EU energy and transport in figures

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1 EU energy and transport in figures Statistical pocketbook 2007/2008

2 Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server ( Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008 Photos courtesy of: Shutterstock, Fotolia ISBN European Communities, 2008 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium Printed on white chlorine-free paper

3 EU Energy and Transport in Figures Statistical Pocketbook 2007/2008 Preface Energy and transport are two crucial sectors of the economy. This publication provides an overview of the most recent and most pertinent annual energy- and transport-related statistics in Europe. It covers the European Union and its 27 Member States, and, as far as possible, the current EU candidate countries and the EFTA countries Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. This pocketbook is based on a range of sources including Eurostat, international organisations, national statistics and, where no data were available, own estimates. Own estimates have mainly been produced to get an idea of the EU total. At the level of individual countries, they are merely indicative. The publication consists of four parts: (1) a general part with general economic and other relevant data, (2) an energy part with data mostly on energy production and consumption including taxation, prices and a world context presentation, (3) a transport part covering both passenger and freight transport as well as other transport-related data and, finally, (4) an environmental part with data on the impact which the energy and transport sectors have on the environment. Most of the tables have data up to 2005; where available, more recent data have been provided. The tables of this pocketbook may also be found on the Europa internet site under Many tables on the internet have more information than could be presented in this pocketbook. Some tables may be updated on the web before the publication of the next paper version. Eurostat, the main data provider, may be accessed directly on the internet under 3

4 Contents PART 1 - GENERAL DATA 1.1. General Data Growth in GDP and Industrial Production Employment and Unemployment Share of Gross Value Added and Employment by Sector Population a. Member States External Trade : Imports b. Member States External Trade : Exports Comparison EU-27 World : general data...20 PART 2 - ENERGY 2.1. General Information Glossary Average Calorific Values, Energy Content Conversion Factors Methodology for the calculation of EU-wide average fuel prices Overview and Security of Supply Indicators (EU-27 aggregated) Gross Inland Consumption EU Gross Inland Consumption, Renewables Gross Inland Consumption EU-27, Graph Import Dependency Crude Oil and Gas Imports Hard Coal Imports into the EU Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Final Energy Consumption by Fuel EU Final Energy Consumption by Sector Final Energy Consumption by Sector EU Share of Renewables to final energy consumption with normalised hydro Taxation Taxation of Energy Products Electricity Electricity Production Capacity EU Electricity Production Capacity EU-27, Graph Electricity from Renewable Sources Electricity from Renewable Sources, Graph Gross Electricity Generation EU Gross Electricity Generation, from Renewables Gross Electricity Generation EU-27, Graph Prices Automotive Diesel Oil Prices Unleaded Petrol (95 RON) Prices Electricity Prices for Industry Residual Fuel Oil Prices for Industry

5 Contents Natural Gas Prices for Industry Electricity Prices for Households Heating Gasoil Prices for Households Natural Gas Prices for Households Country Energy Statistics EU EU Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Germany Estonia Ireland Greece Spain France Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Malta Netherlands Austria Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Slovak Republic Finland Sweden United Kingdom Energy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries Croatia Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Turkey Iceland Norway Switzerland World Context Gross Inland Consumption by Country Gross Inland Consumption by Country, Shares in % Gross Inland Consumption by Fuel / Product Gross Inland Consumption by Fuel / Product, Graphs Energy Intensity

6 Contents 6 PART 3 - TRANSPORT 3.1. General Statistical Overview EU Transport Transport Growth EU-27, Graph Road Transport : Speed Limits, Blood Alcohol Limits Road Transport : Maximum Gross Vehicle Weight Employment by Mode of Transport Number of Enterprises by Mode of Transport Turnover by Mode of Transport Final Consumption of Households for Transport EU-25 : Evolution of Consumer Prices for Passenger Transport External Trade by Mode of Transport Comparison EU-27 World : Infrastructure and Vehicles Comparison EU-27 World : Passenger and Freight Transport Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres EU-27 Performance by Mode for Freight Transport, Graph EU-27 Performance by Mode for Freight Transport EU-27 Performance by Inland Mode for Freight Transport a. Road : National Haulage b. Road : International Haulage c. Road : National and International Haulage Railways Inland Waterways Oil Pipelines USA Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres EU-27 Performance by Mode for Passenger Transport, Graph EU-27 Performance by Mode for Passenger Transport EU-27 Modal Split of Land Transport by Passenger Transport Passenger Cars Buses & Coaches Tram + Metro Railways Rail : High Speed Rail Transport USA Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport. using indicators other than tonne-kilometres or passenger kilometres Air : Passenger Traffic Between Member States. (including domestic flights) Air : Major Regular European Airlines Air : Passenger Traffic at Major EU Airports a. Air : Passenger Transport in the EU Between its Main Airports b. Air : Passenger Transport Between the Major EU Airports and their Main Extra-EU Partner Airports Air : Freight Traffic at Major EU Airports...134

7 Contents Air : Movements of Aircraft at Major EU Airports Sea : Inward and Outward Flow of Passengers by Country Sea : Passenger Traffic at Major EU Seaports Sea : Freight Traffic at Major EU Seaports Sea : Container Traffic at Major EU Seaports Sea : Intra-EU Maritime Transport Combined Transport : Traffic by Company Road : Alps Crossing Freight Traffic Road : Pyrenees Crossing Traffic Rail : Alps and Pyrenees Crossing Traffic Rail : Channel Tunnel Traffic Infrastructure Road : Length of Motorways Road : Length of Road Network Railways : Length of Lines in Use Railways : High Speed Rail Network Railways : Main Railway Gauge and Electric Current Used Air : Number of Airports Inland Waterways : Length in Use Pipelines : Length of Oil Pipelines Means of Transport Road : Motorization Road : Passenger Cars Road : Buses and Coaches Road : Goods Vehicles Road : Powered Two-Wheelers Road : Passenger Cars Road : Goods Vehicles Road : Buses and Coaches Road : Motorcycles Road : Mopeds Sea : EU Merchant Fleet a. Sea : World Merchant Fleet by World Region b. Sea : World Merchant Fleet by Type of Ship Air : Passenger Aircraft Air : Freight, Special, Business aircraft Rail : Locomotives and Railcars Rail : Passenger Transport Vehicles Rail : Goods Transport Wagons Safety Road Fatalities by Year Road Fatalities Country Rankings a. Road Fatalities by Type of User b. Road Fatalities of Vehicle Occupants by Type of Vehicle Road Accidents Railway Fatalities Air : Lives Lost Sea : Ships Lost (World)

8 Contents PART 4 - ENVIRONMENT 4.1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) Total GHG Emissions GHG Emissions by Sector EU GHG Emissions by Sector EU-27, Shares GHG Emissions by Sector GHG Emissions by Sector 2005, Shares GHG Emissions Intensity GHG Emissions per Capita GHG Emissions from Transport CO 2 Emissions Total CO 2 Emissions CO 2 Emissions by Sector EU CO 2 Emissions by Sector EU-27, Shares CO 2 Emissions by Sector CO 2 Emissions by Sector 2005, Shares a. CO 2 Emissions Intensity b. World Comparison CO 2 Emissions per Capita CO 2 Emissions from Transport World Comparison CO 2 Emissions by Country CO 2 Emissions by Country, Shares Other emission indicators Emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors from Transport Emissions of particulate matter from Transport Biofuels Final Energy Consumption Biofuels Production Other environment-related indicators Oil Spills at Sea Notes

9 Symbols and abbreviations 12 Estimates are printed in italic % per cent - not applicable, does not exist blank data not available 0 zero or figure less than half of unit used ca. circa = approximately 1970=100 reference year for an index euro EUR DG dwt GDP grt mio mio t mtow pkm PPP rpk TEU tkm euro Directorate-General of the European Commission deadweight ton (shipping) Gross Domestic Product gross registered tonnage (shipping) 1 million 1 million tonnes maximum take-off weight (aircraft) passenger-kilometre: a unit of measure: 1 passenger transported a distance of 1 kilometre Purchasing Power Parities revenue passenger kilometres (air) Twenty foot Equivalent Unit tonne-kilometre : a unit of measure: 1 tonne transported a distance of 1 kilometre break in horizontal time series break in vertical time series 9

10 Title Country abbreviations subtitle European Union Countries (EU-27) (also EEA Members) EU Member State since : AT Austria 1995 BE Belgium 1958 BG Bulgaria 2007 CY Cyprus 2004 CZ Czech Republic 2004 DE Germany 1958 DK Denmark 1973 EE Estonia 2004 EL Greece 1981 ES Spain 1986 FI Finland 1995 FR France 1958 HU Hungary 2004 IE Ireland 1973 IT Italy 1958 LT Lithuania 2004 LU Luxembourg 1958 LV Latvia 2004 MT Malta 2004 NL Netherlands 1958 PL Poland 2004 PT Portugal 1986 RO Romania 2007 SE Sweden 1995 SI Slovenia 2004 SK Slovak Republic 2004 UK United Kingdom 1973 Other European Economic Area (EEA) and in EFTA IS Iceland EEA: 1994 EFTA: 1960 LI Liechtenstein EEA: 1994 EFTA: 1991 NO Norway EEA: 1994 EFTA: 1960 Other European Free Trade Association (EFTA) CH Switzerland EFTA: 1960 European Union Candidate Countries HR Croatia MK Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) TR Turkey Other Countries USA United States of America JP Japan CS Czechoslovakia (until 1992) Notes: EU-15 are those Members of EU-27 that joined the EU before Those which were Members in 1994 became Members of the EEA in 1994, those which joined the EU after 1994 became Members of the EEA when they joined the EU. DE-E (East Germany) is always included in DE; unification on

11 PART 1 GENERAL DATA

12 GENERAL DATA PART 1 summary 1.1. General Data Growth in GDP and Industrial Production Employment and Unemployment Share of Gross Value Added and Employment by Sector Population a. Member States External Trade: Imports b. Member States External Trade: Exports Comparison EU-27 - World: general data

13 GENERAL DATA GENERAL DATA 1.1 General Data Area Population GDP (nominal) GDP per head in PPP million billion EU-27= km 2 01/01/ EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Source: Eurostat 13

14 1.2 GENERAL DATA Growth in GDP and Industrial Production Growth in GDP and Industrial Production (compared to the previous year) Growth in GDP Real growth at constant 1995 prices Growth in Industrial Production (excluding construction) % % EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Industrial production data adjusted by working days, except MK and IS: Gross data 14 Source: Eurostat; Industrial production data for MK and IS from national sources; estimates (in italics)

15 GENERAL DATA Employment and Unemployment Employment and Unemployment 1.3 Employment rate Unemployment rate % % EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Labour force survey data, referring to population years old Source: Eurostat; MK: national sources 15

16 1.4 Share of Gross Value Added and Employent by Sector Share of Gross Value Added and Employment by Sector GENERAL DATA Share of gross value added (%) Agriculture Industry Services Agriculture Share of employment (%) Industry Services EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Industry includes construction. Share of gross value added: year 2005 for EL and IS Share of employment: year 2005 for EL, FR, RO, MK, TR and IS; 2004 for PT and HR; 2003 for UK; 2000 for MT 16 Source: Eurostat, national sources

17 GENERAL DATA Population 1.5 Population at 1 January million EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH LI Notes: DE: population: includes DE-E: 1970: 17.1, 1980: 16.7, 1990: 16.1; CY: government-controlled area only; FR: metropolitan France only Source: Eurostat, national sources 17

18 1.6a Member States External Trade: Imports Member States External Trade Imports GENERAL DATA YEAR 2006 (VALUE = billion ) World EU-25 Extra- EU-25 Imports from : of which: Candidate 5 EFTA USA EU BE CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK Notes: Candidate 5: Bulgaria, Croatia, FYROM, Romania, Turkey EFTA: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland 18 Source: Eurostat

19 GENERAL DATA Member States External Trade: Exports Member States External Trade Exports 1.6b YEAR 2006 (VALUE = billion ) World EU-25 Extra- EU-25 Exports to : of which: Candidate 5 EFTA USA EU BE CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK FI SE UK Notes: Candidate 5: Bulgaria, Croatia, FYROM, Romania, Turkey EFTA: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland Source: Eurostat 19

20 1.7 GENERAL DATA Comparison EU-27 World: general data Comparison EU-27 World general data EU USA 2006 Japan 2006 China 2005 Russia 2006 Population million Population growth % change since previous year Urban population % of total Area million km Population density Persons/km GDP (nominal) billion Real GDP growth (in national currency); % ( 1 ) 6.7 Relative GDP per capita in PPP (EU-27 = 100) ( 2 ) Exports ( 3 ) billion Imports ( 3 ) billion Notes: ( 1 ) 2006; ( 2 ) 2005; ( 3 ) EU: only EU-25, not including intra-eu trade. 20 S ource: Eurostat, United Nations Comtrade, Worldbank, national sources

21 PART 2 ENERGY

22 ENERGY PART Title2 summary subtitle 2.1. General Information Overview and Security of Supply Taxation Electricity Prices Country Energy Statistics Energy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries World Context

23 ENERGY General Information 2.1 Glossary Energy Dependency: Energy dependency is calculated using the following formula: net imports / (gross inland consumption + bunkers). Energy Intensity: Energy intensity gives an indication of the effectiveness with which energy is being used to produce added value. It is defined as the ratio of Gross Inland Consumption of energy to Gross domestic Product. Final Energy Consumption (FEC): Final energy consumption is the energy finally consumed in the transport, industrial, commercial, agricultural, public and household sectors. It excludes deliveries to the energy transformation sector and to the energy industries themselves. Gross Inland Consumption (GIC): Gross inland consumption is the quantity of energy consumed within the borders of a country. It is calculated using the following formula: primary production + recovered products + imports + stock changes exports bunkers (i.e. quantities supplied to sea-going ships). Net Calorific Value (NCV): The net calorific value is the amount of heat released by a unit quantity of fuel, when it is burned completely with oxygen, and when the products of combustion are returned to ambient temperature. This quantity does not include the heat of condensation of any water vapour contained in the fuel nor of the water vapour formed by the combustion of any hydrogen contained in the fuel. Primary Energy Production: Primary energy production is the extraction of energy from a natural source. Pumping, pumped storage: Method for storing electrical energy at hydroelectric installations by pumping water between reservoirs at different altitudes. Renewable Energy Sources (RES): Renewable energy includes hydroelectricity, biomass, wind, solar, tidal and geothermal energy. Tonne of oil equivalent (toe): The tonne of oil equivalent is a conventional standardised unit for measuring energy, defined on the basis of a tonne of oil with a net calorific value of kilojoules/kg. 1 ktoe = toe 1 Mtoe = toe 23

24 2.1.2 Average Calorific Title Values, Energy subtitle Content ENERGY General Information kj (NCV) kgoe (NCV) Hard coal 1 kg Recovered hard coal 1 kg Patent fuels 1 kg Hard coke 1 kg Brown coal 1 kg Black lignite 1 kg Peat 1 kg Brown coal briquettes 1 kg Tar 1 kg Benzol 1 kg Oil equivalent 1 kg Crude oil 1 kg Feedstocks 1 kg Refinery gas 1 kg LPG 1 kg Motor spirit 1 kg Kerosenes, jet fuels 1 kg Naphtha 1 kg Gas diesel oil 1 kg Residual fuel oil 1 kg White spirit 1 kg Lubricants 1 kg Bitumen 1 kg Petroleum cokes 1 kg Other petro. products 1 kg Electrical energy 1 kwh

25 ENERGY General Information Conversion Factors ENERGY multiply by TO: TJ Gcal Mtoe GWh FROM: TJ x Gcal x x x 10-3 Mtoe x x GWh x VOLUME multiply by TO: Barrel Litre US gallon UK gallon FROM: Barrel Litre x US gallon x UK gallon x Mass multiply by TO: Tonne Long ton Short ton FROM: Tonne (t) Long ton (lt) UK Short ton (st) US Decimal prefixes 10 1 deca (da) 10-1 deci (d) 10 2 hecto (h) 10-2 centi (c) 10 3 kilo (k) 10-3 milli (m) 10 6 mega (M) 10-6 micro (µ) 10 9 giga (G) 10-9 nano (n) tera (T) pico (p) peta (P) femto (f) exa (E) atto (a) 25

26 2.1.4 ENERGY General Information Methodology for the calculation of EU-wide average fuel prices All available price data has been used in the calculation of EU-wide fuel price averages. The overall EU price is an average of the prices in the individual countries weighted by their consumption. Electricity The prices are as of January 1 st in the year shown. Prices are collected at a variety of locations in each country. The reference consumer used for domestic prices corresponds to a standard dwelling of 100 m 2 with 4-5 rooms plus kitchen with an annual consumption of kwh. For industrial prices, the standard consumer's annual consumption is MWh. The average price in each country is calculated as the median of the prices in the various locations. These country average prices are weighted by their final consumption (Domestic or Industry) to have the EU-wide price average.the domestic prices shown here are the final selling prices while industrial prices are shown less VAT. Gas The same methodology is used for gas prices, but the standard used for domestic consumers corresponds to an annual consumption of GJ while for industrial consumers this annual consumption is GJ. Petroleum Products Heating gasoil, low sulphur fuel oil, unleaded petrol and automotive diesel prices are supplied to Energy and Transport DG by the Member States as those being the most frequently encountered for the specific categories of sales. The prices given are as of January 15 th in each year. The heating gasoil prices given are for deliveries of between and litres while those for low sulphur fuel oil are for monthly deliveries of less than tonnes or annual deliveries of less than tonnes. The average pump prices are given for motor fuels. The EU average prices are calculated by weighting the prices from each country by the corresponding final energy consumption. 26

27 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Indicators (EU-27 aggregated) Energy Intensity (toe/meuro)(*) Carbon Intensity (tonne CO 2 /toe) GIC per capita (kgoe/inh.) CO 2 emissions per capita (kg/inh.) = Notes: (*) For GDP at 2000 market prices GIC = gross inland consumption Definition: carbon intensity = CO 2 emissions/gross inland consumption energy intensity = gross inland consumption of energy / gross domestic product Source: Eurostat, December

28 2.2.2 Gross Inland Consumption 2005 (Mtoe) ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply 28 EU-27 Share ALL FUELS Solid fuels Oil Natural gas Nuclear Renewables Other (*) % 17.6% 36.9% 24.5% 14.2% 6.6% 0.2% EU Share 100.0% 17.3% 37.3% 24.4% 14.3% 6.5% 0.2% BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK 2.7 TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste Source: Eurostat, December 2007

29 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Gross Inland Consumption 2005, Renewables in ktoe Renewables Biomass Hydro EU % 68.0% 21.9% 5.0% 0.7% 4.5% EU % 68.2% 21.2% 5.3% 0.7% 4.6% BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Wind Solar Geothermal Source: Eurostat, December

30 2.2.2 Gross Inland Consumption EU-27 by fuel (in Mtoe) ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply 0.2% 14.2% 24.5% 6.6% YEAR % 36.9% Solid fuels oil gas nuclear renewables Other (*) Mtoe Notes: (*) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 30 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

31 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Import Dependency 2005 (in %) ALL FUELS Solid Fuels Oil Gas EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: A simplified formula not taking bunkers into account is used occasionally. This variant gives higher values for import dependency by overlooking maritime transport. Negative numbers indicate that the country is a net exporter. Values over 100% are possible due to changes in stocks. Definition: Import Dependency = Net Imports / (Bunkers+Gross Inland Consumption) Source: Eurostat, December

32 2.2.4 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Crude Oil and Gas Imports Crude Oil Imports into the EU-27 (in Mio tonnes) origin Share 2005 (%) Russia Norway Saudi Arabia Libya Iran Other, Middle East Kazahkhstan Algeria Other Origin Total Imports in Million barrels Gas Imports into the EU (in TJ, terajoules) origin Share 2005 (%) Russia Norway Algeria Nigeria Libya Egypt Qatar Oman Other Origin Total Imports in Mio Cubic meters Notes: Gross calorific value of 1 million cubic meter of Natural Gas can vary between 37.5 and 42.5 terajoule 32 Source: Eurostat, December 2007 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

33 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Hard Coal Imports into the EU-27 (in kilotonnes) Origin Total EU-27 South Africa Russia Australia Colombia United States Indonesia Other % Source: Eurostat, December

34 2.2.6 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Final Energy Consumption by fuel 2005 (in Mtoe) ALL FUELS Solid Fuels Oil Gas Electricity Derived Heat & Industrial Waste Renewables (*) EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) Excluding consumption of Renewables for Electricity & Derived Heat 34 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

35 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Final Energy Consumption EU-27 by fuel (in Mtoe) % 3.5% 4.7% Solid fuels oil 24.6% YEAR % gas Electricity 42.4% Derived heat and Industrial Waste renewables Mtoe Notes: Renewables not including Electricity Source: Eurostat, December

36 2.2.7 Final Energy Consumption by sector 2005 (Mtoe) ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply All sectors Industry Transport Road Railways Air Inland navigation Households, Services, etc. Households Services, etc. EU Share 100.0% 28.0% 30.9% 82.1% 2.6% 13.8% 1.5% 41.1% 64.4% 35.6% EU Share 100.0% 27.7% 31.2% 82.0% 2.6% 14.0% 1.5% 41.1% 64.2% 35.8% BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Source: Eurostat, December 2007

37 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Final Energy Consumption EU-27 by sector (Mtoe) % households and services, etc. 41.1% YEAR 2005 industry 28.0% transport Mtoe Source: Eurostat, December

38 2.2.8 ENERGY Overview and Security of Supply Share of Renewables to final (*) energy consumption with normalised hydro EU % 7.6% 7.9% 7.9% 8.1% 8.5% EU % 7.4% 7.7% 7.7% 7.9% 8.3% BE 1.2% 1.3% 1.4% 1.6% 1.8% 2.2% BG 8.2% 8.1% 9.0% 8.8% 9.4% 9.4% CZ 2.4% 2.7% 2.9% 4.3% 5.9% 6.1% DK 11.7% 12.3% 13.4% 14.9% 16.1% 17.0% DE 4.0% 4.2% 4.8% 4.6% 4.7% 5.8% EE 16.0% 15.3% 14.9% 14.9% 19.0% 18.0% IE 2.2% 2.3% 2.3% 2.4% 2.7% 3.1% EL 7.4% 7.3% 7.2% 6.8% 6.8% 6.9% ES 8.3% 8.2% 8.3% 8.6% 8.5% 8.7% FR 10.6% 10.4% 10.3% 10.3% 10.1% 10.3% IT 4.8% 4.9% 5.5% 4.7% 5.0% 5.2% CY 2.6% 2.5% 2.5% 2.4% 2.6% 2.9% LV 35.5% 34.8% 34.4% 33.6% 34.8% 34.9% LT 16.7% 16.8% 16.8% 16.9% 15.4% 15.0% LU 0.9% 0.8% 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 0.9% HU 2.8% 2.6% 4.8% 4.7% 4.4% 4.3% MT 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% NL 1.6% 1.6% 1.6% 1.8% 2.0% 2.4% AT 25.6% 25.4% 24.7% 23.8% 22.8% 23.3% PL 6.5% 6.9% 7.2% 7.1% 7.1% 7.2% PT 19.6% 19.2% 19.4% 19.5% 18.3% 20.5% RO 16.9% 14.0% 14.8% 16.3% 16.3% 17.8% SI 16.4% 16.2% 16.7% 16.4% 16.2% 16.0% SK 3.2% 5.7% 5.1% 5.8% 6.3% 6.7% FI 29.0% 28.0% 28.5% 28.0% 29.2% 28.5% SE 37.4% 37.2% 36.5% 37.3% 38.2% 39.8% UK 0.9% 0.9% 1.0% 1.1% 1.2% 1.3% The share of renewables to final energy consumption is the sum of: The final consumption of renewables for heat production (including the final consumption of district heat from renewables) The gross electricity generation from renewables Liquid biofuels for transport divided by the final energy consumption (industry, transport, other sectors) of all energy sources, including consumption of the energy branch and distribution losses for electricity and heat production. The normalised hydro production is calculated on the basis of the hydro installed capacity (excluding capacity for pumping) and the average load factor over the last 15 years ( ). Notes: (*) Including consumption of the energy branch and distribution losses for electricity and heat Source: Eurostat, October 2007

39 ENERGY TaxatioN Taxation of Energy Products Excises in per litres VAT rates Euro Super 95 Automotive gas oil Heating gas oil (**) Standard rate Electricity (**) Natural gas BE % 21% 21% BG % 20% 20% CZ % 19% 19% DK % 25% 25% DE % 19% 19% EE % 18% 18% IE % 13.5% 13.5% EL % 9% 9% ES % 16% 16% FR % 19.6% 19.6% IT % 20% 20% CY % 15% 15% LV % 18% 18% LT % 18% 18% LU % 6% 6% HU % 20% 20% MT % 18% 18% NL % 19% 19% AT % 20% 20% PL % 22% 22% PT % 5% 5% RO % 19% 19% SI % 20% 20% SK % 19% 19% FI % 22% 22% SE % 25% 25% UK % 5% 5% EU min (*) % 15% 15% Notes: (*) Council Directives 2003/96/EC for excises, 2001/42/EC for VAT (**) Non-business use Source: Commission services (July 2007) 39

40 ENERGY 2.4 Electricity Electricity Production Capacity 2005 (in MW) Total Conventional Thermal Nuclear Wind Geothermal Hydro of which: pumping EU Share 100.0% 57.7% 18.2% 5.2% 0.1% 18.8% 24.0% EU Share 100.0% 57.6% 18.5% 5.5% 0.1% 18.3% 25.0% BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Source: Eurostat, December 2007

41 ENERGY ELECTRICITY Electricity Production Capacity EU-27 in GW % conv. thermal 57.8% YEAR % Nuclear hydro wind 5.2% GW Source: Eurostat, December

42 2.4.2 ENERGY Electricity Electricity from Renewable Sources Gross Electricity Consumption 2005 (in %) Total Share Hydro(*) Wind EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT 5.0 NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Biomass Notes: Total Share = a / (b+c) a = Gross Electricity Generation from RES b = Total Gross Electricity Generation c = Net Imports Electricity (*) Does not include pumped storage Solar Geothermal 2010 TARGET 42 Source: Eurostat, December 2007 and Directive 2001/77/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market.

43 ENERGY ELECTRICITY Electricity from Renewable Sources Graph EU-27 Share of electricity from renewable energy sources in total electricity consumption (%) EU-27 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE 2010 TARGET 2005 Total Share EU-27 target EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Source: Eurostat, December

44 2.4.3 Gross Electricity Generation 2005 (in TWh) ENERGY Electricity Total CONVENTIONAL THERMAL Coal Oil Gas Other Power Stations Nuclear Pumped Storage EU Share 100.0% 28.4% 4.2% 21.0% 1.2% 30.2% 1.0% 14.0% EU Share 100.0% 28.1% 4.3% 21.3% 1.2% 30.4% 1.1% 13.7% BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK 6.9 TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) Not including generation from hydro pumped storage, but including electricity generation to pump water to storage. Municipal solid waste, wood waste, biogas included. Renewables (*) 44 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

45 ENERGY ELECTRICITY Gross Electricity Generation from renewables, 2005 (in GWh) Renewables Hydro (*) Source: Eurostat, December 2007 Wind EU Share 100.0% 66.1% 15.2% 17.2% 0.3% 1.2% EU Share 100.0% 64.2% 16.0% 18.2% 0.3% 1.2% BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY 1 1 LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) Not including generation from hydro pumped storage, but including electricity generation to pump water to storage. (**) Photovoltaic Thermal. Biomass Solar (**) Geothermal 45

46 2.4.3 Gross Electricity Generation EU-27 (in TWh) ENERGY Electricity 2.3% 14.0% 28.4% Solid fuels oil 30.2% YEAR % 4.2% gas nuclear renewables Other (*) TWh Notes: (*) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations Source: Eurostat, December 2007

47 ENERGY Prices Automotive Diesel Oil Prices (all taxes included) Current prices in euro per litre EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Source: Eurostat, November 2007 Methodology for the calculation: see part

48 2.5.2 ENERGY Prices Current prices in euro per litre EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Unleaded Petrol (95 RON) Prices (all taxes included) 48 Source: Eurostat, November 2007 Methodology for the calculation: see part 2.1.4

49 ENERGY PRICES Electricity Prices for Industry (Excise taxes included) Current prices in euro per 100 kwh EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Source: Eurostat, November 2007 Methodology for the calculation: see part

50 2.5.4 Residual Fuel Oil Title Prices for Industry (Excise taxes subtitle included) ENERGY Prices Current prices in euro per tonne EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH 50 Source: Eurostat, November 2007 Methodology for the calculation: see part 2.1.4

51 ENERGY PRICES Natural Gas Prices Title for Industry (Excise taxes subtitle included) Current prices in euro per GJ (GCV) EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR 6.89 MK TR IS NO CH Source: Eurostat, November 2007 Methodology for the calculation: see part

52 2.5.6 Electricity Prices Title for Households (all taxes subtitle included) ENERGY Prices Current prices in euro per 100 kwh EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH 52 Source: Eurostat, November 2007 Methodology for the calculation: see part 2.1.4

53 ENERGY PRICES Heating Gasoil Prices Title for Households (all taxes subtitle included) Current prices in euro per 1000 litres EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Source: Eurostat, November 2007 Methodology for the calculation: see part

54 2.5.8 Natural Gas Prices Titlefor Households (Excise taxes subtitle included) ENERGY Prices Current prices in euro per GJ (GCV) EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH 54 Source: Eurostat, November 2007 Methodology for the calculation: see part 2.1.4

55 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics EU-27 Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste Source: Eurostat, December

56 2.6.2 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics EU-25 Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 56 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

57 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Belgium Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil 0.01 Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste Source: Eurostat, December

58 2.6.4 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Bulgaria Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 58 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

59 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Czech Republic Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste Source: Eurostat, December

60 2.6.6 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Denmark Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 60 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

61 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Germany Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste Source: Eurostat, December

62 2.6.8 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Estonia Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) 0.01 Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 62 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

63 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Ireland Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 63 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

64 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Greece Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 64 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

65 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Spain Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste Source: Eurostat, December

66 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics France Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 66 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

67 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Italy Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 67 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

68 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Cyprus Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables 0.00 Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) 0.00 Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 68 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

69 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Latvia Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste 0.00 Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 69 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

70 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Lithuania Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 70 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

71 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Luxembourg Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 71 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

72 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Hungary Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste 0.03 Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 72 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

73 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Malta Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses 0.01 CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste Source: Eurostat, December

74 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Netherlands Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 74 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

75 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Austria Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 75 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

76 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Poland Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 76 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

77 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Portugal Mtoe Production Solid fuels 0.12 Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste 0.01 Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 77 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

78 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Romania Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 78 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

79 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Slovenia Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables 0.03 Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) 0.01 Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste Source: Eurostat, December

80 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Slovak Republic Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste 0.03 Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 80 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

81 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Finland Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 81 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

82 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics Sweden Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 82 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

83 ENERGY Country Energy Statistics United Kingdom Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables 0.38 Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste Source: Eurostat, December

84 2.7.1 Croatia ENERGY 2.7 Energy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 84 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

85 ENERGY Energy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia FYROM Mtoe Production Solid fuels 1.30 Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Other by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC. Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) 710 Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) without maritime bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations Source: Eurostat, Pocket book on Candidate and Potential Candidate Countries, 2007 Edition 85

86 2.7.3 ENERGY Energy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries Turkey Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 86 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

87 ENERGY Energy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries Iceland Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste Source: Eurostat, December

88 2.7.5 ENERGY Energy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries Norway Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste 88 Source: Eurostat, December 2007

89 ENERGY Energy Statistics of Candidate Countries and other European Countries Switzerland Mtoe Production Solid fuels Oil Gas 0.00 Nuclear Renewables Industrial waste Net Imports Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat Gross Inland Consumption Solid fuels Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables Other (****) Elec. Generation (TWh) Coal (TWh) Oil (TWh) Gas (TWh) Nuclear (TWh) Renewables (TWh) (*) Other (TWh) (***) Final Energy Consumption by fuel/product Solid fuels Oil Gas Electricity Renewables Derived heat & Industrial waste by sector INDUSTRY TRANSPORT HOUSEHOLDS COMMERCE, ETC Non-Energy Uses CO 2 Emissions (Mt) (**) Energy intensity (toe/m '00) Carbon intensity Import dependency, % Energy per capita (kgoe/cap) CO 2 per capita (kg/cap) Notes: (*) not including pumping; (**) Source: European Environment Agency, December 2007; Including Bunkers; (***) Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations; (****) Electrical Energy and Industrial Waste Source: Eurostat, December

90 2.8 ENERGY World Context Gross Inland Consumption by Country (Mtoe) World United States EU-27 (**) China (*) Russia India Japan Canada Korea Brazil Mexico Others = KR CN IN BR MX CA USA JP EU-27 RU Notes: (*) Including Hong Kong (**) Source: Eurostat, December Source: OECD

91 ENERGY World Context Gross Inland Consumption by Country Shares in % World United States EU-27 (**) China (*) Russia India Japan Canada Korea Brazil Mexico Others united STATES EU % 20.5% CHINA RUSSIA 1.5% 1.8% 1.9% 2.4% 4.6% 4.7% 5.7% YEAR % 15.2% INDIA JAPAN CANADA KOREA BRAZIL MEXICO OTHERS 91

92 2.8.2 World Context Gross Inland Consumption by Fuel / Product (2005) ENERGY in Mtoe All Products Solids Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro Biomass Other United states EU-27 (**) Japan Russia China (*) India Korea Brazil Canada Mexico Others World in % United states EU-27 (**) Japan Russia China (*) India Korea Brazil Canada Mexico Others World % 6.3% 20.7% 10.0% 0.5% YEAR % 35.0% Gross Inland Consumption WORLD SOLIDS OIL GAS NUCLEAR HYDRO BIOMASS OTHER Notes: (*) Including Hong Kong (**) Source: Eurostat, December Source: OECD

93 ENERGY World Context Gross Inland Consumption by Fuel / Product Graphs united STATES EU-27 (**) JAPAN RUSSIA CHINA (*) INDIA KOREA 0.3% 1.0% 0.5% 1.7% 7.2% 10.0% YEAR % 11.1% SOLIDS (in %) BRAZIL CANADA MEXICO OTHERS 37.8% 3.9% 3.6% OIL (in %) 28.8% 23.8% 2.6% 2.4% 2.2% 2.4% 3.2% 8.2% YEAR % 6.3% 16.7% GAS (in %) 31.6% 21.6% YEAR % 18.9% 3.4% 0.7% 1.2% 14.8% 1.2% 1.8% 3.0% Notes: (*) Including Hong Kong (**) Source: Eurostat, December 2007 Source: OECD 93

94 2.8.3 Energy Intensity toe / Meuro ENERGY World Context World United States EU-27 (**) Japan Russia China (*) India Korea Brazil Canada Mexico = Notes: (*) Including Hong Kong (**) Source: Eurostat, December 2007 BR KR JP MX CA EU-27 USA RU IN CN 94 Source: OECD

95 PART 3 TRANSPORT

96 transport PART Title3 summary subtitle 3.1. General Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Infrastructure Means of Transport Safety

97 TRANSPORT GENERAL 3.1 Statistical Overview EU Transport Employment: In 2005, the transport services sector employed about 8.8 million persons in the EU-27. Almost two thirds (63 %) of them worked in land transport (road, rail, inland waterways), 2 % in sea transport, 5 % in air transport and 30 % in supporting and auxiliary transport activities (such as cargo handling, storage and warehousing, travel and transport agencies, tour operators). Household expenditure: In 2006, private households in the EU-27 spent 893 billion or roughly 13.6 % of their total consumption on transport. About one third of this sum (around 297 billion) was used to purchase vehicles, almost half ( 440 billion) was spent for the operation of personal transport equipment (e.g. to buy fuel for the car) and the remainder ( 155 billion) was spent for transport services. Goods transport: The demand for the four land transport modes road, rail, inland waterways and pipelines in the EU-27 added up to billion tkm in Road accounted for 72.7 % of this total, rail for 16.7 %, inland waterways for 5.3 % and oil pipelines for the remaining 5.2 %. If intra-eu maritime transport (the demand for which is estimated to have been around billion tkm) and intra-eu air transport (3.0 billion tkm) are added to the land modes, then the share of road reduces to 45.6 %, rail accounts for 10.5 %, inland waterways contribute 3.3 % and oil pipelines add another 3.2 %. Maritime transport then accounts for 37.3 % and air for 0.1 % of the total (all referring to the EU-27 in 2006). Passenger transport: Intra-EU-27 and domestic transport demand using passenger cars, powered two-wheelers, buses and coaches, railways as well as tram and metro was ca billion pkm or km per person in Passenger cars accounted for 80.1 % of this total, powered two-wheelers for 2.7 %, buses & coaches for 9.1 %, railways for 6.7 % and tram & metro for 1.5 %. Adding intra-eu air transport (the demand for which is estimated to have been around 547 billion pkm in 2006) and intra-eu sea transport (40 billion pkm) to the land modes reduces the share of passenger cars to 72.7 % and the share of powered two-wheelers to 2.4 %. Buses and coaches then account for 8.3 %, railways for 6.1 % and tram and metro for 1.3 %. The two additional modes air and sea contribute 8.6 % and 0.6 % respectively (all referring to the EU-27 in 2006). Transport growth: Goods transport: ca. 2.8 % per year ( ). Passenger transport: ca. 1.7 % per year ( ). Safety: Road: persons killed in the EU-27 (fatalities within 30 days) in 2006, 5.2 % fewer than in 2005 (when people lost their lives). In comparison with 2000, the number of road fatalities was lower by almost a quarter (23.9 %). Rail: Air: 65 fatalities in 2005 (not including suicides). in 2006, 4 air passengers died over EU territory and 1 passenger died on board an EU carrier throughout the world. 97

98 3.1.2 Transport Growth EU-27 GRAPH TRANSPORT general YEAR 1995 = Passengers, Goods, GDP PASSENGERS ( 1 ) (pkm) goods ( 2 ) (tkm) gdp (at constant 1995 prices) Annual Growth Rates EU p.a GDP at 1995 prices and exchange rates Passenger transport (pkm) Freight transport (tkm) 2.4% 3.0% 1.7% 1.8% 2.8% 3.1% Notes: GDP: at constant 1995 prices and exchange rates ( 1 ) passenger cars, powered two-wheelers, buses & coaches, tram & metro, railways, intra-eu air, intra-eu sea ( 2 ) road, rail, inland waterways, oil pipelines, intra-eu air, intra-eu sea 98

99 TRANSPORT general Road Transport Speed Limits, Blood Alcohol Limits Speed limit, cars (in general), km/h: Blood alcohol limit, grams of Outside alcohol in 1 litre Built-up areas built-up areas Motorways of blood BE BG CZ DK DE (130) 0.5 EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: UK, IE, CY and MT drive on the left hand side of the road, the other Member States on the right hand side (SE since ). Signs in UK are in miles per hour. Speed limits: DE: Motorways: No general speed limit, recommended speed limit is 130 km/h (more than half the network has a speed limit of 120 km/h or less). FR: Dual carriageways 110 km/h. If road is wet : motorways 110 km/h, dual carriageways 90 km/h. AT, IT: 150 km/h on certain 2x3 lane motorways. FI: in winter 100 km/h on motorways, 80 km/h on other roads. Source: National sources, International Transport Forum 99

100 3.1.4 Road Transport Maximum Gross Vehicle Weight TRANSPORT general Lorries tonnes 2 axles 3 axles 4 axles Road train 5 axles and more Articulated vehicles 5 axles and more BE BG CZ 18 25/ DK 18/19 24/ /40 40/48 DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH LI Notes: An articulated vehicle consists of a road tractor coupled to a semi-trailer. A road train is a goods road motor vehicle coupled to one or more trailers. DK: national / international Many countries allow higher weight limits in certain circumstances: wheelbase, rear-axle spacing, double tyres, type of engine, type of road, type of load (containers). 100 Source: National sources, International Transport Forum

101 TRANSPORT general Employment by Mode of Transport 2005 Total Road freight transport Road passenger transport Sea transport Air transport Railways Inland water transport Pipelines Travel agencies & tour operators Other(*) auxiliary transport activities EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: CZ: 2004, MT: 2002 The above figures refer to employment in companies whose main activity lies in the mode concerned. (*) Cargo handling and storage, other supporting activities, activities of other transport agencies. Source: Eurostat (economic activity according to NACE Rev.1 classification), estimates (in italics) 101

102 3.1.6 Number of Enterprises by Mode of Transport 2005 TRANSPORT general Total Road freight transport Road passenger transport Sea transport Air transport Railways Inland water transport Pipelines Travel agencies & tour operators Other(*) auxiliary transport activities EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: CZ: 2004, MT: 2002 (*) Cargo handling and storage, other supporting activities, activities of other transport agencies. 102 Source: Eurostat (economic ac tivity according to NACE Rev.1 classification), estimates (in italics)

103 TRANSPORT general Turnover by Mode of Transport 2005 Total Road freight transport Road passenger transport Sea transport Air transport M EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Railways Inland water transport Pipelines Travel agencies & tour operators Other(*) auxiliary transport activities Notes: CZ: 2004, MT: 2002 (*) Cargo handling and storage, other supporting activities, activities of other transport agencies. Source: Eurostat (economic ac tivity according to NACE Rev.1 classification), estimates (in italics) 103

104 3.1.8 TRANSPORT general Final Consumption of Households for Transport by type of expenditure Final consumption for transport purchase of personal transport equipment of which: operation of personal transport equipment purchased transport services Transport as a % of total final consumption Expenditure per head on transport million euro % EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: ES, CY, LV, LT and SE: 2005; DK, EL, PT and UK: 2004; BG: EU-totals all refer to sum of country rows therefore does not add up to the total. 104 Source: Eurostat

105 TRANSPORT general EU-25 : Evolution of Consumer Prices for Passenger Transport Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices YEAR 2005 =100 All items Transport Purchase of vehicles Motor cars of which: Motorcycles, bicycles and animal drawn vehicles YEAR 2005 =100 Operation of personal transport equipment Spare parts and accessories for personal transport equipment Fuels and lubricants for personal transport equipment of which: Maintenance and repair of personal transport equipment Other services in respect of personal transport equipment YEAR Transport 2005 =100 services Passenger transport by railway Passenger transport by road of which: Passenger transport by air Passenger transport by sea and inland waterway Combined passenger transport Source: Eurostat 105

106 External Trade by Mode of Transport 2006 TRANSPORT general Value (billion ) Extra EU-25 Export Import Export + Import Sea % % % Road % % % Rail % % % Inland waterway % % % Pipeline % % % Air % % % Other/unknown (*) % % % Total % % % Weight (million tonnes) Extra EU-25 Export Import Export + Import Sea % % % Road % % % Rail % % % Inland waterway % % % Pipeline % % % Air % % % Other/unknown (*) % % % Total % % % Notes: (*) Self propulsion, post, or mode of transport unknown. Data for intra-eu trade are no longer available by mode of transport used. 106 Source: Eurostat

107 TRANSPORT general Comparison EU-27 World Infrastructure and Vehicles Transport infrastructure EU-27 USA Japan China Russia km Road network (paved) Motorway network Railway network ( 1 ) Electrified rail lines Navigable inland waterways Oil Pipelines ( 2 ) 47.0 ( 3 ) Passenger cars stock Motorization Commercial freight vehicles Vehicle stock EU-27 USA Japan China Russia million ( 4 ) 68.9 ( 5 ) cars / persons million Transport safety EU-27 USA Japan China Russia Road fatalities number per million inhabitants Notes: ( 1 ) USA: a sum of overlapping networks ( 2 ) China: Crude oil pipelines. Refined oil pipelines = km ( 3 ) Russia: Oil pipelines. Oil products pipelines = km ( 4 ) USA: all 2-axle 4-tyre vehicles ( 5 ) Japan: including minicars (engine capacity up to 660 cubic centimetres) Source: Eurostat, International Road Federation, Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics, estimates (in italics) 107

108 Comparison EU-27 World Passenger and Freight Transport TRANSPORT general Passenger transport EU-27 USA Japan China Russia billion pkm Passenger car ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Bus + trolley-bus + coach Railway ( 4 ) Tram + metro ( 4 ) 55.3 Waterborne ( 4 ) Air (domestic / intra-eu-25) Freight transport EU-27 USA Japan China Russia billion tkm Road Rail Inland waterways Oil pipeline Sea (domestic / intra-eu-27) Notes: ( 1 ) USA: including light trucks / vans ( 2 ) Japan: including light vehicles ( 3 ) China: including buses and coaches ( 4 ) USA: Source: Eurostat, Japan Statistics Bureau, US Bureau of Transportation Statisitics, Goskom STAT (Russia), National Bureau of Statistics of China, International Transport Forum

109 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres 3.2 EU-27 Performance by Mode for Freight Transport billion tonne-kilometres Road SEA Rail Inland waterways OIL PIPELINES AIR Source: tables 3.2.4c to 3.2.7, estimates 109

110 3.2.2 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres EU-27 Performance by Mode Freight Transport Road Rail Inland water- WAYS thousand mio tonne-kilometres PIPE- LINES SEA AIR total per year 46.5% 12.6% 14.5% 17.2% 34.3% 50.0% 35.3% 3.5% 1.1% 1.2% 1.5% 2.7% 3.8% 2.8% % 5.2% 0.0% -0.7% 1.0% 3.4% 3.1% Modal split Road Rail Inland water- WAYS 110 Source: tables 3.2.4c to 3.2.7, estimates (in italics) (%) PIPE- LINES SEA AIR Notes: Air and Sea: only domestic and intra-eu-27 transport; provisional estimates Road: national and international haulage by vehicles registered in the EU-27

111 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres EU-27 Performance by Mode Freight Transport for Inland Modes Road Rail thousand mio tonne-kilometres Inland waterways PIPELINES total per year 46.5% 12.6% 14.5% 17.2% 35.8% 3.5% 1.1% 1.2% 1.5% 2.8% % 5.2% 0.0% -0.7% 4.3% Modal split (%) Road Rail Inland waterways PIPELINES Notes: Road: national and international haulage by vehicles registered in the EU-27 Source: tables 3.2.4c to

112 3.2.4a Road National Haulage TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres Haulage by Vehicles Registered in the Country thousand mio tkm % OF total haulage 2006 change '05/ '06 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: only haulage of heavy goods vehicles (usually >3.5 tonnes load capacity) 112 S ource: Eurostat, I nternational Transpor t Forum, national statistics (CH), estimates (in italics)

113 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres Road International Haulage 3.2.4b Haulage by Vehicles Registered in the Country (incl. cross-trade and cabotage) thousand mio tkm % OF total haulage 2006 change '05/ '06 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS 0.0 NO CH ( 1 ) Notes: only haulage of heavy goods vehicles (usually >3.5 tonnes load capacity) ( 1 ) CH data cover only haulage by CH vehicles on CH territory Source: Eurostat, I nternational Transpor t Forum, national statistics (CH), estimates (in italics) 113

114 3.2.4c Road National and International HAULAGE TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres Haulage by Vehicles Registered in the Country (including cross-trade and cabotage) thousand mio tkm % change '05/ '06 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR ( 1 ) IS NO CH ( 2 ) Notes: only haulage of heavy goods vehicles (usually > 3.5 tonnes load capacity) ( 1 ) national transport only ( 2 ) CH data cover only haulage by CH vehicles on CH territory. 114 S ource: Eurostat, I nternational Transpor t Forum, national statistics (CH, MK), estimates (in italics)

115 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres Railways thousand mio tkm % change '05/ '06 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: DE: includes DE-E: 1970: 41.5, 1980: 56.4, 1990: 39.8 CS: 1970: 55.9, 1980: 66.2, 1990: 59.4 (included in EU-27 and EU-12 data) Source: Eurostat, International Transport Forum, Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics 115

116 3.2.6 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres Inland Waterways thousand mio tkm % change '05/ '06 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: DE: includes DE-E: 1970: 2.4, 1980: 2.2, 1990: 1.9 CS: 1970: 2.43, 1980: 3.59, 1990: 4.42 (included in EU-27 and EU-12 data) FI: only shipborne transport (i.e. no floating) 116 Source: Eurostat, International Transport Forum, national statistics, estimates (in italics)

117 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres Oil Pipelines thousand mio tkm % change '05/ '06 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: data are not harmonised and therefore not fully comparable; in most countries, only pipelines longer than 40km are included DE: includes DE-E: 1970: 2.2, 1980: 5.0, 1990: 3.3; from 1995: only crude oil (i.e. no refined petroleum products) CS: 1970: 6.4, 1980: 9.8, 1990: 7.5 Source: National statistics, International Transport Forum, Eurostat, estimates (in italics) 117

118 3.2.8 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight Transport expressed in tonne-kilometres USA Performance by Mode of Transport : Freight Road ( 1 ) Rail Inland waterways PIPELINES thousand mio tkm total Average annual change % per year Road ( 1 ) Rail Inland waterways PIPELINES total Modal split Road ( 1 ) Rail Inland waterways PIPELINES Notes: ( 1 ) Intercity truck traffic only % 118 Source: US Department of Transportation

119 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres 3.3 EU-27 Performance by Mode for Passenger Transport billion passenger-kilometres Passenger cars AIR 500 Bus and coach Railway 200 Powered 2-wheelers 100 Tram and metro 0 Sea Source: tables to 3.3.7, estimates 119

120 3.3.2 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres EU-27 Performance by Mode Passenger Transport Passenger cars P2w Bus and coach Railway thousand mio pkm Tram and metro AIR Sea total '95/'06 /year 19.4% 24.6% 4.3% 10.4% 17.9% 63.3% -10.1% 20.1% 1.6% 2.0% 0.4% 0.9% 1.5% 4.6% -1.0% 1.7% '05/'06 1.7% 2.5% -0.1% 2.7% 1.8% 4.0% -0.3% 1.8% Modal split Passenger cars P2w Bus and coach Railway 120 Source: tables 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.6, 3.3.7, estimates (in italics) % Tram and metro AIR Sea Notes: Air and Sea: only domestic and intra-eu-27 transport; provisional estimates P2W: Powered 2-wheelers

121 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres EU-27 Modal Split of Land Transport by Passenger Transport 2006 Passenger cars Bus and Coach Railway Tram & Metro EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: If powered two-wheelers are included, they account for 2.7% of the total in EU-27 (2.8% in EU-15, 1.8% in EU-12), while the share of the other modes becomes: EU EU EU % Source: tables 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.6,

122 3.3.4 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres Passenger Cars thousand mio pkm % change '05/ '06 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Data are not harmonised and therefore not fully comparable. BE: include pkm by vehicles registered as light goods vehicles but used as personal cars. BE and AT: completely revised series DE: incl. DE-E: 1970: 24.5, 1980: 56.0, 1990: 90.3 UK: data refer to Great Britain only; include pkm by vans 122 Source: national statistics, I nternational Transport Forum, estimates (in italics)

123 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres Buses & Coaches thousand mio pkm % change '05/ '06 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Data are not harmonised and therefore not fully comparable. CS: 1970: 21.4, 1980: 33.8, 1990: 43.4 DE: includes DE-E: 1970: 19.1, 1980: 24.4, 1990: 16.5 AT: completely revised series. RO and SI: data include only regular interurban transport. UK: data refer to Great Britain only Source: national statistics, International Transport Forum, study for DG Energy and Transport, estimates (in italics) 123

124 3.3.6 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres Tram + Metro thousand mio pkm % change '05/ '06 EU-27 71,2 77, EU EU-12 22,4 22, BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO 6,0 6, SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Data are not harmonised and therefore not fully comparable. DE: includes DE-E: 1970: 4.83, 1980: 5.34, 1990: 6.50 FR: data refer to the Paris Metro and RER (Réseau Express Régional) systems and to metros in other French cities PT: data refer only to Lisbon and Porto Metro 124 Source: national statistics, International Union of Public Transport, study for DG Energy and Transport, estimates (in italics)

125 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres Railways thousand mio pkm % change '05/ '06 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: DE: includes DE-E: 1970: 17.7, 1980: 22.0, 1990: 17.5 CS: 1970: 20.5, 1980: 18.0 (included in EU-27 and EU-12 data) Source: Eurostat, International Transport Forum, Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics, estimates (in italics) 125

126 3.3.8 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres Rail High Speed Rail Transport (*) thousand mio pkm BE CZ DE ES FR IT NL PT FI SE UK EU Share of high speed rail transport in total passenger-kilometres in rail transport (**) BE CZ DE ES FR IT NL PT FI SE UK EU % 126 Source: (*) Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics, estimates (in italics); (**) table 3.3.7

127 TRANSPORT Performance of Passenger Transport expressed in passenger-kilometres USA Performance by Mode of Transport : Passengers Passenger cars (*) Motorcycles Railway Bus thousand mio pkm Light and Commuter rail AIR total Average annual change Passenger cars (*) Motorcycles Railway Bus % per year Light and Commuter rail AIR total '90/'95 '95/' '00/' Modal split Passenger cars (*) Motorcycles Railway Bus Light and Commuter rail AIR % Notes: (*) Passenger Cars (2005: 4,297 billion pkm) and other 2-axle 4-tyre vehicles (2005: 2,956 billion pkm) Source: US Department of Transportation 127

128 3.4 Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators TRANSPORT Reporter Total passengers carried Partner BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Source: Eurostat

129 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Air Passenger Traffic Between Member States including domestic flights (thousand) 2006 LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK

130 3.4.2 Air Major Regular European Airlines TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators ranking International + Domestic thousand million revenue passenger-kilometres % change '05/'06 Airline and Country Air France FR British Airways UK Deutsche Lufthansa DE KLM Royal Dutch Airlines NL Iberia ES Ryanair ( 1 ) IE Alitalia IT Virgin Atlantic Airways UK Easyjet ( 2 ) UK SAS Scandinavian DK Airlines NO SE Air Berlin DE THY Turkish Airlines TR SWISS (Crossair) CH Austrian Airlines AT TAP Portugal PT Finnair FI bmi British Midland Airways UK Spanair ES Olympic Airlines EL LOT Polish Airlines PL CSA Czech Airlines CZ SN Brussels Airlines BE Icelandair IS Malev Hungarian Airlines HU Air One IT Cyprus Airways CY Air Malta MT TAROM Romanian Air Transport RO JAT airways SB Croatia Airlines HR Adria Airways SI Luxair LU Notes: Scheduled and non-scheduled flights ( 1 ) Ryanair: Year up to 30 March of the following year ( 2 ) Easyjet: Financial year up to 30 September of the year indicated 130 Source: Association of European Airlines, International Air Transport Association, air companies

131 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Air Passenger Traffic at Major EU Airports Passengers carried ARRIVING AND DEPARTING AND IN TRANSIT (COUNTED ONCE) million passengers % ranking change '05/'06 Airport and Country London / Heathrow UK Paris / Charles De Gaulle FR Frankfurt (Main) DE Amsterdam / Schiphol NL Madrid / Barajas ES London / Gatwick UK München DE Barcelona ES Roma / Fiumicino IT Paris / Orly FR London / Stansted UK Palma De Mallorca ES Manchester UK Milano / Malpensa IT Dublin IE København / Kastrup DK Stockholm / Arlanda SE Wien / Schwechat AT Brussel-Bruxelles / BE Brussels 20 Düsseldorf DE Athinai Eleftherios / Venizelos EL Malaga ES Lisboa PT Helsinki / Vantaa FI Hamburg DE Berlin / Tegel DE Praha / Ruzyne CZ Stuttgart DE Las Palmas / Gran Canaria ES Nice / Côte D'Azur FR Köln - Bonn DE Milano / Linate IT London / Luton UK Birmingham UK Alicante ES Glasgow UK Edinburgh UK Tenerife Sur / Reina Sofia ES Budapest / Ferihegy HU Warszawa / Okecie PL Source: Eurostat, airports 131

132 3.4.4a TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators ranking Air: Passenger Transport in the EU Between its Main Airports Total passengers carried (arriving + departing from first named airport) thousand Airport pairs Madrid / Barajas Barcelona Milano / Linate Roma / Fiumicino Paris / Orly Toulouse / Blagnac ; Toulouse / Ccer Paris / Orly Nice / Côte D'Azur London / Heathrow Dublin London / Heathrow Paris / Charles De Gaulle London / Heathrow Amsterdam / Schiphol Madrid / Barajas Palma De Mallorca Barcelona Palma De Mallorca Hamburg München Frankfurt (Main) Berlin / Tegel London / Heathrow Frankfurt (Main) Edinburgh London / Heathrow Madrid / Barajas Las Palmas / Gran Canaria München Berlin / Tegel Madrid / Barajas Malaga Düsseldorf München Roma / Fiumicino Catania / Fontanarossa Frankfurt (Main) Hamburg London / Heathrow Glasgow Frankfurt (Main) München Paris / Orly Marseille / Provence Paris / Charles De Gaulle Roma / Fiumicino Köln - Bonn München Paris / Charles De Gaulle Milano / Linate Stockholm / Arlanda København / Kastrup Madrid / Barajas Tenerife Norte / Los Rodeos Amsterdam / Schiphol Barcelona Roma / Fiumicino Palermo / Punta Raisi Barcelona Sevilla London / Heathrow Madrid / Barajas Thessaloniki / Makedonia Athinai / Eleftherios Venizelos Roma / Fiumicino Madrid / Barajas London / Heathrow Manchester Paris / Charles De Gaulle Madrid / Barajas Amsterdam / Schiphol Paris / Charles De Gaulle London / Stansted Dublin Paris / Orly Pointe à Pitre (Guadeloupe) / Le Raizet London / Heathrow München Düsseldorf Palma De Mallorca Source: Eurostat

133 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators ranking 3.4.4b Air: Passenger Transport Between the Major EU Airports & Their Main Extra-EU Partner Airports Total passengers carried (arriving + departing from first named airport) thousand Airport pairs London / Heathrow New York / J. F. Kennedy Intl, NY Paris / Charles De Gaulle New York / J. F. Kennedy Intl, NY London / Heathrow Chicago / O'Hare Intl, Il London / Heathrow Los Angeles Intl, Ca London / Heathrow Hong Kong Intl London / Heathrow Dubai Intl København / Kastrup Oslo / Gardermoen, Norway London / Heathrow Singapore / Changi London / Heathrow Toronto / Lester B. Pearson Intl, Ont., Canada London / Heathrow Washington / Dulles Intl, Dc Stockholm / Arlanda Oslo / Gardermoen, Norway London / Heathrow San Francisco Intl, Ca London / Heathrow Mumbai / Chhatrapati Shivaji Intl., India London / Heathrow Johannesburg Intl, South Africa Paris / Charles De Gaulle Montreal / Pierre Elliot Trudeau Intl, Canada Madrid / Barajas Buenos Aires / Ezeiza Ministro Pistarini, Argentina Paris / Charles De Gaulle Tokyo Intl, Japan London / Heathrow Zürich, Switzerland London / Heathrow Boston / Gen. E. Lawrence Logan Intl, Ma London / Heathrow Narita Intl, Japan Frankfurt (Main) Chicago / O'Hare Intl, Il London / Heathrow Miami Intl, Fl London / Heathrow Sydney / Kingsford Smith Intl, Australia Frankfurt (Main) Narita Intl, Japan Frankfurt (Main) Washington / Dulles Intl, Dc Frankfurt (Main) Bangkok / Bangkok Intl, Thailand Frankfurt (Main) Singapore / Changi Amsterdam / Schiphol Detroit / Metropolitan Wayne County, Mi London / Gatwick Genève, Switzerland Paris / Charles De Gaulle Genève, Switzerland London / Heathrow Newark / Liberty Intl, Nj Frankfurt (Main) New York / John F. Kennedy Intl, NY London / Gatwick Orlando Intl, Fl Paris / Charles De Gaulle Zürich, Switzerland Frankfurt (Main) Istanbul / Atatürk, Turkey Paris / Charles De Gaulle Tel-Aviv / Ben Gurion, Israel Düsseldorf Antalya, Turkey Frankfurt (Main) Zürich, Switzerland Wien / Schwechat Zürich, Switzerland Paris / Orly Marrakech / Menara, Morocco Source: Eurostat 133

134 3.4.5 Air Freight Traffic at Major EU Airports TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators ranking Cargo and Mail loaded and unloaded thousand tonnes % change '05/'06 Airport and Country Frankfurt (Main) DE Amsterdam / Schiphol NL London / Heathrow UK Paris / Charles De Gaulle FR Brussel-Bruxelles / BE Brussels 6 Köln - Bonn DE Luxembourg LU Milano / Malpensa IT København / Kastrup DK Madrid / Barajas ES Liège BE Nottingham UK East Midlands 13 London / Stansted UK München DE London / Gatwick UK Wien / Schwechat AT Manchester UK Roma / Fiumicino IT Bergamo / Orio Al Serio IT Helsinki / Vantaa FI Frankfurt / Hahn DE Oostende-Brugge / BE Oostende 23 Dublin IE Athinai / Eleftherios Venizelos EL Lisboa PT Barcelona ES Paris / Orly FR Budapest / Ferihegy HU Stockholm / Arlanda SE Düsseldorf DE Toulouse / Blagnac ; 31 Toulouse / Ccer FR Göteborg / Landvetter SE Praha / Ruzyne CZ Maastricht / NL Maastricht Aachen 35 Edinburgh UK Belfast / Aldergrove UK Marseille / Provence FR Larnaka CY Lyon / Saint-Exupéry FR Las Palmas / Gran Canaria ES Source: Eurostat, airports

135 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Air: Movements of Aircraft at Major EU Airports ranking (take-off + landing, passenger and cargo) (not including general aviation) thousand % Source: Eurostat, airports change '05/'06 Airport and Country Paris / Charles De Gaulle FR Frankfurt (Main) DE London / Heathrow UK Amsterdam / Schiphol NL Madrid / Barajas ES München DE Barcelona ES Roma / Fiumicino IT London / Gatwick UK København / Kastrup DK Milano / Malpensa IT Paris / Orly FR Wien / Schwechat AT Brussel-Bruxelles / Brussels BE Stockholm / Arlanda SE Manchester UK Düsseldorf DE London / Stansted UK Dublin IE Athinai / Eleftherios Venizelos EL Palma De Mallorca ES Helsinki / Vantaa FI Nice / Côte D'Azur FR Praha / Ruzyne CZ Hamburg DE Warszawa / Okecie PL Köln - Bonn DE Stuttgart DE Berlin / Tegel DE Lisboa PT Lyon / Saint-Exupéry FR Budapest / Ferihegy HU Edinburgh UK Malaga ES Birmingham UK Bucureşti / Henri Coandă RO Las Palmas / Gran Canaria ES Aberdeen UK Milano / Linate IT Glasgow UK Notes: One movement per minute for 18 hours per day = 394,200 per year 135

136 3.4.7 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Sea: Inward and Outward Flow of Passengers by Country Inwards passengers cruise passengers cruise passengers excluding cruise passengers starting and ending a cruise on excursion EU-27 EU EU-12 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR NO Notes: CZ, LU, HU, AT and SK do not have a coastline 136 Source: Eurostat

137 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Sea: Inward and Outward Flow of Passengers by Country Outwards passengers cruise passengers cruise passengers excluding cruise passengers starting and ending a cruise on excursion EU-27 EU EU-12 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR NO Notes: CZ, LU, HU, AT and SK do not have a coastline Source: Eurostat 137

138 3.4.8 ranking TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Sea Passenger Traffic at Major EU Seaports Passengers Embarked and Disembarked thousand % change '04/'05 Port and Country Dover UK Calais FR Paloukia Salaminas EL Perama EL Helsingborg SE Piraeus EL Helsingør DK Messina IT Reggio Di Calabria IT Helsinki FI Stockholm SE Rødby (Færgehavn) DK Puttgarden DE Tallinn EE Napoli IT Algeciras ES Palma De Mallorca ES Santa Cruz De Tenerife ES Capri IT Turku FI Piombino IT Olbia IT Mariehamn FI Porto D'Ischia IT Frederikshavn DK Portoferraio IT Portsmouth UK Rostock DE Rio EL Antirio EL Genova IT Igoumenitsa EL Sjællands Odde DK Göteborg SE Norddeich DE Barcelona ES Holyhead UK Ceuta ES Livorno IT Civitavecchia IT Source: Eurostat

139 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Sea Freight Traffic at Major EU Seaports ranking Tonnes loaded and unloaded million % change '04/'05 Port and Country Rotterdam NL Antwerpen BE Hamburg DE Marseille FR Le Havre FR Grimsby & Immingham UK Tees & Hartlepool UK Algeciras ES London UK Dunkerque FR Taranto IT Amsterdam NL Wilhelmshaven DE Constantza RO Trieste IT Genova IT Southampton UK Tallinn EE Milford Haven UK Barcelona ES Göteborg SE Valencia ES Forth UK Nantes Saint-Nazaire FR Liverpool UK Bremerhaven DE Augusta IT Bilbao ES Tarragona ES Venezia IT Gioia Tauro IT Ventspils LV Zeebrugge BE Cartagena ES Sines PT Riga LV Ravenna IT Livorno IT Santa Panagia IT Felixstowe UK Source: Eurostat 139

140 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Sea Container Traffic at Major EU Seaports thousand TEU % ranking change '04/'05 Port and Country Rotterdam NL Hamburg DE Antwerpen BE Bremerhaven DE Algeciras ES Gioia Tauro IT Felixstowe UK Valencia ES Le Havre FR Barcelona ES Piraeus EL Southampton UK Las Palmas, Gran Canaria ES Genova IT La Spezia IT Marseille FR Constantza RO Bilbao ES Göteborg SE London UK Medway UK Zeebrugge BE Liverpool UK Dublin IE Cagliari IT Lisboa PT Livorno IT Helsinki FI Santa Cruz De Tenerife ES Taranto IT Aarhus DK Gdynia PL Kotka FI Thessaloniki EL Leixoes PT Limassol CY Hull UK Málaga ES Belfast UK Klaipeda LT Source: Eurostat

141 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Sea Intra-EU maritime transport (1) Relevance for individual countries 2005 total inwards thousand tonnes Inwards of which from EU thousand tonnes share of EU in total (%) total outwards thousand tonnes Outwards of which to EU thousand tonnes share of EU in total BE % % BG % % DK % % DE % % EE % % IE % % EL % % ES % % FR % % IT % % CY % % LV % % LT % % MT % % NL % % PL % % PT % % RO % % SI % % FI % % SE % % UK % % Notes: data from main ports only (ports handling more than 1 million tonnes per year); the sum of inward and outward traffic may exceed the total due to double counting of tonnes moved within the same country; this has been accounted for in the total goods transported data (on next page). Source: Eurostat 141 (%)

142 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Sea Intra-EU maritime transport (1) Relevance for individual countries 2005 total goods transported TOTAL of which to/from EU share of EU in total BE % BG % DK % DE % EE % IE % EL % ES % FR % IT % CY % LV % LT % MT % NL % PL % PT % RO % SI % FI % SE % UK % (2) Main routes in intra-eu maritime transport 2005 ranking country of loading port country of unloading port mio tonnes transported 1 UK UK IT IT ES ES UK NL EL EL UK FR FR UK NL UK FR FR SE DE UK DE UK BE DK DK BE UK UK IE IT ES DK SE SE SE DE SE FI DE 11.5 Notes: data from main ports only (ports handling more than 1 million tonnes per year); the tonnes have been calculated by taking the declarations of the unloading ports (inward declarations) and adding those outward declarations of partner ports for which the inward declarations were missing. 142 Source: Eurostat

143 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Source: International Union of Road-R ail Transpor t Companies; I ntercontainer Combined Transport Traffic by Company Traffic of UIRR companies by company Consignments(*) (thousand) % Company change '05/'06 International traffic Kombiverkehr, DE % Hupac, CH % Cemat, IT % ICA, AT % Ökombi, AT % T.R.W., BE % Ralpin, CH % Hupac NV, NL % Adria Combi, SI % Conliner, DE 45.3 Novatrans, FR % Combiberia, ES % Hungarocombi, HU % Alpe Adria, IT % National traffic Kombiverkehr, DE % Cemat, IT % Novatrans, FR % Ökombi, AT % Naviland Cargo, FR % ICA, AT % Hupac, CH/DE/IT % Alpe Adria, IT % Adria Combi, SI % (*) Consignment = equivalent of an average road transport (= 2.3 TEU) Traffic of UIRR companies Tonne-kilometres (billion) Traffic % of consignments YEAR of which: national Semitrailers Rolling road Swap bodies % 18% 62% % 19% 67% % 20% 68% % 19% 71% % 20% 71% % 22% 69% % 23% 68% % 24% 67% % 23% 69% % 23% 70% % 16% 67% % 13% 80% % 16% 76% Traffic of Intercontainer-Interfrigo thousand TEU change Type of transport '05/'06 Combined transport % Notes: TEU: twenty foot equivalent unit (corresponds to tonnes) 143

144 Road Alps Crossing Freight Traffic TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Alpine Arc: Montgenèvre to Brenner St. Gotthard Million Tonnes Switzerland Austria France Simplon Gr. St. Bernard St. Bernardino Brenner Reschen Montgenèvre Fréjus Mont-Blanc total average annual growth (%) '85/' % 3.2% 3.4% 7.7% 5.9% '95/'05 6.4% 9.8% 4.8% -2.1% 2.4% '05/'06-2.0% 3.6% 7.4% 7.2% 5.8% Notes: Road: France: Montgenèvre : from 1999 St. Gotthard Number of heavy goods vehicles (thousand) Switzerland Austria France Simplon Gr. St. Bernard St. Bernardino Brenner Reschen Montgenèvre Fréjus Mont-Blanc total Notes: internal, import, export and transit traffic 144 Source: Swiss Depar tment for Environment, Transport, Energy and Communication (UVEK)

145 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Road Pyrenees Crossing Traffic Goods traffic West coast Biriatou (inc. A63) East coast Le Perthus (inc. A9) Other crossings vehicles per day total Passenger car traffic West coast Biriatou (inc. A63) East coast Le Perthus (inc. A9) Other crossings vehicles per day total Source: Observatorio hispano-francés de Trafico en los Pirineos, Spain 145

146 Rail Alps and Pyrenees Crossing Traffic TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators Alps Crossing Freight Traffic ( 1 ) Alpine Arc: Mont Cenis to Brenner Million Tonnes Switzerland Austria France St. Gotthard Simplon Lötschberg Brenner Mont- Cenis total average annual growth (%) '85/'95 2.0% 4.6% 6.0% 0.6% 2.8% '95/'05 1.4% 6.3% 1.8% -3.0% 1.4% '05/'06 3.8% 11.1% 15.0% 3.4% 8.1% Pyrenee Crossing Freight Traffic ( 2 ) Spain - France West coast East coast Total Cerbère / Hendaye - Irun pure rail Port Bou million tonnes Intermodal rail Source: ( 1 ) Swiss Department for Environment, Transport, Energy and Communication (UVEK). ( 2 ) Observatorio hispano-francés de Trafico en los Pirineos, Spain

147 TRANSPORT Performance of Freight and Passenger Transport Using Other Indicators United Kingdom - France thousand cars Rail Channel Tunnel Traffic Shuttle Vehicles Passengers Passenger Freight ( 1 ) thousand coaches thousand million Through-train Passengers Freight thousand million tonnes Notes: the Channel Tunnel opened in 1994 ( 1 ) Since 2000, estimate based on 2.52 passengers per car and passengers per coach Source: Eurotunnel, estimates (in italics) 147

148 3.5.1 Road Length of Motorways TRANSPORT 3.5 Infrastructure km (at the end of the year) EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: ES: autopistas de peaje y autovías. 148 Source: Eurostat, I nternational Road Federation, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, national statistics, estimates ( i n i t a l i c s )

149 TRANSPORT infrastructure Road Length of Road Network (*) Motorways Main or national roads Secondary or regional roads Source: International Road Federation, national statistics km in 2005 Other roads BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) the definition of road types varies from country to country, the data are therefore not comparable; 'Other roads' sometimes includes roads without a hard surface. 149

150 3.5.3 TRANSPORT Infrastructure Railways Length of Lines in Use km km % of which: electrified 2005 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: DE: includes DE-E: 1970: , 1980: , 1990: CS: 1970: , 1980: , 1990: Source: Union I nternationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics, Eurostat

151 TRANSPORT infrastructure Railways High Speed Rail Network Length of lines km (at end of year) BE DE ES FR IT UK EU High-speed lines currently under construction LINE Length - km Start of operation BE Liège - German border BE Antwerpen - Dutch border NL Amsterdam Schiphol - Belgian / border ES Barcelona - Figueras FR/ES Perpignan - Figueras IT Milano - Bologna IT Bologna - Firenze IT Novara - Milano PT Lisboa - Spanish border PT Lisboa - Oporto Notes: Length of lines or of sections of lines on which trains can go faster than 250 km/h at some point during the journey. The length indicated above is the length of the line under construction and not necessarily the distance between the places named. Source: Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer 151

152 3.5.5 TRANSPORT Infrastructure Railways: Main Railway Gauge and Electric Current Used Track Gauge Electric current mm dc volts ac volts BE Hz BG Hz CZ Hz DK Hz DE (contact rail) Hz EE IE EL ES (*) FR (contact rail) Hz Hz Hz IT Hz CY LV LT Hz LU Hz HU Hz MT NL AT Hz PL PT Hz RO Hz SI SK Hz FI Hz SE Hz UK (N-IRL) 750 (contact rail) Hz Notes: mm = standard gauge (*) ES: new lines have a gauge of mm and an electric current of Hz 152 Source: Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, railway companies

153 TRANSPORT infrastructure Air Number of Airports more than 10 million by number of passengers carried per year 5 to 10 million 1 to 5 million to 1 million to to EU EU EU BE BG 3 1 CZ DK DE EE 1 IE EL ES FR IT CY 1 1 LV 1 LT 1 2 LU 1 HU 1 2 MT 1 NL AT PL PT RO SI 1 SK 1 1 FI SE UK HR MK 1 1 TR IS 1 NO CH Notes: Latest year available, usually In this table, blank means none. 41 passengers per day = per year. Source: Eurostat, national sources 153

154 3.5.7 TRANSPORT Infrastructure Inland Waterways Length In Use canals, rivers and lakes regularly used for transport EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: The inland waterways of EL (Korinthos Canal), ES (Guadalquivir) and PT (Douro, Guadiana, Tejo) are used by seagoing ships only. DE: includes DE-E: 1970: 2 300, 1980: 2 302, 1990: AT: Danube canal in Vienna not regularly used. CH: lakes and rivers mainly used for public transport of passengers. 154 Source: Eurostat, national statistics, estimates (in italics) km

155 TRANSPORT infrastructure Pipelines Length of oil pipelines EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: DE: Crude oil pipelines only; includes DE-E: 1970: 1 300, 1980: 1 301, 1990: CS: 1970: 6.4, 1980: 9.8, 1990: 7.5 km Source: Eurostat, national statistics, estimates (in italics) 155

156 3.6.1 Road Motorization TRANSPORT 3.6 Means of Transport Number of passenger cars per thousand inhabitants % change '05/'06 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Passenger car stock at end of year t has been divided by population on 1 January of year t Source: tables and 1.5

157 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Road Passenger Cars Stock of vehicles thousand % Source: national statistics, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, estimates (in italics) change '05/' EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Stock at end of year, except for BE: 1 August, CH: 30 September. DE: In the light of latest data from the German authorities, the vehicle stock figures given here appear somewhat inflated. The Germans have started a new series from 01/01/08 onwards with about 10% fewer vehicles. More info at BG: new, more reliable data as from 2006 (vehicles had to get new number plates until end-2006; those which hadn't done so, have been removed from the database). 157

158 3.6.3 Road Buses and Coaches TRANSPORT Means of Transport Stock of vehicles thousand % change '05/' EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Stock at end of year, except for BE: 1 August, CH: 30 September. Trolleybuses are usually included in the data. DE: In the light of latest data from the German authorities, the vehicle stock figures given here appear somewhat inflated. The Germans have started a new series from 01/01/08 onwards with about 10% fewer vehicles. More info at BG: new, more reliable data as from 2006 (vehicles had to get new number plates until end-2006; those which hadn't done so, have been taken out of the database). 158 Source: national statistics, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, estimates (in italics)

159 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Road Goods Vehicles Stock of vehicles thousand % Source: national statistics, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, estimates (in italics) change '05/' EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Stock at end of year, except for BE: 1 August, CH: 30 September. As a rule, data include heavy and light goods vehicles, lorries and road tractors; due to varying concepts of such vehicles, data are not fully comparable between countries. DE: In the light of latest data from the German authorities, the vehicle stock figures given here appear somewhat inflated. The Germans have started a new series from 01/01/08 onwards with about 10% fewer vehicles. More info at BG: new, more reliable data as from 2006 (vehicles had to get new number plates until end-2006; those which hadn't done so, have been taken out of the database). 159

160 3.6.5 Road Powered Two-wheelers TRANSPORT Means of Transport Stock of vehicles thousand % change '05/' EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Stock at end of year, except for BE: 1 August, CH: 30 September. National vehicle stock data do not always include all powered two-wheelers and are therefore not fully comparable. SI and HR: from 2002 including mopeds. LV: from 2004 including mopeds. DE: In the light of latest data from the German authorities, the vehicle stock figures given here appear somewhat inflated. The Germans have started a new series from 01/01/08 onwards with about 10% fewer vehicles. More info at BG: new, more reliable data as from 2006 (vehicles had to get new number plates until end-2006; those which hadn't done so, have been taken out of the database). 160 Source: national statistics, estimates (in italics)

161 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Road Passenger Cars NEW vehicle REGISTRATIONs thousand % change '06/' EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Source: Association des Constructeurs Européens d'automobiles, national sources 161

162 3.6.7 TRANSPORT Means of Transport New vehicle registrations Light commercial vehicles Road Goods Vehicles Commercial Vehicles Heavy Commercial Vehicles <3.5t % >3,5t & <16t % >16t % change '05/' change '05/' change '05/'06 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) LV LT LU HU ( 2 ) ( 2 ) MT ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO CH Notes: ( 1 ) Heavy commercial vehicles included in previous columns ( 2 ) Lorries included in other columns CY: new and used 162 Source: Association des Constructeurs Européens d'automobiles

163 TRANSPORT Means of Transport New vehicle registrations Light buses & coaches Road Buses and Coaches Buses & coaches Heavy buses & coaches <3.5t >3,5t & <16t >16t TOTAL % change '05/'06 EU-27 EU EU-12 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK IS NO CH Source: Association des Constructeurs Européens d'automobiles 163

164 3.6.9 Road Motorcycles TRANSPORT Means of Transport New vehicle registrations thousand % change '05/'06 EU-27 EU EU-12 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: CY: up to 2005: new and used IT: all two-wheelers over 50cc MT: including mopeds 164 Source: Association des Constructeurs Européens de Motocycles, national sources

165 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Road Mopeds New vehicle deliveries thousand % change '05/'06 EU-27 EU EU-12 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: CY: new and used Source: Association des Constructeurs Européens de Motocycles, national sources 165

166 Sea EU Merchant Fleet TRANSPORT Means of Transport Ships of grt and over On 1 January 2006 Total fleet controlled National flag Foreign flag (inluding other EU) Share of foreign flag in total fleet Number mio dwt Number mio dwt Number mio dwt Number mio dwt EU EU EU BE % 45.1% BG % 28.8% CZ % 100.0% DK % 53.0% DE % 81.5% EE % 77.5% IE % 33.9% EL % 70.1% ES % 79.0% FR % 55.3% IT % 29.0% CY % 71.3% LV % 81.1% LT % 20.4% LU HU % 100.0% MT % 11.4% NL % 46.2% AT % 95.9% PL % 97.9% PT % 86.1% RO % 70.5% SI % 100.0% SK FI % 56.0% SE % 73.9% UK % 59.1% HR % 36.8% MK TR % 34.5% IS % 100.0% NO % 70.1% CH % 93.0% Notes: DK: including international registers like the Danish International Ship Register; including vessels registered at territorial dependencies. Russia: ships, mio dwt; Monaco: 66 ships, mio dwt; Ukraine: 330 ships, mio dwt; Gibraltar: 9 ships, mio dwt 166 S ource: ISL merchant fleet data bases; aggregates based on quar terly updates from the Lloyd's Maritime Information System

167 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Sea World Merchant Fleet a Total controlled fleet by world region On 1 January: dwt (million) World region Europe (*) of which: EU of which: EU North America Latin America Asia/Oceania Africa Unknown Total Share of EU in Total and of Foreign Flag in EU EU-27 control of total 33.2% 34.2% 34.3% 35.2% 36.0% 35.5% EU-15 control of total 30.9% 32.9% 33.1% 33.9% 34.7% 34.3% EU-27 : Foreign flag share (**) 56.5% 68.1% 67.8% 67.8% 67.8% 67.7% EU-15 : Foreign flag share (**) 57.7% 67.7% 67.7% 67.7% 67.0% 67.6% Notes: only ships of gt and over (*) In this table Europe includes EU-27, EFTA, Monaco, Gibraltar, Andorra, Turkey, Western Balkan countries, Russia, Ukraine and Moldavia (**) foreign flag share includes ships registered by EU countries in other EU countries 167

168 3.6.12b TRANSPORT Means of Transport Sea World Merchant Fleet by type of ship On 1 January 2006 Total registered fleet (ships of 300 gt and over) Number EU-27 WORLD FLAG dwt (thousand) EU-27 WORLD FLAG Oil tankers Chemical tankers Liquid gas tankers Bulk carriers Ore/ bulk / oil carriers Container ships General cargo of which: Single-deck Multi-deck Ro-Ro Cargo Reefer Special Passenger Ro-Ro [ gt (1 000) ] [ 15.4 ] [ 8.8 ] Passenger (not Ro-Ro) [ gt (1 000) ] [ 12.9 ] [ 2.9 ] Cruise ships (ships of gt and over) [ gt (1 000) ] [ 12.2 ] [ 2.8 ] Notes: No deadweight figure is given for cruise ships, since dwt is a measure of the weight admissible in the vessel. Ro-Ro: vehicles roll on to embark, vehicles roll off to disembark. Reefer: refrigerated ships. 168 Source: Institute for Shipping Economics and Logistics, Bremen

169 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Air Passenger aircraft Number of Civil Aircraft In Service On 31 December seats or less 51 to 150 seats 151 to 250 seats Passenger aircraft 251 seats and more TOTAL EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: More than small private planes not included. Source: Ascend 169

170 Air Freight, Special, Business aircraft TRANSPORT Means of Transport Number of Civil Aircraft In Service On 31 December 2007 FREIGHT / CARGO under lbs mtow over lbs mtow QUICK- CHANGE CONVERTIBLE (pass./cargo) Multi-role SPECIAL PURPOSE / AMBULANCE BUSINESS / CORPORATE / EXECUTIVE EU EU EU BE BG 11 CZ DK DE EE IE EL 6 22 ES FR IT CY 5 LV LT 8 2 LU HU MT 2 NL AT PL PT RO 10 SI 10 SK 4 FI SE UK HR 2 MK TR IS 13 5 NO 2 13 CH Notes: Special purpose / Ambulance contains data about Hospital / Ambulance / Medevac and Special Role / Operations / Mission aircraft 170 Source: Ascend

171 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Stock of vehicles Rail Locomotives and Railcars % Source: Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer change '04/' EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: data relate to main railways (UIC members) DE : includes DE-E : 1970: 6 000; 1980: 5 898; 1990: CS : 1970: 4 998; 1990:

172 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Rail Passenger Transport Vehicles Stock of coaches and railcars and trailers % change '04/'05 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: data relate to main railways (UIC members) DE : includes DE-E : 1970: ; 1980: ; 1990: CS : 1970: ; 1990: Source: Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics

173 TRANSPORT Means of Transport Rail Goods Transport Wagons Stock of vehicles % change '04/'05 EU-27 EU EU-12 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: data relate to main railways (UIC members) DE : includes DE-E : 1970: 138.0; 1980: 140.2; 1990: Source: Union I nternationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics, estimates (in italics) 173

174 TRANSPORT 3.7 Safety Road Fatalities change '05/'06 % change '00/'06 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: Persons killed are all persons deceased within 30 days of the accident. Corrective factors have been applied to the figures which did not follow this definiton. 174 S ource: From 1991: CARE database (DG Energy and Transpor t), I nternational Transport Forum, national statistics. Up to 1990: IRTAD(OECD)

175 TRANSPORT safety Road Fatalities Country Rankings Fatalities per million inhabitants per 10 billion pkm per million passenger cars 2006 MT 25 SE 45 MT 46 NL 45 UK 48 NL 102 SE 49 NL 48 SE 107 UK 54 MT 49 DE 110 DK 56 FI 53 UK 116 DE 62 LU 54 LU 116 FI 64 DK 56 FI 136 LU 76 DE 57 FR 153 FR 77 FR 64 DK 154 IE 86 IT 74 IT 162 EU EU AT 175 AT 88 BE 96 EU PT 92 AT 100 ES 201 ES 93 SI 113 IE 211 IT 96 ES 117 BE 216 BE 101 IE 130 PT 228 CZ 104 PT 131 CY 236 SK 107 CZ 146 CZ 264 CY 111 CY 167 SI 270 RO 115 EL 174 EL 375 HU 129 EE 175 EE 389 SI 131 LT 191 PL 408 BG 135 SK 215 SK 439 PL 137 PL 235 HU 446 EL 149 LV 256 BG 484 EE 152 HU 271 LT 498 LV 178 BG 328 LV 520 LT 224 RO 398 RO 711 Notes: Fatalities: all fatalities on the road: car drivers and passengers, bus and coach occupants, powered two-wheelers' riders and passengers, cyclists, pedestrians, commercial vehicle drivers, etc. indicated in table for pkm: passenger-kilometres of cars indicated in table for 2006 plus passenger-kilometres of motorised two-wheelers inhabitants: the sum of the population indicated in table 1.5 at 1 January 2006 and 1 January 2007 divided by two passenger cars: the sum of the stock of vehicles indicated in table for 2005 and 2006 divided by two. Source: tables 1.5, 3.3.4, 3.6.2, and estimates as well as national statistics for powered two-wheelers pkm 175

176 3.7.3a Road Fatalities by Type of User TRANSPORT Safety of which YEAR TOTAL DRIVER PASSENGER PEDESTRIAN OTHER/NOT SPECIFIED BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: Persons deceased within 30 days of their accident. (a) included with heavy goods vehicles 176 Source: CARE database (DG Energy and Transport), national statistics (for DE)

177 TRANSPORT safety Road Fatalities of Vehicle Occupants by type of vehicle 3.7.3b by type of vehicle CAR AND TAXI BUS OR COACH HEAVY GOODS VEHICLE LORRY, <3.5 TONNES MOTOR CYCLE MOPED PEDAL CYCLE AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR OTHER MOTORISED NOT SPECIFIED BE BG CZ DK DE (a) EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK Notes: Persons deceased within 30 days of their accident. (a) included with heavy goods vehicles. Data refer to the year given in table a. Source: CARE database (DG Energy and Transport), national statistics (for DE) 177

178 3.7.4 TRANSPORT Safety Road Accidents Number of accidents involving personal injury thousand % change '05/'06 EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: definition of an accident involving personal injury differs from country to country. 178 S ource: CARE; United Nations (Statistics of road traffic accidents), national statistics

179 TRANSPORT safety Railway Fatalities Number of railway passengers killed in railway accidents EU EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE 0 IE EL ES FR IT CY LV 0 LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK 0 TR IS NO CH Notes: DE : includes DE-E: 1970: 5, 1980: 5, 1990: 5 Source: Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, national statistics 179

180 3.7.6 Air Lives Lost TRANSPORT Safety Period Lives lost over EU-27(*) territory by any operator Lives lost by EU-27 operators anywhere /yr /yr /yr Notes: Onboard fatalities only. (*) : EU-25 territory. 180 Source: Ascend

181 TRANSPORT safety Sea Ships Lost (World) YEAR TANKERS BULKERS AND COMBINED CARRIERS OTHER SHIPS N gt N gt N gt Notes: Reported world total losses at time of loss; ships of 500 gt and over. Source: Institute for Shipping Economics and Logistics, Bremen 181

182

183 PART 4 ENVIRONMENT

184 ENVIRONMENT PART Title4 summary subtitle 4.1. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) CO 2 emissions Other emission indicators Biofuels Other environment- related indicators

185 ENVIRONMENT Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) 4.1 Total GHG Emissions (million tonnes CO 2 equivalent) EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) Including international bunkers but excluding LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) emissions; GHG Emissions data is downloaded from European Environment Agency (EEA), which is the main provider for EU wide greenhouse gas emissions data. EEA prepares and maintains the complete EU greenhouse gas emissions inventory, which is based on data reported by Member States through the EU greenhouse gas monitoring mechanism and the UNFCCC process. GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC). Source: European Environment Agency (EEA), December

186 4.1.2 Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) GHG Emissions(*) by Sector EU-27 Million tonnes CO 2 equivalent ENVIRONMENT Energy Industries Industry Transport Road Transport Civil Aviation (**) Navigation (**) Railways Other Transport (***) Households, Services, etc. Households Services, etc. Other (****) Total = 1 Notes: (*) Including international bunkers but excluding LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) emissions; (**) Including international bunkers (international traffic departing from the EU); (***) Includes pipeline transportation and ground activities in airports and harbours; (****) Solvent Use, Fugitive, Waste, Agriculture 186 Source: European Environment Agency (EEA), December 2007

187 ENVIRONMENT Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) GHG Emissions(*) by Sector EU-27 Shares % Energy Industries Industry Transport Road Transport Civil Aviation (**) Navigation (**) Railways Other Transport (***) Households, Services, etc. Households Services, etc. Other (****) Total % energy industries 5.3% 28.9% industry 9.0% YEAR 2005 transport households 23.4% 20.1% services, etc. Other (****) Notes: (*) Including international bunkers but excluding LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) emissions; (**) Including international bunkers (international traffic departing from the EU); (***) Includes pipeline transportation and ground activities in airports and harbours; (****) Solvent Use, Fugitive, Waste, Agriculture Source: European Environment Agency (EEA), December

188 4.1.3 GHG Emissions(*) by Sector 2005 Million tonnes CO 2 equivalent ENVIRONMENT Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) Energy Industries Industry Transport: Road Transport Civil Aviation (**) Navigation (**) Railways Other Transport (***) Households, Services, etc. Households Services, etc. Other (****) Total EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) Including international bunkers but excluding LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) emissions; (**) Including international bunkers (international traffic departing from the EU); (***) Includes pipeline transportation and ground activities in airports and harbours; (****) Solvent Use, Fugitive, Waste, Agriculture 188 Source: European Environment Agency (EEA), December 2007

189 ENVIRONMENT Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) GHG Emissions(*) by Sector 2005 Shares % Energy Industries Industry Transport: Road Transport Civil Aviation (**) Navigation (**) Railways Other Transport (***) Households, Services, etc. Households Services, etc. Other (****) Total EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) Including international bunkers but excluding LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) emissions; (**) Including international bunkers (international traffic departing from the EU); (***) Includes pipeline transportation and ground activities in airports and harbours; (****) Solvent Use, Fugitive, Waste, Agriculture Source: European Environment Agency (EEA), December

190 4.1.4 GHG Emissions(*) Intensity (tghg/toe) ENVIRONMENT Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) Including international bunkers but excluding LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) emissions 190 Source: European Environment Agency (EEA), December 2007; Eurostat, December 2007

191 ENVIRONMENT Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) GHG Emissions(*) per Capita kg CO 2 equivalent EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) Including international bunkers but excluding LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) emissions Source: European Environment Agency (EEA), December 2007; Eurostat, December

192 4.1.6 GHG Emissions(*) from Transport Million tonnes CO 2 equivalent ENVIRONMENT Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) Including international bunkers (International Traffic departing from the EU) but excluding LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) emissions 192 Source: European Environment Agency (EEA), December 2007

193 ENVIRONMENT CO 2 emissions 4.2 Total CO 2 Emissions(*) (million tonnes) Source: European Environment Agency (EEA), December EU EU BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR MK TR IS NO CH Notes: (*) Including international bunkers but excluding LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) emissions; CO 2 Emissions data is downloaded from European Environment Agency (EEA), which is the main provider for EU wide greenhouse gas emissions data. EEA prepares and maintains the complete EU greenhouse gas emissions inventory, which is based on data reported by Member States through the EU green house gas monitoring mechanism and the UNFCCC process. 193

194 4.2.2 CO 2 Emissions(*) by Sector EU-27 million tonnes ENVIRONMENT CO 2 emissions Energy Industries Industry Transport Road Transport Civil Aviation (**) Navigation (**) Railways Other Transport (***) Households, Services, etc. Households Services, etc. Other (****) Total = Notes: (*) Including international bunkers but excluding LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) emissions; (**) Including international bunkers (international traffic departing from the EU); (***) Includes pipeline transportation and ground activities in airports and harbours; (****) Solvent Use, Fugitive, Waste, Agriculture 194 Source: European Environment Agency (EEA), December 2007

195 ENVIRONMENT CO 2 emissions CO 2 Emissions(*) by Sector EU-27 shares in % Energy Industries Industry Transport Road Transport Civil Aviation (**) Navigation (**) Railways Other Transport (***) Households, Services, etc. Households Services, etc. Other (****) Total % 6.3% energy industries 10.5% 34.3% industry 27.4% YEAR 2005 transport households 20.9% services, etc. Other (****) Notes: (*) Including international bunkers but excluding LULUCF (Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry) emissions; (**) Including international bunkers (international traffic departing from the EU); (***) Includes pipeline transportation and ground activities in airports and harbours; (****) Solvent Use, Fugitive, Waste, Agriculture Source: European Environment Agency (EEA), December

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