America Switzerland Israel Guatemala Ecuador , Guatemala Korea, Republic of China European Union

141 Papua New Guinea Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1996 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Malaysia United States of America Philippines Australia Japan , Australia , China , Chinese Taipei Korea, Republic of

142 Paraguay Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , Russian Federation Chile Brazil Peru Argentina Brazil European Union Bolivia, Plurinational State of United States of America

143 Peru Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , United States of America , China Ecuador Canada China , European Union , United States of America , Switzerland , Canada ,

144 Philippines Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 67.0 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 61.9 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 9.0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 14.3 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America , Japan , European Union China Korea, Republic of China , United States of America , Hong Kong, China , Japan , European Union ,

145 Qatar Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1996 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of United Arab Emirates Turkey European Union Bahrain, Kingdom of Korea, Republic of , Japan , India , European Union , China ,

146 Russian Federation Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2012 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 3.2 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Turkey , European Union , Kazakhstan , Egypt , Belarus European Union , China , Japan , United States of America , Belarus , ,

147 Rwanda Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1996 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Pakistan United States of America Kenya Uganda United Arab Emirates China Malaysia Thailand United States of America

148 Saint Kitts and Nevis Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1996 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 95.7 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 95.0 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United States of America Antigua and Barbuda Belize Saint Lucia European Union United States of America European Union Canada Brazil Mexico

149 Saint Lucia Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 99.6 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 99.5 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Guyana Belize United States of America Saint Vincent and the Grenadines United States of America Dominican Republic Guyana Guatemala Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

150 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 99.7 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 99.7 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Saint Lucia Antigua and Barbuda Belize Haiti European Union European Union Japan Switzerland Indonesia Saint Lucia

151 Samoa Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2012 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. New Zealand United States of America China Australia Korea, Republic of Australia Colombia India European Union Bangladesh

152 Sao Tome and Principe Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Switzerland Angola Guatemala United States of America United States of America European Union Hong Kong, China Angola Australia

153 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2005 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. United Arab Emirates Qatar Kuwait, the State of Jordan Bahrain, Kingdom of China , Japan , European Union , United States of America , India ,

154 Senegal Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union China India Congo Côte d'ivoire European Union India Switzerland United Arab Emirates Côte d'ivoire

155 Serbia Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , Bosnia and Herzegovina Russian Federation Montenegro Japan European Union , Bosnia and Herzegovina Russian Federation The FYR of Macedonia Montenegro

156 Seychelles Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2015 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Philippines Australia Hong Kong, China Namibia Sri Lanka European Union Mauritius Japan Israel Turkey

157 Sierra Leone Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Lebanese Republic Morocco United States of America Canada European Union China United States of America United Arab Emirates India

158 Singapore Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 72.0 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 67.3 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied > US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Australia Malaysia Japan China Philippines China , Malaysia , European Union , Indonesia , , United States of America ,

159 Solomon Islands Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1996 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Switzerland Malaysia Indonesia Australia China India European Union Thailand Korea, Republic of

160 South Africa Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 96.1 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 95.5 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 37.2 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 37.5 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , Namibia Botswana China Zimbabwe China , European Union , United States of America , India , Hong Kong, China ,

161 Sri Lanka Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 40.5 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 30.6 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union India Russian Federation United States of America Japan United States of America , European Union , India Canada China

162 Suriname Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 26.8 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 15.8 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Jamaica Guyana Haiti Panama United Arab Emirates Switzerland European Union United States of America Canada

163 Swaziland Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 96.1 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 95.5 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 38.5 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. South Africa European Union Mozambique United States of America Mauritius South Africa Nigeria Kenya India Tanzania

164 Switzerland Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 99.7 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 99.7 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 19.3 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 36.4 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied > > > > US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , United States of America , Japan Israel Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of European Union , , China , United States of America , , Hong Kong, China , India ,

165 Chinese Taipei Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2002 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 6.1 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 5.6 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China United States of America Japan Hong Kong, China Korea, Republic of China , Hong Kong, China , United States of America , European Union , Singapore ,

166 Tajikistan Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2013 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Kazakhstan Turkey Russian Federation China Bangladesh Turkey Switzerland Kazakhstan Algeria European Union

167 Tanzania Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 14.5 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 0.3 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union India China Japan Viet Nam United Arab Emirates India European Union China Switzerland

168 Thailand Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 75.2 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 71.4 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 7.4 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 7.8 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China , Japan , European Union , United States of America , Indonesia , China , United States of America , European Union , Japan , Hong Kong, China ,

169 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2003 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0.1 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Belarus Serbia Russian Federation United States of America European Union , United States of America China Serbia Turkey

170 Timor-Leste Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union United States of America Canada Australia New Zealand Singapore Thailand Japan China European Union

171 Togo Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 15.0 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 0.9 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China European Union Viet Nam India Benin United Arab Emirates Lebanese Republic India Benin Burkina Faso

172 Tonga Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2007 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Japan New Zealand Korea, Republic of Australia United States of America United States of America Japan New Zealand Australia European Union

173 Trinidad and Tobago Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Jamaica Guyana United States of America Saint Lucia European Union United States of America , European Union , Brazil Argentina Chile

174 Tunisia Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 58.0 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 51.6 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 4.7 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 4.7 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union United States of America Morocco Egypt Canada European Union , Algeria United States of America China Switzerland

175 Turkey Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 50.3 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 42.7 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , Russian Federation , United States of America Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Israel European Union , , United States of America , Switzerland , United Arab Emirates , Egypt ,

176 Uganda Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 17.0 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 3.2 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union Kenya Rwanda China India Rwanda United Arab Emirates European Union Hong Kong, China China

177 Ukraine Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2008 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0.3 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union , China , Egypt , India , Turkey European Union , Russian Federation , Turkey , China , Egypt ,

178 United Arab Emirates Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1996 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Oman , Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of , Qatar India Kuwait, the State of Japan , India , China , Oman , , European Union ,

179 United States of America Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 99.9 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 99.9 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 5.9 in billion US$ , ,019.3 Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 3.0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China , Canada , Mexico , Japan , European Union , European Union , , Canada , , Mexico , , China , Japan ,

180 Uruguay Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0.2 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China , European Union Brazil United States of America Mexico European Union China Brazil Argentina Mexico

181 Uzbekistan Total Ag Non-Ag Non-WTO member Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China Kazakhstan Bangladesh Russian Federation Turkey Switzerland , China Turkey Russian Federation Kazakhstan

182 Vanuatu Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2012 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Malaysia United States of America Australia Japan Fiji Japan Turkey Thailand European Union China

183 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 22.5 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 30.7 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. European Union United States of America Guatemala Japan Mexico United States of America , China , India , Cuba , European Union ,

184 Viet Nam Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2007 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 1.4 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China , European Union , United States of America , Philippines Japan United States of America , European Union , China , Japan , Korea, Republic of ,

185 Yemen Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 2014 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 100 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 100 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Oman Egypt Malaysia European Union China Korea, Republic of Japan Thailand United States of America

186 Zambia Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 17.8 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 4.2 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied > US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. Zimbabwe European Union Malawi China South Africa China , United Arab Emirates India European Union Korea, Republic of

187 Zimbabwe Total Ag Non-Ag WTO member since 1995 Simple average final bound Binding coverage: Total 24.4 Simple average MFN applied Non-Ag 11.9 Trade weighted average Ag: Tariff quotas () 0 in billion US$ Ag: Special safeguards ( ) 0 Tariff lines and import values () Final bound MFN applied Final bound MFN applied II COUNTRY/TERRITORY TARIFF PROFILES US$ HS 2-digit HS 6-digit Simple Weighted Weighted 1. China European Union South Africa United Arab Emirates Russian Federation South Africa United Arab Emirates China European Union Mozambique

188 186 III. Non-tariff measures

189 1. Non-tariff measures introduction Statistics on some selected non-tariff measures Anti-dumping Countervailing duties Safeguards

190 1. Introduction Non-tariff measures (NTMs) are becoming more and more relevant in their influence on global trade patterns as the reductions in tariff rates over several rounds of multilateral tariff negotiations have diminished the impact of tariffs. The vast range of NTMs and their potential complexity make it sometimes very difficult to get a good overview of their existence and application. Following the brief introduction to this classification, statistical information on the incidence of three well known and well defined NTMs is presented. These three measures, anti-dumping, countervailing duties and safeguard measures are actually tariff-like measures, in that they act via a tariff rate or price surcharge. 188

191 Definition of NTMs There is no officially agreed definition of NTMs. However, a widely accepted definition is the one from the Group of Eminent Persons on Non-Tariff Barriers: NTMs are policy measures, other than [ordinary] customs tariffs, that can potentially have an economic effect on international trade in goods, changing quantities traded, or prices or both. 1 The definition of NTMs does not judge legitimacy, adequacy, necessity or the discriminatory nature of any form of policy intervention. Furthermore, the concept of NTMs is neutral and does not imply a negative or positive impact on trade. The existence of a NTM on a specific product in a given country per se, vis-à-vis non-existence of NTM in another country, would not mean the former has a more restrictive trade regime. It would depend on the nature, substance and application of the measure. Some NTMs might have a positive impact no trade, though many NTMs are thought to have important restrictive and/or distortionary effects on international trade regardless of whether they are applied with protectionist intent or to address important non-trade objectives. NTMs include technical requirements in the area of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) that intend to protect health or safety, or provide environmental protection. A NTM is a mandatory requirement enacted by an official law or regulation. Voluntary measures or private or voluntary standards are not included. Thus, international standards, such as ISO or Codex Alimentarius standards, are not considered a NTM unless adopted and made part of the national legislation in a country. Procedural obstacles to trade, i.e. practical challenges and processes that make compliance with the measures difficult, are also not considered as NTMs per se. Procedural obstacles are issues related to the process of application of a NTM, rather than the measure itself. III NON-TARIFF MEASURES 1. Non-Tariff Measures: Evidence from Selected Developing Countries and Future Research Agenda, UNCTAD/DITC/TAB/2009/3, United Nations

192 2. Statistics on some selected non-tariff measures 2.1. Anti-dumping When a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges in its own home market, it is said to be dumping the product. The normal value is generally the price of the product at issue, in the ordinary course of trade, when destined for consumption in the exporting country market. 2 The WTO Agreement does not regulate the actions of companies engaged in dumping. Its focus is on how governments can or cannot react to dumping it disciplines anti-dumping actions. Data on anti-dumping (AD) measures drawn from WTO members notifications are available in the Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal and are the basis for the data shown here. 3 Some notifications lack detailed information about product classifications according to the Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature. Missing HS coding information was complemented from the Global Antidumping Database (GAD) which is part of the World Bank s Temporary Trade Barriers Database. 4 The GAD database is freely available and has detailed information about antidumping investigations and measures by country. The use of the data for this publication was kindly authorized by the author of the database. The merged data are available in the UNCTAD TRAINS database. 5 The following tables show systematically the measure count for both the WTO member imposing the measures and the trading partner affected by the measures. It is worth noting that AD measures are also applied on exports from some countries currently acceding to the WTO and others that are not WTO members. Table gives an overview of the (stock of) measures in effect as of 31 December It indicates the product coverage in terms of HS-6 digit codes. It also lists by WTO member how many new investigations have been initiated, how many final measures have been put into effect and how many measures were withdrawn. Tables and show more specifically which product groups have been subject to final AD measures. 6 In Table the product categories follow the groupings used in this publication in Part A2 of the tariff profiles whereas in Table more detailed HS 4-digit headings are used to show in detail which products are most frequently subject to final AD measures See also: 3. See 4. See Chad P. Bown (2015) Global Antidumping Database, available at 5. See 6. Please note that the sum of measures in Table is higher than the sum of measures in Table This is due to the fact that a number of individual measures cover products which fall in more than one product group. Therefore a single measure may be listed more than once in Table as well as in Table The choice of the G-20 country grouping was made to align this report with the grouping chosen for the WTO trade monitoring reports. 190

193 Table Anti-dumping measures in effect in 2016 Description of column headings Country/Territory Name of importing/exporting country/territory Investigations initiated Number of investigations initiated by the country as importer in 2016 Measures taken as importer From 1 January to 31 December 2016 Final measures Implemented Withdrawn / Revoked Number of final measures implemented by the country as importer in 2016 Number of final measures withdrawn or revoked by the country as importer in 2016 Measures faced as exporter As of 31 December 2016 From 1 January to 31 December 2016 Final measures in effect Number of measures Products covered (Number of HS 6 digit) Investigations initiated Final measures Implemented Withdrawn / Revoked Number of final measures in effect on products imported by the country as of 31 December 2016 Number of distinct HS 6-digit subheadings covered (fully or partially) by products on which final measures by the importing country were in force as of 31 December 2016 Number of investigations initiated on products exported by the country in 2016 Number of final measures implemented on products exported by the country in 2016 Number of final measures on products exported by the country withdrawn or revoked in 2016 III NON-TARIFF MEASURES As of 31 December 2016 Final measures in effect Number of measures Products covered (Number of HS 6 digit) Number of final measures in effect on products exported by the country as of 31 December 2016 Number of distinct HS 6-digit subheadings covered (fully or partially) by products on which the country as exporter is subject to final measures as of 31 December 2016 Note: All members submitting semi-annual reports of anti-dumping actions are listed individually. Where listed members take action on a customs-union-wide basis, the figures on numbers of actions are shown for the WTO member in which the investigating authority is physically located. As indicated below, to avoid multiple-counting, the rows for the other reporting customs union members are left blank. All anti-dumping actions notified by the European Union operate EU-wide, i.e., in respect of all EU member states, which do not notify individually. All anti-dumping actions notified by South Africa operate at the level of the Southern African Customs Union, i.e., also in respect of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and Swaziland. All actions identified in respect of the Russian Federation for 2015 and thereafter operate at the level of the Eurasian Economic Union, i.e., also in respect of Armenia, Kyrgyz Republic, Kazakhstan and Belarus (non-wto member). 191

194 Table Anti-dumping measures in effect in 2016 Country/Territory Algeria Measures taken as importer From 1 January to 31 December 2016 As of 31 December 2016 Investigations initiated Implemented Final measures Withdrawn/ Revoked Final measures in effect Number of measures HS sub-headings Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica 1 1 Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Egypt El Salvador 1 European Union Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong, China Hungary India Indonesia Iran Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Republic of Kyrgyz Republic Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia 192

195 Table Anti-dumping measures in effect in 2016 Measures faced as exporter From 1 January to 31 December 2016 As of 31 December 2016 Investigations initiated Implemented Final measures Withdrawn/ Revoked Final measures in effect Number of measures HS sub-headings Country/Territory 1 13 Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Bangladesh Belarus Belgium 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Canada Chile China 1 1 Colombia Costa Rica 1 2 Czech Republic 2 3 Denmark Dominican Republic Egypt El Salvador European Union Finland France 1 Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong, China 1 Hungary India Indonesia Iran 6 10 Israel Italy Japan 4 19 Kazakhstan 1 1 Kenya Korea, Republic of 1 1 Kyrgyz Republic 1 1 Lao People's Democratic Republic 1 1 Latvia III NON-TARIFF MEASURES 193

196 Table Anti-dumping measures in effect in 2016 Country/Territory Lesotho Measures taken as importer From 1 January to 31 December 2016 As of 31 December 2016 Investigations initiated Implemented Final measures Withdrawn/ Revoked Final measures in effect Number of measures HS sub-headings Malaysia Mexico Moldova, Republic of Morocco Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Oman Pakistan Paraguay 1 Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Serbia Singapore Slovak Republic South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Chinese Taipei Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States of America Uruguay 1 1 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Viet Nam

197 Table Anti-dumping measures in effect in 2016 Measures faced as exporter From 1 January to 31 December 2016 As of 31 December 2016 Investigations initiated Implemented Final measures Withdrawn/ Revoked Final measures in effect Number of measures HS sub-headings Country/Territory Lesotho Malaysia Mexico 3 6 Moldova, Republic of 1 1 Morocco Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Oman Pakistan 1 1 Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal 1 Qatar Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Serbia Singapore 1 13 Slovak Republic South Africa Spain 4 11 Sri Lanka Swaziland 5 13 Sweden 2 8 Switzerland Chinese Taipei Thailand 1 4 Trinidad and Tobago 1 1 Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States of America 1 1 Uruguay 3 19 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Viet Nam III NON-TARIFF MEASURES 195

198 Table Anti-dumping final measures by product groups in effect as of 31 December 2016 Description of column headings Same product groups as used in the country tables of Part II of this publication; for a definition see the technical notes of Part II. Final measure notifications where no HS code could be identified are classified under "Others (no HS code provided)" Total number of measures Total number of final measures in the product group QUAD Final measures of Canada, EU, Japan or the United States as importers Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 in the country group as importer G-20 (excluding QUAD) Other Final measures of G-20 members excluding QUAD - as importers: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey Final measures of other importing countries Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 on the country group as exporter QUAD G-20 (excluding QUAD) Other Final measures affecting Canada, EU, Japan or the United States as exporters Final measures affecting G-20 members excluding QUAD - as exporters: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey Final measures affecting other exporting countries 196

199 Table Anti-dumping final measures by product groups in effect as of 31 December 2016 Product Groups Total number of measures Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 in the country group as importer QUAD G-20 (excluding QUAD) Other Final measures as of 31 December 2016 on the country group as exporter QUAD G-20 (excluding QUAD) Fruits, vegetables, plants Cereals and preparations Oilseeds, fats and oils Beverages and tobacco Other Fish and fish products Minerals and metals Wood, paper, etc III NON-TARIFF MEASURES Leather, footwear, etc Manufactures n.e.s

200 Table Anti-dumping final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 ranked list of the 20 most frequently affected HS headings Description of column headings Product group / HS Heading description These are product groups of the Harmonized System at the HS 4-digit Heading level. They are ranked according to the number of total final measures in effect. Total number of measures Total number of final measures affecting products in a given HS Heading QUAD Final measures of Canada, EU, Japan or the United States as importers Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 in the country group as importer G-20 (excluding QUAD) Other Final measures of G-20 members excluding QUAD - as importers: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and Turkey Final measures of other importing countries Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 against the country group as exporter QUAD G-20 (excluding QUAD) Other Final measures affecting Canada, EU, Japan or the United States as exporters Final measures affecting G-20 members excluding QUAD - as exporters: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and Turkey Final measures affecting other exporting countries 198

201 Table Anti-dumping final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 ranked list of the 20 most frequently affected HS headings Product group/hs heading description Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width >= 600 mm, hot-rolled, not clad, plated or coated Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles "e.g., open seam or welded, riveted or similarly closed", of iron or steel (excl. of cast iron, seamless tubes and pipes and tubes having internal and external circular crosssections and an external diameter of > 406,4 mm) Flat-rolled products of alloy steel other than stainless, of a width of >= 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled "cold-reduced" Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width >= 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled "coldreduced", clad, plated or coated Flat-rolled products of alloy steel other than stainless, of a width of < 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled "cold-reduced" Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of < 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled "coldreduced", not clad, plated or coated Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, seamless, of iron or steel (excl. products of cast iron) HS 4-digit Code Total number of measures Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 in the country group as importer QUAD G20 (excluding QUAD) Other Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 in the country group as exporter QUAD G20 (excluding QUAD) New pneumatic tyres, of rubber Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of < 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled "cold-reduced", clad, plated or coated Flat-rolled products of stainless steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled "cold-reduced" Plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of non-cellular plastics, not reinforced, laminated, supported or similarly combined with other materials, without backing, unworked or merely surface-worked or merely cut into squares or rectangles (excl. selfadhesive products, and floor, wall and ceiling coverings of heading 3918) Synthetic filament yarn, incl. synthetic monofilaments of < 67 decitex (excl. sewing thread and yarn put up for retail sale) Other bars and rods of alloy steel other than stainless, angles, shapes and sections of alloy steel other than stainless, n.e.s.; hollow drill bars and rods, of alloy or non-alloy steel Tube or pipe fittings "e.g. couplings, elbows, sleeves", of iron or steel Polycarboxylic acids, their anhydrides, halides, peroxides and peroxyacids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives Polymers of vinyl chloride or of other halogenated olefins, in primary forms Bars and rods, of iron or non-alloy steel, not further worked than forged, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or hotextruded, but incl. those twisted after rolling (excl in irregularly wound coils) Bars and rods of iron or non-alloy steel, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils Other III NON-TARIFF MEASURES Flat-rolled products of stainless steel, of a width of < 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled "cold-reduced" Acyclic alcohols and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives

202 2.2. Countervailing measures Dumping and subsidies together with anti-dumping (AD) measures and countervailing duties (CVD) share a number of similarities. The reaction to dumping and subsidies is often a special offsetting import tax (countervailing duty in the case of a subsidy). This is charged on products from specific countries and therefore it breaks the GATT principles of binding a tariff and treating trading partners equally (MFN). The agreements provide an escape clause, but they both also say that before imposing a duty, the importing country must conduct a detailed investigation that shows that domestic industry is hurt. But there are also fundamental differences, and these are reflected in the agreements. Dumping is an action by a company. With subsidies, it is the government or a government agency that acts, either by paying out subsidies directly or by requiring companies to subsidize certain customers. Countervailing duty (the parallel of anti-dumping duty) can only be charged after the importing country has conducted a detailed investigation similar to that required for anti-dumping action. 9 Data on countervailing (CVD) measures drawn from WTO members notifications are available in the Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal and are the basis for the data shown here. 10 Table gives an overview of the (stock of) measures in effect as of 31 December It indicates the product coverage in terms of HS-6 digit codes. It also lists by country how many new investigations have been initiated, how many final measures have been put into effect and how many measures were withdrawn. Tables and show more specifically which product groups have been subject to final CVD measures. 11 In Table the product categories follow the groupings used in this publication in of the tariff profiles whereas in Table more detailed HS 4-digit headings are used to show in detail which products are most frequently subject to final CVD measures See Please note that the sum of measures in Table is higher than the sum of measures in Table This is due to the fact that a number of individual measures cover products which fall in more than one product group. Therefore a single measure may be listed more than once in Table as well as in Table The choice of the G-20 country grouping was made to align this report with the grouping chosen for the WTO trade monitoring reports. 200

203 Table Countervailing measures in effect in 2016 Description of column headings Country/Territory Name of importing/exporting country/territory Investigations initiated Number of investigations initiated by the country as importer in 2016 Measures taken as importer From 1 January to 31 December 2016 Final measures Implemented Withdrawn / Revoked Number of final measures implemented by the country as importer in 2016 Number of final measures withdrawn or revoked by the country as importer in 2016 Measures faced as exporter As of 31 December 2016 From 1 January to 31 December 2016 Final measures in effect Number of measures Products covered (Number of HS 6 digit) Investigations initiated Final measures Implemented Withdrawn / Revoked Number of final measures in effect on products imported by the country as of 31 December 2016 Number of distinct HS 6-digit subheadings covered (fully or partially) by products on which final measures by the importing country were in force as of 31 December 2016 Number of investigations initiated on products exported by the country in 2016 Number of final measures implemented on products exported by the country in 2016 Number of final measures on products exported by the country withdrawn or revoked in 2016 III NON-TARIFF MEASURES As of 31 December 2016 Final measures in effect Number of measures Products covered (Number of HS 6 digit) Number of final measures in effect on products exported by the country as of 31 December 2016 Number of distinct HS 6-digit subheadings covered (fully or partially) by products on which the country as exporter is subject to final measures as of 31 December

204 Table Countervailing measures in 2016 Country/Territory Argentina Measures taken as importer From 1 January to 31 December 2016 As of 31 December 2016 Investigations initiated Implemented Final measures Withdrawn/ Revoked Final measures in effect Number of measures HS sub-headings Australia Brazil Canada China Egypt 2 European Union India Indonesia Iran Italy Korea, Republic of Malaysia Mexico 3 2 New Zealand 1 Pakistan 1 Peru Russian Federation South Africa Sri Lanka Chinese Taipei Thailand Turkey 1 3 Ukraine United States of America Viet Nam 202

205 Table Countervailing measures in 2016 Measures faced as exporter From 1 January to 31 December 2016 As of 31 December 2016 Investigations initiated Implemented Final measures Withdrawn/ Revoked Final measures in effect Number of measures HS sub-headings Country/Territory Argentina Australia Brazil Canada China Egypt 3 6 European Union India Indonesia 2 1 Iran Italy Korea, Republic of Malaysia 1 13 Mexico New Zealand Pakistan Peru III NON-TARIFF MEASURES Russian Federation 1 8 South Africa 1 Sri Lanka Chinese Taipei 1 14 Thailand Turkey Ukraine United States of America Viet Nam 203

206 Table Countervailing final measures by product groups in effect as of 31 December 2016 Description of column headings Same product groups as used in the country tables of Part II of this publication; for a definition see the technical notes of Part II. Final measure notifications where no HS code could be identified are classified under "Others (no HS code provided)" Total number of measures Total number of final measures in the product group QUAD Final measures of Canada, EU, Japan or the United States as importers Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 in the country group as importer G-20 (excluding QUAD) Other Final measures of G-20 members excluding QUAD - as importers: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey Final measures of other importing countries Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 against the country group as exporter QUAD G-20 (excluding QUAD) Other Final measures affecting Canada, EU, Japan or the United States as exporters Final measures affecting G-20 members excluding QUAD - as exporters: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey Final measures affecting other exporting countries 204

207 Table Countervailing final measures by product groups in effect as of 31 December 2016 Product Groups Total number of measures Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 in the country group as importer QUAD G-20 (excluding QUAD) Other Final measures as of 31 December 2016 on the country group as exporter QUAD G-20 (excluding QUAD) Fruits, vegetables, plants Cereals and preparations Oilseeds, fats and oils Beverages and tobacco Other Fish and fish products Minerals and metals Wood, paper, etc III NON-TARIFF MEASURES Leather, footwear, etc Manufactures n.e.s

208 Table Countervailing final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 ranked list of the most frequently affected HS headings Description of column headings Product group / HS Heading description These are product groups of the Harmonized System at the HS 4-digit Heading level. They are ranked according to the number of total final measures in effect. Total number of measures Total number of final measures affecting products in a given HS Heading QUAD Final measures of Canada, EU, Japan or the United States as importers Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 in the country group as importer G-20 (excluding QUAD) Other Final measures of G-20 members excluding QUAD - as importers: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and Turkey Final measures of other importing countries Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 against the country group as exporter QUAD G-20 (excluding QUAD) Other Final measures affecting Canada, EU, Japan or the United States as exporters Final measures affecting G-20 members excluding QUAD - as exporters: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and Turkey Final measures affecting other exporting countries 206

209 Table Countervailing final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 ranked list of the most frequently affected HS headings Product group/hs heading description HS 4-digit Code Total number of measures Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 in the country group as importer QUAD G20 (excluding QUAD) Other Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 in the country group as exporter QUAD G20 (excluding QUAD) Other Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width >= 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled "cold-reduced", clad, plated or coated Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles "e.g., open seam or welded, riveted or similarly closed", of iron or steel (excl. of cast iron, seamless tubes and pipes and tubes having internal and external circular cross-sections and an external diameter of > 406,4 mm) Flat-rolled products of alloy steel other than stainless, of a width of >= 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled "cold-reduced" Flat-rolled products of alloy steel other than stainless, of a width of < 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled "cold-reduced" Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of < 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled "cold-reduced", clad, plated or coated Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of < 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled "cold-reduced", not clad, plated or coated Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, seamless, of iron or steel (excl. products of cast iron) Wire of iron or non-alloy steel, in coils (excl. bars and rods) Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width >= 600 mm, hot-rolled, not clad, plated or coated Tubes and pipes, having circular cross-sections and an external diameter of > 406,4 mm, of flat-rolled products of iron or steel "e.g., welded, riveted or similarly closed" Bars and rods, of iron or non-alloy steel, cold-formed or cold-finished, whether or not further worked, or hot-formed and further worked, n.e.s Prepared binders for foundry moulds or cores; chemical products and preparations for the chemical or allied industries, incl. mixtures of natural products, n.e.s. Diodes, transistors and similar semiconductor devices; photosensitive semiconductor devices, incl. photovoltaic cells whether or not assembled in modules or made up into panels (excl. photovotaic generators); light emitting diodes; mounted piezoelectric crystals; parts thereof Structures and parts of structures "e.g., bridges and bridge-sections, lockgates, towers, lattice masts, roofs, roofing frameworks, doors and windows and their frames and thresholds for doors, shutters, balustrades, pillars and columns", of iron or steel; plates, rods, angles, shapes, sections, tubes and the like, prepared for use in structures, of iron or steel (excl. prefabricated buildings of heading 9406) Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, coldrolled "cold-reduced", not clad, plated or coated Paper and paperboard, coated on one or both sides with kaolin "China clay" or other inorganic substances, with or without a binder, and with no other coating, whether or not surface-coloured, surface-decorated or printed, in rolls or in square or rectangular sheets, of any size (excl. all other coated papers and paperboards) Hydrogen, rare gases and other non-metals Electric motors and generators (excl. generating sets) Bars, rods and profiles, of aluminium, n.e.s Sanitary ware, and parts thereof, of iron or steel (excl. cans, boxes and similar containers of heading 7310, small wall cabinets for medical supplies or toiletries and other furniture of chapter 94, and fittings) Bars and rods of iron or non-alloy steel, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils Uncoated paper and paperboard, of a kind used for writing, printing or other graphic purposes, and non-perforated punchcards and punch-tape paper, in rolls or in square or rectangular sheets, of any size, and handmade paper and paperboard (excl. newsprint of heading 4801 and paper of heading 4803) Plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of non-cellular plastics, not reinforced, laminated, supported or similarly combined with other materials, without backing, unworked or merely surface-worked or merely cut into squares or rectangles (excl. self-adhesive products, and floor, wall and ceiling coverings of heading 3918) Polyacetals, other polyethers and epoxide resins, in primary forms; polycarbonates, alkyd resins, polyallyl esters and other polyesters, in primary forms Insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, herbicides, anti-sprouting products and plant-growth regulators, disinfectants and similar products, put up for retail sale or as preparations or articles, e.g. sulphur-treated bands, wicks and candles, and fly-papers III NON-TARIFF MEASURES 207

210 2.3. Safeguards A WTO member may restrict imports of a product temporarily (take safeguard actions) if its domestic industry is injured or threatened with injury caused by a surge in imports. Here, the injury has to be serious. An import surge justifying safeguard action can be a real increase in imports (an absolute increase); or it can be an increase in the imports share of a shrinking market, even if the import quantity has not increased (relative increase). Industries or companies may request safeguard action by their government. After a proper investigation, a government can, if the necessary conditions as above are met, restrict imports of the product from all sources (but not from a specific member or group of members). This means that, for example, if there were 5 countries exporting a specific product into a country, and that country imposed a safeguard measure on this product, this safeguard measure affects five countries, In this sense, care should be taken when comparing the number of measures in, for example anti-dumping, where one anti-dumping measure affects only one exporting country. The WTO agreement sets out requirements for safeguard investigations by national authorities. The emphasis is on transparency and on following established rules and practices avoiding arbitrary methods. 13 Data on safeguard actions drawn from WTO members notifications are available in the Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal and are the basis for the data shown here. 14 Table gives an overview of the (stock of) measures in effect as of 31 December It indicates the product coverage in terms of HS-6 digit codes. It also lists by country how many new investigations have been initiated and how many final measures have been put into effect. Tables and show more specifically which product groups have been subject to final Safeguard measures. 15 In table the product categories follow the groupings used in this publication in of the tariff profiles whereas in table more detailed HS chapters are used to show in detail which particular products are most frequently subject to final safeguard measures. 16 Table Safeguard measures in effect in 2016 Description of column headings Country/Territory Name of country/territory From 1 January to 31 December 2016 Investigations initiated Number of investigations initiated by the country in 2016 Final measures Imposed Number of final measures imposed by the country in 2016 As of 31 December 2016 Final measures in effect Number of measures Products covered (Number of HS 6 digit) Number of final measures in effect on products imported by the country as of 31 December 2016 Number of distinct HS 6-digit subheadings covered (fully or partially) by products on which final measures by the importing country were in force as of 31 December See also See Please note that the sum of measures in Table is higher than the sum of measures in Table This is due to the fact that a number of individual measures cover products which fall in more than one product group. Therefore a single measure may be listed more than once in Table as well as in Table The choice of the G-20 country grouping was made to align this report with the grouping chosen for the WTO trade monitoring reports. 208

211 Table Safeguard measures in effect in 2016 Country/Territory From 1 January to 31 December 2016 As of 31 December 2016 Investigations initiated Final measures imposed Chile 1 Final measures in effect Number of measures Products covered in HS 6-digit China Costa Rica 1 2 Ecuador 1 3 Egypt 1 9 India Indonesia 6 65 Jordan 1 Malaysia Morocco 2 49 Philippines 3 5 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 2 South Africa 2 Thailand Turkey 2 3 Ukraine Viet Nam Zambia 1 27 III NON-TARIFF MEASURES 209

212 Table Safeguard final measures by product groups in effect as of 31 December 2016 Description of column headings Same product groups as used in the country tables of Part II of this publication; for a definition see the technical notes of Part II. Final measure notifications where no HS code could be identified are classified under Others (no HS code provided) Total number of measures Total number of final measures in the product group QUAD Final measures of Canada, EU, Japan or the United States Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 in the country group G-20 (excluding QUAD) Other Final measures of G-20 members excluding QUAD: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey Final measures of other countries/territories 210

213 Table Safeguard final measures by product groups in effect as of 31 December 2016 Product Groups Total number of measures QUAD Final measures as of 31 December 2016 on the country group as exporter G-20 (excluding QUAD) Other Fruits, vegetables, plants Cereals and preparations 1 1 Oilseeds, fats and oils Beverages and tobacco Fish and fish products Minerals and metals Wood, paper, etc III NON-TARIFF MEASURES Leather, footwear, etc 1 1 Manufactures n.e.s. 211

214 Table Safeguard final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 ranked list of the most frequently affected HS chapters Description of column headings Product description / HS chapter These are product groups of the Harmonized System at the HS chapter level. They are ranked according to the number of total final measures in effect. Total number of measures Total number of final measures affecting products in a given HS chapter QUAD Final measures of Canada, EU, Japan or the United States Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 in the country group G-20 (excluding QUAD) Other Final measures of G-20 members excluding QUAD: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and Turkey Final measures of other countries or territories 212

215 Table Safeguard final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 ranked list of the most frequently affected HS chapters Product description HS Chapter Total number of measures Final measures in effect as of 31 December 2016 in the country group QUAD G-20 (excluding QUAD) Iron and steel Other Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard Articles of iron or steel Plastics and articles thereof Organic chemicals Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof Glass and glassware Ceramic products Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal Miscellaneous chemical products Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes Cereals III NON-TARIFF MEASURES 213

216 IV. Special topic: Export diversification 214

217 I. Introduction 216 II. Product diversification globally and by country 216 III. Other diversification indicators 225 IV. Conclusions

218 I. Introduction The diversity of an economy s exports and its export performance reveal to what extent a country is able to compete in global markets. They are also indicators of the country s capacity to participate in global value chains, the worldwide network of processes that add value to the good or service being produced. While most studies have looked at trade values when analysing export diversification measures, this study focuses on the range of products as an indicator of diversification and technological capacity. This is known as the extensive margin of trade as trade volumes (beyond a certain threshold value) are not taken into account. The study builds on analysis conducted by Hausmann and Hidalgo (2011), who measure the diversity of export performance through the range of technological capabilities and other endowments which give some countries a greater presence than others in world markets. This study uses a much larger dataset of trade statistics, taking into account both geographical and historical diversity as well as product diversification in terms of items in the Harmonized System (HS), the system used to classify traded goods on a common basis. Since length of time in multiple markets with a wide range of products is a significant indicator of production diversification and integration in international market, this study explores the time dimension of export diversification. The analysis reveals that the global slowdown in trade in 2008 had a very significant impact on countries trade diversification. To achieve sound estimates, the diversification of products is measured at the HS six-digit level (comprising about 5,000 products). These statistics can be based on countries own export statistics or on their trading partner import statistics. As is well known, these statistics do not usually match each other (Markhonko 2014) but for this analysis, this is not so important as it focuses on longer-term statistics and not on trying to match trade levels for a given year. Import statistics have been used mostly as they are known to be more reliable than export statistics. The data have been drawn from the WTO s Integrated Data Base 1 and the UN COMTRADE database. 2 Import statistics for 18 countries 3 from 1996 to 2014 at the HS six-digit level were used to calculate the export data for 146 countries and customs territories (see Annex 2). To ensure the robustness of the analysis, a minimum threshold of US$ 10,000 is used to exclude insignificant trade flows. The following section provides an overview of export diversification in terms of the numbers of product categories covered by countries exports. The scope of exports across countries and across years is measured to explore the overall trends. Section 3 expands the analysis by considering the diversity of export markets and the length of time for the range of products. Based on these analyses, an index of export diversification is provided. II. Product diversification globally and by country The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (generally referred to as the Harmonized System or simply HS ) provides a standardized list of about 5,000 products used by virtually all countries to classify their exports and imports. These products range from simple raw materials to the most sophisticated machinery. The HS provides a coding system to classify these products. The most detailed product classification is known as a subheading and is denoted by a six-digit code. Looking at the range of HS product codes covered by a country s exports is an obvious way to measure the diversification of exports as the number of HS subheadings provides a simple and transparent measure of diversification. This indicator does not consider trade volumes. Although taking into account trade values could be useful in measuring intensity vis-à-vis product diversity, it could also distort the measurement of pure export potential as this could be under-estimated when trade values are given too much importance. 1. Product diversification across countries It is not surprising that larger economies export and import a much larger spectrum of goods than small economies. The three traders with the most diverse range of products are the United States, the European Union and China, which export most of the 5,000 or so items listed in the HS classification whereas small economies tend to export less than 100 of the products listed in the HS. Less than one-third of the countries analysed export more than 500 products. Table 1 categorizes the 146 countries analysed into six groups according to the number of product categories they exported annually from 1996 to The first group consists of the European Union, the United States and China which trade most of the 5,000 products in the HS list Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Egypt, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Nigeria, the Russian Federation, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey and the United States. For the European Union a membership of 27, i.e. excluding Croatia was presumed to have existed throughout the whole period. 216

219 The next group of countries (including Canada, India, Japan Korea and Switzerland) exports between 3,000 and 4,500 product categories. Switzerland s inclusion in this group is noteworthy given its population of just 8 million. Switzerland s open trade regime (indicated by its participation in 40 regional trade agreements) and its strong rankings in terms of competitiveness and innovation certainly play a role. Also its proximity to the European Union market is a factor. Being a relatively large economy or being close to a large market, such as the European Union, characterize the countries in the next two groups. These include most other developed countries, large developing countries and some eastern European and Mediterranean countries such as Ukraine, Israel and Serbia. The last two groups, which export less than 500 and 50 product categories respectively, consist mostly of least-developed countries (LDCs) and other small island economies. Table 1: Groupings of exporters according to numbers of product categories exported (average from 1996 to 2014) 4,500 - China European Union United States of America 3,001-4,500 Canada Chinese Taipei India Japan Korea, Republic of Switzerland Turkey 2,001-3,000 Australia Brazil Hong Kong, China Indonesia Malaysia Mexico Norway Russian Federation Singapore South Africa Thailand 501-2,000 Argentina Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Chile Colombia Costa Rica Egypt Iran Israel Kazakhstan Morocco New Zealand Pakistan Peru Philippines Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Serbia Sri Lanka Tunisia Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uruguay Viet Nam Albania Algeria Angola Armenia Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain, Kingdom of Bangladesh Barbados Belize Bolivia, Plurinational State of Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Cameroon Congo Côte d'ivoire Cuba Democratic Republic of the Congo Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Ethiopia Fiji Gabon Georgia Ghana Guatemala Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Iceland Jamaica Jordan Kenya Kuwait, the State of Kyrgyz Republic Lao People's Democratic Republic Lebanese Republic Libya Macao, China Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Moldova, Republic of Mongolia Mozambique Myanmar Nepal Nicaragua Nigeria Oman Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Qatar Senegal Sierra Leone Suriname Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Togo Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Uzbekistan Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe 1-50 Afghanistan Antigua and Barbuda Benin Bhutan Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Central African Republic Comoros Djibouti Dominica Equatorial Guinea Grenada Guinea-Bissau Iraq Liberia Maldives Niger Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Sao Tome and Principe Seychelles Solomon Islands The Gambia Tonga Vanuatu IV SPECIAL TOPIC 217

220 2. Product diversification over time If diversification of exports is associated with economic development, it is important to track diversification over time. Figure 1 shows the long-term trends of product diversification for all 154 countries surveyed from 1996 to 2014, together with the total value of annual exports during the same period. Overall, an increase in diversification is visible over time, in line with an expansion in trade. The chart shows a fairly flat trend initially. A steep rise in product diversity occurs after 2001 accompanied by growth in the value of exports. This increase in diversification continued until the beginning of the financial crisis in The slump in exports that followed did not only affect overall export volumes but also led to a decline in export diversification. Figure 1: Long-term trend for product diversification and value of global exports Figure 2 shows that the diversity of exports from developed countries has not changed much. This is mainly due to the stability of export structures in these countries and to the maturity of developed economies. The European Union and the United States were already exporting almost all 5,000 product categories in the 1990s and this has remained quite stable over the timeframe shown. The range of exports is also stable for other developed economies, such as Australia, Japan and Switzerland. By contrast, emerging economies have expanded their export diversity over the past two decades. In the early 2000s, China s export diversification saw an impressive increase, joining the European Union and the United States as the most diversified exporters. China s accession to the WTO in 2001 was probably a crucial factor in supporting this impressive performance. India and Turkey also experienced a rapid expansion in export diversity. From 2000 to 2008, the number of product categories exported by India and Turkey increased by 32 per cent. Viet Nam doubled its diversification between 2000 and 2008, and achieved another 25 per cent increase between 2008 and 2014 while many other countries export diversification contracted. 218

221 Figure 2: Product diversification of selected countries over time Product diversification during the economic downturn IV SPECIAL TOPIC Product diversification in many countries stalled and even became negative in 2009 following the financial crisis whereas such a trend had been the exception from 1996 to In 19 of the 20 most diversified traders, there is a decline in product diversification after The number of categories exported by China, the European Union and the United States were 8 per cent less in 2010 than the peak year of The only exception is Viet Nam, which dramatically increased its diversification over the whole period. As export growth resumed, product diversification reached once again the pre-crisis level. 219

222 Long-term trends To identify long-term trends in product diversification, a clustering analysis has been used to examine the number of product categories exported by individual countries. For this analysis, an annual product diversification score (measured in terms of the number of product categories exported) was divided by the overall number of product categories from 1996 to A flat trend would show as a line of about 0.05 (1 over 19) on the vertical axis. Comparing the start and end points for the groups of countries provides an indication of the relative increase or decrease in export diversification over time. Four groups (clusters) can be identified in terms of similar trends. Group A consists of 20 countries, which are mostly small or island economy countries. The number of product categories exported by these countries is limited. There are large annual fluctuations in this group, with a slightly declining trend overall. Group B includes major exporters, including most G20 countries. The number of product categories exported remains relatively stable although there is some variation in product diversification over time. Group C countries have experienced a moderate expansion in the scope of their exports. Although the growth is not striking and has relatively large variations, the upward trend is clear. Most of the countries in Group C are developing economies. Group D includes 23 countries, which have experienced a significant increase in export varieties. Among them are 11 LDCs, five Arab countries, four Eastern European countries, Ghana, Nicaragua and Viet Nam. Figure 3: Long-term trends in product diversification: exporter clusters 220

223 Group A: diversification declined Bahamas Barbados Brunei Darussalam Comoros Côte d'ivoire Cuba Fiji Grenada Guinea-Bissau Haiti Jamaica Macao, China Maldives Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sao Tome and Principe Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Zimbabwe Group B: diversification did not change Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Australia Belize Brazil Burkina Faso Canada Central African Republic Chile China Chinese Taipei Costa Rica Dominica European Union Guinea Guyana Hong Kong, China Indonesia Israel Japan Korea, Republic of Kyrgyz Republic Liberia Malawi Mali Mexico Mongolia Nepal New Zealand Norway Panama Philippines Russian Federation Sierra Leone Singapore South Africa Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Togo Tonga Ukraine United States of America Uruguay Uzbekistan Group C: diversification increased moderately Azerbaijan Bahrain, Kingdom of Belarus Benin Bolivia, Plurinational State of Burundi Cabo Verde Cameroon Colombia Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Gabon Georgia Guatemala Honduras Iceland India Iran Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait, the State of Libya Madagascar Malaysia Mauritania Mauritius Moldova, Republic of Morocco Myanmar Niger Nigeria Oman Pakistan Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Samoa Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Senegal Seychelles Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Suriname Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia The Gambia Tunisia Turkey Vanuatu Yemen Zambia Group D: diversification increased significantly Afghanistan Albania Angola Armenia Bangladesh Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Cambodia Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Ghana Iraq Jordan Lao People's Democratic Republic Lebanese Republic Mozambique Nicaragua Qatar Serbia Tanzania Uganda United Arab Emirates Viet Nam Stability of product categories over time Another way of analysing product diversification over time is to look at the stability of the number of product categories across years. A stability index can be calculated by comparing the number of categories traded continuously, i.e. every single year, over a certain period with the number of individual product categories traded at any time over the reference period. The larger this ratio, the more persistent and established an exporter is in its export markets. Low ratios can indicate either erratic trading behaviour, in that a country moves in and out of exporting certain categories, or it could be the result of significant increases in product diversification over time. To identify the latter cases, it is necessary to look at the ratio of unique product categories to the categories traded in the last year of the reference period. The stability indexes for selected countries are illustrated in Figure 4. Not surprisingly, the major developed economies and Switzerland come out on top as very well established and diversified traders, along with China, Korea and Chinese Taipei. All these countries have been exporting a very broad product spectrum throughout the reference period. India and Turkey quickly expanded their export diversity in the time-frame and stabilized their product coverage after this. Most striking in terms of diversification are Viet Nam and Cambodia as developing countries as well as Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. IV SPECIAL TOPIC 221

224 Figure 4: Stability of product diversification 3. Product diversification in various product groups This section looks at product diversification at a more disaggregated level. Since the number of product categories varies within various HS chapters, the ratio of the number of categories exported to the total number of categories listed in that chapter has been calculated. This provides an indicator of export diversification for each HS chapter. The results are shown in Figure 5, which displays countries by income groups (high, upper-middle, lower-middle and low) and by total export values. The chart reveals that higher-income countries, in general, have more diversified export structures than lower-income counties. However, within groups, the extent of diversification can vary significantly. For example, most oil producers in the high-income group have a very low level of export diversification (even in Chapter 29, where crude oil is classified). This implies that their exports are highly concentrated in a very small number of categories, accounting for a very small portion of subheadings in that chapter. 222

225 Figure 5: Product diversification at the HS chapter level HS subheading coverage ratio by HS chapters for all countries grouped by income levels IV SPECIAL TOPIC Note: The colour scale on the right shows the coverage ratio for HS subheadings. 1.0 means that all HS subheadings in an HS chapter have been traded. Countries/territories are ranked by decreasing product diversity in each group. 223

226 Many countries in the middle-income groups (upper and lower-middle) have very diversified exports. In particular, a number of large developing economies, such as Brazil, China, India and Mexico, already have an export structure similar to traditional industrialized economies. The export diversification of lowincome countries, however, is very low. From a sector perspective, many developing countries have strong diversification in chapters 61, 62 and 64 (covering clothing and footwear) in line with their strong performance in terms of export values in these sectors. Many countries in middle and low-income groups also perform better in the agricultural sector than in industrial sectors, such as chemicals and machinery. Some chapters have relatively high export diversity for many countries. These chapters normally contain a limited number of product categories, and list natural resources or non-manufactured goods, such as Chapter 78 (lead and articles thereof) and Chapter 97 (artwork antiques). It is also interesting to examine the evolution of certain countries in specific product categories. Figure 6 shows how the numbers of product categories under each Multilateral Trade Negotiations (MTN) category (see Annex 1) change over years for the United States, China, Viet Nam and Cambodia. The number of product categories exported by the United States remained generally stable across the 19-year time period although there was a slight decrease in agricultural products, fish and textiles. For China, clothing and electrical machinery have been the strongest sectors. Other industrial sectors picked up quickly after China s accession to the WTO in A clear increase in the range of China s agriculture products has been seen in recent years. Viet Nam has recorded a strong expansion in product diversification in the past decade in most categories. This trend has been most apparent in clothing, footwear and electronics in recent years. As an LDC, Cambodia is still at the initial stage of diversification for most product categories, but it has made good progress in the clothing sector. There are also improvements in the footwear sector and in some agricultural sectors. Figure 6: Changes in product coverage ratio over time by MTN categories for selected countries Note: The colour scale on the right shows the coverage ratio for HS subheadings. 1.0 means that all HS subheadings in an HS chapter have been traded. Countries/territories are ranked by decreasing product diversity in each group. 224

227 III. Other diversification indicators This section builds on the analysis of product diversification by looking into other areas of diversification, such as trading partner diversification and diversification over time. It could be argued that trading the same number of product categories with more trading partners reflects a stronger global presence in world markets, which in turn can be an indicator of bigger market shares. Furthermore, stable exports over time indicate continuity and a stronger presence in global markets. 1. Geographical diversification The technological capabilities of a country can be assessed by its product diversification vis-à-vis the world market, as measured in the previous section by the diversity of its exports to the 18 major importers. However, exporting the same products to more than one market not only shows technological strength but also global recognition. At the same time, not being dependent on one export market is important. A simple way of introducing the geographical dimension into the export diversification indicator is to simply multiply the number of traded product categories with the number of countries (markets) that a given country trades with in a given year: HSDiv m,j = i =1NHSN m,j,i HSDiv m,j : HS product diversification index for country m in year j NHS j : number of HS product categories exported in year j N m,j,i : number of markets that country m exported to in year j under HS subheading i Taking into account the geographical diversification, a clustering exercise based on this new indicator has been undertaken. As was the case for Figure 3, the indicator is normalized by dividing each annual value by the cumulated 19-year period sum. Figure 7 shows how this indicator affects the country groupings. Figure 7: Clustering countries by product and geographical diversification over time IV SPECIAL TOPIC 225

228 A: Diversification declined Bahamas Barbados Brunei Darussalam Cuba Fiji Grenada Guinea-Bissau Haiti Jamaica Macao, China Maldives Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sao Tome and Principe Tajikistan The Gambia Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of Zimbabwe B: Diversification did not change Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Belarus Belize Brazil Burkina Faso Canada Chile Comoros Côte d'ivoire Dominica European Union Guinea Guyana Hong Kong, China Iran Israel Japan Kazakhstan Korea, Republic of Kyrgyz Republic Libya Malawi Mali Mauritania Mongolia Nepal New Zealand Niger Norway Panama Russian Federation Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Chinese Taipei Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Ukraine United States of America Uruguay Uzbekistan Yemen C: Diversification increased moderately Afghanistan Bahrain, Kingdom of Benin Bhutan Bolivia, Plurinational State of Burundi Cabo Verde Cameroon Central African Republic China Colombia Congo Costa Rica Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Gabon Georgia Ghana Guatemala Honduras Iceland Indonesia Jordan Kenya Kuwait, the State of Lebanese Republic Liberia Madagascar Malaysia Mauritius Mexico Moldova, Republic of Morocco Myanmar Nicaragua Nigeria Oman Pakistan Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Samoa Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Sri Lanka Suriname Tanzania Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Tunisia Uganda Vanuatu Zambia D: Diversification increased significantly Albania Angola Armenia Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Cambodia Ethiopia India Iraq Lao People's Democratic Republic Mozambique Qatar Serbia Turkey United Arab Emirates Viet Nam 226

229 As shown in the table, adding the numbers of export markets has changed the groupings. For certain countries, downward trends in terms of numbers of product categories traded have changed to upward trends for the number of trading partners, while for others the opposite is true. For example, India and Turkey switched from the moderate increase category to the significant increase category. This indicates that the two countries which already had an extensive diversification of product categories have expanded at the same time their geographical coverage. Another way to look at the geographical or market diversification is to calculate the average number of trading partner per product category, which could provide more easily understandable figures. Figure 8 shows the results. The European Union stands out as the most geographically diverse economy (with an average of ten trading partners per product category) closely followed by China (with eight) and the United States (with eight), clearly distancing themselves from all other economies. While the partner ratios for the United States and the European Union remained relatively stable over time, China doubled its partner ratio over the same period. Cambodia and Viet Nam are noteworthy in that they have more than doubled their partner ratio to 3.6 and 4.1 respectively. Figure 8: Annual average number of trading partners per product category IV SPECIAL TOPIC 227

230 2. Historical performance Another important factor is how many years a country has exported individual product categories. When the distribution of all product categories is examined in terms of the number of years these products have been traded, there are two clear patterns. The first group includes big traders which have relatively stable product coverage over the years, with most products exported regularly in the 19-year period. For the second group, mostly small traders, the number of traded product categories tends to be volatile, with the majority of products exported for only one or two years and with very few products exported across the full period. Figure 9 shows the percentage of product categories exported consistently for selected countries. For countries such as the United States and Canada, about half of their product categories have export flows for all 19 years, while for some other countries, such as Kazakhstan or Nigeria, only about 3 per cent of their product categories have exports for all 19 years. Figure 9: Percentage of product categories exported consistently over a number of years for selected countries (darker colour represents higher percentage; see legend on the right) 3. Product diversification index A product diversification index can be constructed by taking into account three factors: (1) the number of product categories covered by a country s exports, (2) the range of markets, and (3) the historical performance. For the latter two factors, a time span of three years has been used. In other words, the index for a specific year would be the number of product categories adjusted by geographical diversity and historical performance over the past three years. A natural logarithm transformation is used to scale down the range. HSDiv m,y = ln ( y j =y 3 NHSJ i = 1 =N m,j,i ) HSDiv m,y : HS product diversification index for country m in year y NHS j : number of HS subheadings exported in year j Nm j,i : number of markets country m exported to in year j under HS subheading i Figure 10 shows the index of selected countries in and Annex 2 presents the index for all countries in the study. It is not surprising that the patterns in Figure 10 look similar to the product diversification shown in Figure 2, but there are differences as the index also reflects geographical and historical factors regarding diversification. For example, the number of product categories exported by India and Turkey has remained static since 2006 (see Figure 2), following rapid growth in the earlier years of the time period. However, diversification in terms of market coverage has strengthened (see Figure 8). This has been captured in the diversification index as reflected in Figure 10, with regular upward trajectories for most developing countries as they established themselves at the global level. 228

231 Figure 10: Product diversification index for selected countries over time IV SPECIAL TOPIC As discussed earlier, there is a clear positive relationship between product diversification and the size of the economy. This can be verified with the product diversification index. Figure 11 shows a strong correlation between product diversification and GDP. The trend is also correlated with the volume of trade, as a greater number of large bubbles (signifying large traders) are found in the upper right quadrant. It is evident that larger economies tend to have more diversified exports and a larger volume of trade. The trend remains the same for the time-frame of 1998 to 2014, with the largest economies and traders featuring at the top of the upward trajectory, indicating a strong correlation between export diversification and size of economy/trade. The countries with a small range of exports have more scope to diversify. Therefore, in theory, it should be easier for them to expand the range of their exports. However, their export diversification has not changed significantly during the 15 year timeframe for many of them. The significant increases occurred for the group of countries in the middle of the chart, which are mostly middle-income developing countries. The developed countries in the upper right quarter of the chart have maintained an upward trend for export diversification, but at a very moderate pace. 229

232 Figure 11: Correlation between product diversification, size of economy and trade 230

233 IV. Conclusions Diversification of exports as a means of obtaining bigger market shares is an important policy objective for many countries. This study has provided an overview of export diversification for various countries over a relatively long time period of almost two decades. The product diversification index - constructed on the basis of product coverage, market reach and historical performance - can be used as an indicator of the technological and productive capacity of a country based on the breadth of its participation in the world market. This study finds that export diversity has increased in general over the past 20 years but in a very uneven way across countries. Many middle-sized developing countries have witnessed rapid growth in terms of diversification. This is particularly the case for some emerging countries, such as China and India. Likewise, some Asian LDCs such as Bangladesh, Cambodia and Lao People s Democratic Republic have achieved significant increases, both in terms of product coverage and in market reach. The variety of exports from developed countries has not changed significantly due to the maturity of their export structure. On the other hand, most small sized developing countries, including LDCs, still have a very narrow range of export diversification. References R. Hausmann, C.A. Hidalgo, The network structure of economic output, Journal of Economic Growth, 16 (2011) V. Markhonko, Asymmetries in official international trade statistics and analysis of globalization, Discussion paper of International Conference on the Measurement of International Trade and Economic Globalization (2014). Annex 1: Multilateral trade negotiations (MTN) product categories N Categories Fruits, vegetables, plants Cereals and preparations 06 Oilseeds, fats and oils Beverages and tobacco Fish and fish products 12 Minerals and metals Wood, paper, etc For a detailed HS-based definition of these categories please see the technical notes of the country/territory profiles Leather, footwear, etc Manufactures n.e.s. IV SPECIAL TOPIC 231

234 Annex 2: HS product diversification index Code Country Name AFG Afghanistan ALB Albania DZA Algeria AGO Angola ATG Antigua and Barbuda ARG Argentina ARM Armenia AUS Australia AZE Azerbaijan BHS Bahamas BHR Bahrain, Kingdom of BGD Bangladesh BRB Barbados BLR Belarus BLZ Belize BEN Benin BTN Bhutan BOL Bolivia BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina BWA Botswana BRA Brazil BRN Brunei Darussalam BFA Burkina Faso BDI Burundi CPV Cabo Verde KHM Cambodia CMR Cameroon CAN Canada CAF Central African Republic TCD Chad CHL Chile CHN China COL Colombia COM Comoros COG Congo CRI Costa Rica CIV Côte d'ivoire CUB Cuba COD Democratic Republic of the Congo DJI Djibouti

235 Annex 2: HS product diversification index Code Country Name DMA Dominica DOM Dominican Republic ECU Ecuador EGY Egypt SLV El Salvador GNQ Equatorial Guinea ETH Ethiopia EU European Union (27) FJI Fiji GAB Gabon GEO Georgia GHA Ghana GRD Grenada GTM Guatemala GIN Guinea GNB Guinea-Bissau GUY Guyana HTI Haiti HND Honduras HKG Hong Kong, China ISL Iceland IND India IDN Indonesia IRN Iran IRQ Iraq ISR Israel JAM Jamaica JPN Japan JOR Jordan KAZ Kazakhstan KEN Kenya KOR Korea, Republic of KWT Kuwait, the State of KGZ Kyrgyz Republic LAO Lao People's Democratic Republic LBN Lebanese Republic LSO Lesotho LBR Liberia, Republic of IV SPECIAL TOPIC 233

236 Annex 2: HS product diversification index Code Country Name LBY Libya MAC Macao, China MDG Madagascar MWI Malawi MYS Malaysia MDV Maldives MLI Mali MRT Mauritania MUS Mauritius MEX Mexico MDA Moldova, Republic of MNG Mongolia MNE Montenegro MAR Morocco MOZ Mozambique MMR Myanmar NAM Namibia NPL Nepal NZL New Zealand NIC Nicaragua NER Niger NGA Nigeria NOR Norway OMN Oman PAK Pakistan PAN Panama PNG Papua New Guinea PRY Paraguay PER Peru PHL Philippines QAT Qatar RUS Russian Federation RWA Rwanda KNA Saint Kitts and Nevis LCA Saint Lucia VCT Saint Vincent and the Grenadines WSM Samoa STP Sao Tome and Principe SAU Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of

237 Annex 2: HS product diversification index Code Country Name SEN Senegal SRB Serbia SYC Seychelles SLE Sierra Leone SGP Singapore SLB Solomon Islands ZAF South Africa LKA Sri Lanka SDN Sudan SUR Suriname SWZ Swaziland CHE Switzerland SYR Syrian Arab Republic CHT Chinese Taipei TJK Tajikistan TZA Tanzania THA Thailand MKD The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia GMB The Gambia TGO Togo TON Tonga TTO Trinidad and Tobago TUN Tunisia TUR Turkey UGA Uganda UKR Ukraine ARE United Arab Emirates USA United States of America URY Uruguay UZB Uzbekistan VUT Vanuatu VEN Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of VNM Viet Nam YEM Yemen ZMB Zambia ZWE Zimbabwe IV SPECIAL TOPIC 235

238 236 V. Annexes

239 A. Data sources 238 B. Frequently asked questions

240 A. Data sources The data was pooled from the three organizations 1 respective databases, i.e. WTO s Consolidated Tariff Schedules database (CTS) and Integrated Data Base (IDB), ITC s MAcMap and TradeMap databases and UNCTAD s TRAINS database. The objective was to use for each country or customs territory the latest available information. For the summary tables and Part A of the tariff profiles, only applied tariffs for the years 2016 or 2015 and imports for 2015 or 2014 were retained. The cut-off date for inclusion of new data in the publication was 31 May For in the tariff profiles all notified trade agreements with available data were included in the calculation of the preference margin and duty-free access. Some trade agreements that are currently in force have not been included for one or more of the following reasons: (1) the agreement or the supplementary information to it was not accessible (or the document was unworkable) at the time of the publication; (2) the data presented some problems such as: missing product codes, the products codes of the agreement did not correspond to the product codes of the MFN tariffs of the country; or (3) the agreement entered into force after the country was uploaded in the Market Access Map database (in such cases the agreements will be included in the subsequent update of the database). For more detailed information on the full contents of each of the respective databases, the reader is referred to the respective websites and/or documents: ITC MAcMap ITC TradeMap UNCTAD TRAINS wits.worldbank.org UN COMTRADE comtrade.un.org WTO CTS tdf.wto.org or tao.wto.org WTO IDB tdf.wto.org or tao.wto.org For information on RTAs notified to the WTO see also the following website: 238

241 Table A1. Data availability Tariffs (Latest year; 2015 or 2014) 2 MFN applied and Country or customs territory preferences (latest Tariff Line Data HS 6-digit Bound year; 2016 or 2015) 2 WTO ITC WTO ITC COMTRADE Afghanistan X Albania X Algeria Angola X Antigua and Barbuda X Argentina X Armenia X Australia X Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain X Bangladesh X Barbados X Belarus Belize X Benin X Bhutan 2015 Bolivia X Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana X Brazil X Brunei Darussalam X Burkina Faso X Burundi X Cape Verde X Cambodia X Cameroon X Canada X Central African Republic X Chad X 2016 Chile X China X Colombia X Comoros 2015 Congo X Cook Islands 2016 Costa Rica X Côte d'ivoire X Cuba X Democratic Republic of the Congo X Djibouti X Dominica X Dominican Republic X V ANNEXES 239

242 Table A1. Data availability Country or customs territory Bound Tariffs (Latest year; 2015 or 2014) 2 MFN applied and preferences (latest Tariff Line Data HS 6-digit year; 2016 or 2015) 2 WTO ITC WTO ITC COMTRADE Ecuador X Egypt X El Salvador X Ethiopia European Union X Fiji X Gabon X 2016 The Gambia X Georgia X Ghana X 2016 Grenada X 2016 Guatemala X Guinea Guinea-Bissau X X Guyana X Haiti X Honduras X Hong Kong, China X Iceland X India X Indonesia X Israel X Jamaica X Japan X Jordan X Kazakhstan X Kenya X Korea, Republic of X Kuwait X Kyrgyz Republic X Lao People's Democratic Republic X 2016 Lebanon Lesotho X Liberia X Macao, China X Madagascar X Malawi X Malaysia X Maldives Mali X X Mauritania X Mauritius X Mexico X

243 Table A1. Data availability Tariffs (Latest year; 2015 or 2014) 2 MFN applied and Country or customs territory preferences (latest Tariff Line Data HS 6-digit Bound year; 2016 or 2015) 2 WTO ITC WTO ITC COMTRADE Moldova X Mongolia X Montenegro X Morocco X Mozambique X Myanmar X 2015 Namibia X Nauru 2016 Nepal X New Zealand X Nicaragua X Niger X Nigeria X Norway X Oman X Pakistan X Palau Panama X Papua New Guinea X Paraguay X Peru X Philippines X Qatar X Russian Federation X Rwanda X Saint Kitts and Nevis X 2016 Saint Lucia X Saint Vincent and the Grenadines X Samoa X Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia X Senegal X Serbia Seychelles X Sierra Leone X Singapore X Solomon Islands X South Africa X Sri Lanka X Suriname X Swaziland X Switzerland X Chinese Taipei X V ANNEXES 241

244 Table A1. Data availability Tariffs (Latest year; 2015 or 2014) 2 MFN applied and Country or customs territory preferences (latest Tariff Line Data HS 6-digit Bound year; 2016 or 2015) 2 WTO ITC WTO ITC COMTRADE Tajikistan X 2016 Tanzania X Thailand X The former Yugoslav Republic of X Timor-Leste 2016 Togo X Tonga X Trinidad and Tobago X Tunisia X Turkey X Uganda X Ukraine X United Arab Emirates X United States X Uruguay X Uzbekistan 2015 Vanuatu X 2016 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of X Viet Nam X Yemen X Zambia X Zimbabwe X For some countries, the data for a country period shown in the table could not be used because the data was incomplete, inconsistent and in the case of trade statistics, without corresponding tariff data. 242

245 B. Frequently asked questions How do you choose the countries to include in the publication? In each issue, we include all WTO members and some countries or territories for which there is available data for applied tariffs for the reference years. Non-WTO members included in the publication can vary from issue to issue depending on the availability of data on applied tariffs for the reference years. WTO members are always included. Why is there no applied MFN tariff for some WTO members? Unlike data on bound tariffs which are sourced from legal documents at the WTO, applied tariffs are based on notification of the member to the WTO or from the tariff database of either the ITC or UNCTAD, the two other institutions collaborating with the WTO on this publication. For each issue of the WTP, we use two reference years for the applied MFN tariff, usually the most recent two years. For example, in the WTP 2017 issue, the data on applied tariffs used are for 2016 and if these are not available, we use If neither of those years is available from any of the tariff database of the three institutions, the statistics referring to applied tariffs are left blank. Why is there no statistic on binding coverage for AG products? During the Uruguay Round of tariff negotiations all members were supposed to have bound all their tariff lines for agricultural products, hence binding coverage for AG is assumed to be 100%. How do you calculate the tariff average when there are non-ad valorem tariffs? Whenever there is a non-ad valorem duty in a certain country schedule, it is converted to its ad valorem equivalent (AVE) to the extent possible. For the methodology used in calculating the AVE, please refer to Technical Annex B of World Tariff Profiles As a caveat though, some non-ad valorem duties are too complex and the calculation of the AVE requires additional data not readily available (e.g. duty expressed as 9 + EA max AD S/Z ). In such cases, the duty is not included in the calculation of the tariff indicators. Why is the applied tariff average higher than the bound tariff average? (Related to this is the case when the maximum applied tariff is higher than the maximum bound tariff.) When the bound tariff is lower than the applied tariff, it implies a binding violation. However, this is not always true. The following cases show why even if the calculated applied statistics are higher than the corresponding bound statistics, it is possible that there was no binding violation. The binding coverage might be less than 100% and the applied duties for unbound products may be high thus affecting the average and the maximum duty. Please note that the bound tariff average is based only on tariff lines that are bound. The applied duty average is based on the full tariff schedule following a certain Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature version. Some WTO members who acceded during the Uruguay Round had not fully bound their entire tariff schedule. The WTO member has only recently acceded and the concessions are still not fully implemented. As the bound duty statistics presented in the WTP refer to the final bound duty at the end of the implementation period, the applied duties could still be higher than the bound duties. The bound and applied tariff schedules are in different HS versions. For each WTO member, the publication uses the approved or certified bound tariff data in the most recent HS version. For example, a member who joined during the Uruguay Round has its original bound tariff schedule in HS On the other hand, applied tariff is in the HS version used by the member which in practice is usually the most current version of the HS (say, HS 2012). In order for the bound tariff information to be more aligned with the applied tariffs, the schedule of concessions is regularly transposed or adapted to newer HS versions. However, all the other members have to agree to the new schedule in a different HS version to ensure that no change in the concessions happened during the transposition. This process of certifying a schedule in a more recent HS version often takes a long time. Hence, it is more often the case that the bound tariff schedule is in an older version of the HS compared to the one used for the applied tariff. The difference in HS versions is not expected to have changed any of the member s commitments but might have affected the aggregate statistics due to the differences in HS subheading breakdown between versions. The national tariff line breakdown might be different between the bound and applied tariff schedules even within the same HS version, which could have affected the calculated averages. In the simple example below, the applied tariff schedule was more detailed than that for bound tariff thus having an average higher than the bound tariff even if there s no binding violation. V ANNEXES 243

246 Bound and applied Tariffs for HS 2012 subheading (Guavas, mangoes and mangosteens, fresh or dried) Bound Tariff Applied Tariff Code Description Duty (%) Code Description Duty (%) Mangoes Mangoes, fresh Mangoes, dried Guavas and mangosteens Guavas and mangosteens 5 Average 7.5 Average 8 The ad valorem equivalents (AVE) may affect the comparison between bound and applied duties when the changes in nomenclature have resulted in the use of different unit values. Please refer to Technical Annex B of World Tariff Profiles 2006 for the methodology on the AVE calculation. For some WTO members who have commitments on Other Duties and Charges (ODCs), the data available on applied tariffs may include the ODCs, and it is not possible to separate the ODC from the import duty. Why is my calculation for simple tariff average of a country different from the one in the World Tariff Profiles? If there are non-ad valorem duties, the calculation of AVEs for the WTP might be different from the calculated AVEs from other sources. The WTP uses two-stage averaging. First, the average of all national tariff lines within the same HS six-digit subheading is calculated and then the mean of all HS subheading averages is taken. This is to minimize the variability caused by the different national tariff line breakdowns within the subheading. All reporters using the same HS version would have the same number of subheading (i.e., second stage) averages from which the country average or sectorial or product group average is calculated. My country did not change its applied tariff rates from that of the previous year but why did the average change? If there are non-ad valorem duties, the calculated AVEs could have changed because new reference years for imports are used every issue. Even without non-ad valorem duties in a tariff schedule, it s possible that the breakdown changed for some reasons but the applied tariff rate for each product remained the same. Please see the example below on the average for HS subheading which changed because of the difference in the breakdown of tariff lines. Year 1 Applied Tariff Year 2 Applied Tariff Code Description Duty (%) Code Description Duty (%) Mangoes Mangoes, fresh Mangoes, dried Guavas and mangosteens Guavas and mangosteens 5 Average 7.5 Average 8.3 Why are there maximum values that are italicized? To differentiate between a maximum based on an ad valorem tariff and one based on an AVE, the value of which can vary depending on the unit value of the product for the reference period, the maximum value based on an AVE is italicized. Why does the same year for applied tariff appear for two consecutive WTP issues? For each issue of the WTP, we use two reference years for the applied MFN tariff, usually the most recent two years and select the latest year available. There is always a one-year overlap on the reference years for consecutive issues of the WTP. For example, for WTP 2017, the reference years for tariff are 2016 and 2015 and for WTP 2016, they are 2015 and If, during the preparation 244

247 for WTP 2016, the 2015 data for Country X is already available, then 2015 data is used. However, if for WTP 2017 Country X has no available data yet for 2016 in any of the databases, the data for 2015 is re-used. Why does the same year for applied tariff appear for two consecutive WTP issues but with different statistics? The answer to why the same year appears for two consecutive WTP issues is in the previous question. The reason why the statistics differ could be the presence of non-ad valorem duties in the tariff schedule. Different reference years on imports are used for the calculation of AVEs for each issue and hence the AVEs can change. Another reason could be that the reporter itself revised the data previously submitted for the relevant year. Why did the bound tariff statistics differ from the WTP issue of the previous year? In theory, bound tariffs do not change unless there is a renegotiation of a Member s commitments. Hence, the most intuitive answer would be that the Member renegotiated some or even all of its commitments during the course of the year. However, there could be other reasons why, even if there were no changes in the commitments, some aggregate statistics changed. One of these could be the presence of non-ad valorem duties in the bound tariff schedule. Different reference years on imports are used for the calculation of AVEs for each issue and hence the AVEs can change. Another reason could be the use of an approved schedule in a more recent HS version. Please refer to the question why is the applied tariff average higher than the bound tariff average? for additional explanation. My country imports mostly from partners with whom we have a free trade agreement and imports come in duty free. Why is the calculated trade weighted average much higher than what is expected? The trade weighted average presented in of each tariff page is based on applied MFN duty weighted by total imports and does not take into consideration non-mfn duties (mostly preferential) applied to certain trading partners. In effect, this is the trade weighted average assuming all imports are levied the MFN rate. In, the statistics show that exports from my country to a certain partner (i.e. imports of the partner from my country) do not enjoy preference as reflected by the preferential margin and % duty free imports. However, in reality our exports enjoy preferential rates in this market. Why don t the statistics show this? The market access statistics calculated in require complete information on non-mfn tariff regimes which each market or importer applies to each of its import partners. However, there are non-mfn or other preferential tariff regimes which are not officially notified to the WTO nor are these available in the other tariff databases. The statistics are based only on non-mfn tariff regimes for each market for which we have data. How can I get the EXCEL version of the tariff profiles and summary tables for previous WTP issues? At present there is no online facility yet to extract these tables. However, these can be requested from the Market Access Intelligence Section of the WTO. Send your request to mai@wto.org specifying which data years or WTP issues you are interested in. V ANNEXES 245

248 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements are due to all the data providers, mostly national administrations or WTO delegations who have made this information available including through notifications presented as a special topic. In a number of cases, data has been made available on national websites or through regional organizations. Given the vast amount of statistical data and metadata that needed to be processed, and because this information is not available in one single organization, this publication was only possible as a joint effort of the WTO, ITC, and UNCTAD. Each of the three organizations has a proven track record and comparative strengths in the field of tariff analysis. The WTO, as the repository of its members binding commitments on goods and also as repository for members notifications in a number of trade policy areas, has been at the core of this undertaking. Trade and tariff data were sourced from either the WTO or ITC databases depending on which one had the most recent tariff or trade data for the years covered. In addition, the ITC contributed all the AVE estimates and preferential duties. Missing trade data for some countries were also sourced from the UN Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE). The preparation of this publication was coordinated by Jürgen Richtering (WTO) in close collaboration with Mondher Mimouni (ITC) and Ralf Peters (UNCTAD). Adelina Mendoza (WTO) and Janvier Usanase (WTO) were responsible for calculating the tariff indicators presented and preparing the final layout of the publication. Xavier Pichot (ITC) was in charge of providing the input dataset and of calculating the AVEs. At the ITC, thanks are also due to the data collection team coordinated by Laetitia Rinderknecht as well as to Dzmitry Kniahin for data processing. Dayong Yu (WTO) and Jurgen Richtering (WTO) wrote the technical paper for this edition s special topic. Fabien Dumesnil (UNCTAD) and Dayong Yu (WTO) prepared the statistical tables on antidumping measures, countervailing duties and safeguard actions. Thanks are also due to Staff of the WTO Rules Division for their comments and suggestions for the technical annexes. Finally, the contributions of the WTO Information and External Relations Division, specifically Mr. Serge Marin- Pache, and WTO printing facilities for the production and the French and Spanish translators in the Language Services and Documentation Division for rendering the publication in the WTO s other official languages are also hereby acknowledged. 246

249 ISBN (print) / (pdf) Published by the World Trade Organization World Trade Organization, International Trade Centre and UNCTAD All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the World Trade Organization and the International Trade Centre. The report is also available in French and Spanish Copies can be ordered from: WTO Online Bookshop If you would like more information on the contents of this report or if you have any comments or suggestions for improvement please contact the Market Access Intelligence Section (mai@wto.org).

250 provides comprehensive information on the tariffs and non-tariff measures imposed by over 170 countries and customs territories. The publication starts with a breakdown of the tariffs imposed by these economies. The data is presented in summary tables and in individual one page profiles for each economy. This is followed by a section on the use of nontariff measures, which are becoming increasingly important in international trade. The special topic for this edition is an article entitled Export diversification, which gives an analysis of export diversification indicators over time. The publication is jointly prepared by the World Trade Organization, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Trade Centre (ITC). World Trade Organization Centre William Rappard Rue de Lausanne 154 CH-1211 Geneva 2 Switzerland Tel. +41 (0) enquiries@wto.org Website: